65-703: Marienburg may refer to: Historical German names [ edit ] Ordensburg Marienburg (Malbork Castle), the large brick castle built by the Teutonic Knights Malbork , Poland, the site of the Ordensburg Marienburg, formerly Marienburg (Royal Prussia/Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1466-1772) Alūksne , Latvia Feldioara , Romania Places [ edit ] Germany [ edit ] Marienburg Castle (Ostalbkreis) ,
130-797: A castle in Niederalfingen near Aalen, Germany Marienburg Castle (Hanover) , a castle in Hanover district, residence of the Prince of Hanover Marienburg Castle (Hildesheim) , a castle in Hildesheim, Lower Saxony Köln-Marienburg , a district of Rodenkirchen in the city of Cologne A former castle and monastery on the River Moselle Marienburg Airport (currently a park), an airport in Nuremberg before
195-526: A combination of brick and stone. The towers of St Mary's church in Lübeck, the most significant Brick Gothic church of the Baltic Sea region, have corners of granite ashlar. Many village churches in northern Germany and Poland have a Brick Gothic design despite the main constituent of their walls being boulders. In contrast to other styles, the definition of Brick Gothic is based on the material (brick), and
260-469: A geographical area (countries around the Baltic Sea ). In addition, there are more remote regions with brick buildings bearing characteristics of this architectural style further south, east and west—these include Bavaria , and western Ukraine and Belarus , along with eastern England and the southern tip of Norway . In the course of the medieval German eastward expansion , Slavic areas east of
325-658: A new campaign against them. Learning that the Order's Bohemian mercenaries had not been paid, Stibor convinced them to leave. He reimbursed them with money raised in Danzig. Following the departure of the mercenaries, King Casimir IV Jagiellon entered the castle in triumph in 1457, and in May, granted Danzig several privileges in gratitude for the town's assistance and involvement in the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66) as well as for
390-478: A time when ordinary people lived very locally based lives, the groups responsible for these buildings were internationally mobile: the bishops, abbots, aristocrats, and long-distance merchants who commissioned the work, and the highly skilled specialist craftsmen who carried it out. For this reason the Brick Gothic of the countries around the Baltic Sea was strongly influenced by the cathedrals of France and by
455-680: Is a point of debate, but most historians generally accept the 132 years between 1274 and 1406 as the construction time. The castle is a classic example of a medieval fortress and, upon its completion in 1406, was the world's largest brick castle. UNESCO designated the "Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork" and the Malbork Castle Museum a World Heritage Site in December 1997. It is one of two World Heritage Sites in
520-560: Is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northeast and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea , which do not have resources of standing rock (though glacial boulders are sometimes available). The buildings are essentially built using bricks . Buildings classified as Brick Gothic (using a strict definition of the architectural style based on the geographic location) are found in Belgium (and
585-548: Is a specific style of Gothic architecture developed in the south of France. It arose in the early 13th century following the victory of the Catholic church over the Cathars , as the church sought to re-establish its authority in the region. As a result, church buildings typically present features drawn from military architecture. The construction material of Southern French Gothic is typically brick rather than stone. Over time,
650-428: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ordensburg Marienburg The Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork , commonly known as Malbork Castle ( Polish : Zamek w Malborku ; German : Ordensburg Marienburg ), is a brick gothic castle complex located in the town of Malbork , Poland , built in 13th and significantly expanded in 14th century. It
715-638: Is found in some of the Gothic buildings of northern Italy, where these highly sophisticated techniques had originally come from, having been developed in the Lombard Romanesque period. There, such brick decorations can even be found on buildings which had been mainly erected in ashlar . Some Italian Gothic brick buildings also have friezes of terracotta . While in central northern Germany and in Greater Poland suitable natural building stone
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#1732771763633780-729: Is located on the southeastern bank of the river Nogat . It was named Marienburg after Mary, patron saint of the religious Order. The Order had been created in Acre (present-day Israel). When this last stronghold of the Crusades fell to Muslim Arabs, the Order moved its headquarters to Venice before arriving in Prussia. Malbork became more important in the aftermath of the Teutonic Knights' conquest of Gdańsk (Danzig) and Eastern Pomerania in 1308. The Order's administrative centre
845-506: Is marked by lack of figurative architectural sculpture , widespread in other styles of Gothic architecture. Typical for the Baltic Sea region is the creative subdivision and structuring of walls, using built ornaments to contrast between red bricks, glazed bricks and white lime plaster. Nevertheless, these characteristics are neither omnipresent nor exclusive. Many historic structures and districts dominated by Brick Gothic have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites . The real extent and
910-522: Is not exclusively the case. None of these buildings is exactly the same today as in the Middle Ages. For instance, many of them have had alterations in a Baroque style and have then been re-gothicized in the 19th century (or reconstructed after World War II). Especially in the 19th century, some buildings were purified during restoration. In the city halls of Lübeck and Stralsund, medieval window framings of stone were replaced by new ones of brick. At
975-566: Is the largest castle in the world measured by land area and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It was constructed by the Teutonic Order , a German Catholic religious order of crusaders , in the form of an Ordensburg fortress and named Marienburg in honour of Mary, mother of Jesus . In 1457, during the Thirteen Years' War , the castle was sold by Bohemian mercenaries to King Casimir IV of Poland in lieu of indemnities . It then served as one of several Polish royal residences and
1040-728: The Elbe were settled by traders and colonists from the overpopulated Northwest of Germany in the 12th and 13th centuries. In 1158, Henry the Lion founded Lübeck , in 1160 he conquered the Slavic principality of Schwerin . This partially violent colonisation was accompanied by the Christianisation of the Slavs and the foundation of dioceses at Ratzeburg , Schwerin, Cammin , Brandenburg and elsewhere. The newly founded cities soon joined
1105-554: The Hanseatic League and formed the " Wendic Circle", with its centre at Lübeck, and the " Gotland - Livland Circle", with its main centre at Tallinn (Reval). The affluent trading cities of the Hansa were characterised especially by religious and secular representative architecture, such as council or parish churches , town halls , Bürgerhäuser , i.e. the private dwellings of rich traders, or city gates . In rural areas,
1170-841: The Northern European Lowlands . Since the German part of that region (the Northern German Plain, except Westphalia and the Rhineland ) is largely concurrent with the area influenced by the Hanseatic League , Brick Gothic has become a symbol of that powerful alliance of cities. Along with the Low German Language , it forms a major defining element of the Northern German cultural area , especially in regard to late city foundations and
1235-537: The Romanesque architecture period. Wooden architecture had long dominated in northern Germany but was inadequate for the construction of monumental structures. Throughout the area of Brick Gothic, half-timbered architecture remained typical for smaller buildings, especially in rural areas, well into modern times . The techniques of building and decorating in bricks were imported from Lombardy . Also some decorative forms of Lombard architecture were adopted. In
1300-580: The gothique tournaisien or Scheldt Gothic of the County of Flanders (where also some important Brick Gothic was erected). One typical expression of the structure of walls, the contrast of prominent visible brick with the plastering of recessed areas, had already been developed in Italy, but became prevalent in the Baltic region. Since the bricks used were made of clay , available in copious quantities in
1365-553: The monastic architecture of monks' orders had a major influence on the development of brick architecture, especially through the Cistercians and Premonstratensians . Between Prussia and Estonia , the Teutonic Knights secured their rule by erecting numerous Ordensburgen (castles), most of which were also brick-built. In the regions along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, the use of brick arrived almost at
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#17327717636331430-535: The Baltic Sea. The central and southern regions of Poland also had some important early stone buildings, especially the famous round churches. Many of these buildings were later enlarged or replaced using brick in a Gothic style. Especially in Flanders , the Netherlands, the lower Rhine region, Lesser Poland and Upper Silesia , Brick Gothic buildings often, but not alway, have some elements of stone ashlar. In
1495-465: The Gothic brick towers of the churches of Wismar and of St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund , stone is not used for structural reasons but to provide a contrast of colours. At St. Mary's of Gdańsk , all five lateral portals and some simple but long cornices are of ashlar. Brick architecture is found primarily in areas that lack sufficient natural supplies of building stone . This is the case across
1560-851: The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koszalin , Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kołobrzeg and Church of Our Lady in Sławno and city halls in Stralsund , Szczecin ( Old Town Hall ) and Kamień Pomorski . The most important defensive systems were located in Szczecin and Dąbie (present district of the city of Szczecin) , Pyrzyce , Usedom , Greifswald , Anklam and Stargard with
1625-582: The Lower Rhine have more in common with the Dutch Gothic than with the northern German one. In Bavaria, there is a significant number of Gothic brick buildings, some in places without quarries, like Munich , and some in places, where natural stone was available as well, such as Donauwörth . Several of these buildings have both decorations of shaped bricks and of ashlar, often tuff . Also the walls of some buildings are all brick, but in some buildings
1690-456: The Netherlands it was mostly tufa , in Denmark old squared granite and new limestone . On the other hand, in many regions regarded as typical for Brick Gothic, boulders were cheaper than brick, and therefore many buildings were erected using boulders, and only decorated by brick, all through the period of Gothic architecture. Brick building became prevalent in the 12th century, still within
1755-614: The Northern German Plain, they quickly became the normal replacement for building stone. The so-called monastic format became the standard for bricks used in representative buildings. Its bricks measure circa 28 x 15 x 9 cm to 30 x 14 x 10 cm, with mortar joints of about 1.5 cm. In contrast to hewn-stone Gothic, the bricks and shaped bricks were not produced locally by lodges ( Bauhütten ), but by specialised enterprises off-site. The use of shaped bricks for tracery and friezes also can be found in some buildings of northwestern Gothic brick architecture. Masterly use of these elements
1820-957: The Order's monastic state . He chose the site of Marienburg conveniently located on the Nogat in the Vistula Delta. As with most cities of the time, the new centre was dependent on water for transportation. The castle was expanded several times to house the growing number of Knights. Soon, it became the largest fortified Gothic building in Europe, on a nearly 21-hectare (52-acre) site. The castle has several subdivisions and numerous layers of defensive walls. It consists of three separate castles – the High, Middle and Lower Castles, separated by multiple dry moats and towers. The castle once housed approximately 3,000 "brothers in arms". The outermost castle walls enclose 21 ha (52 acres), four times
1885-956: The Pomeranian Dukes in Darłowo , remnants of Löcknitz Castle , St. Nicholas collegial church in Greifswald , St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund , St. Mary's Church in Stralsund , St. Mary and St. Nicholas churches in Anklam , St. Mary's Church in Stargard , St. Nicholas Church in Wolin , St. Peter's Church in Wolgast , Cathedral Basilica of St. James the Apostle in Szczecin , Cathedral of
1950-529: The Prussian public to "rediscover" the castle and the history of the Teutonic Knights. Johann Dominicus Fiorillo published another edition of the engravings on 12 February 1803, also wanting to encourage public interest. Max von Schenkendorf was critical of the defacing of the castle. Throughout the Napoleonic Wars , the Prussian army used the castle as a hospital and arsenal. Napoleon visited
2015-483: The area, more than half the castle was destroyed. In memory of the town's residents voting in favor of remaining part of Germany, after the First World War, a monument of a knight on a tall column was erected in front of the castle. The town was transferred to Poland in 1945, and most of its inhabitants fled or were expelled . In the course of Polonization, the column was cut in half. The upper part remains at
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2080-594: The areas dominated by the Welfs , the use of brick to replace natural stone began with cathedrals and parish churches at Oldenburg (Holstein) , Segeberg , Ratzeburg , and Lübeck . Henry the Lion laid the foundation stone of the Cathedral in 1173. In the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the lack of natural stone and the distance to the Baltic Sea (which, like the rivers, could be used for transporting heavy loads) made
2145-647: The areas of colonisation north and east of the Elbe . In the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period , that cultural area extended throughout the southern part of the Baltic region and had a major influence on Scandinavia . The southernmost Brick Gothic structure in Germany is the Bergkirche (mountain church) of Altenburg in Thuringia . In the northwest, especially along Weser and Elbe , sandstone from
2210-698: The armies of Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas the Great (Witold) at the Battle of Grunwald . Heinrich von Plauen successfully led the defence in the Siege of Marienburg (1410) , during which the city outside was razed. In 1456, during the Thirteen Years' War , the Order – facing opposition from its cities for raising taxes to pay ransoms for expenses associated with its wars against Kingdom of Poland – could no longer manage financially. Meanwhile, Polish General Stibor de Poniec of Ostoja raised funds from Danzig for
2275-715: The base of the wall is of stone. Most of the churches share a common distinctive Bavarian Brick Gothic style. The Frauenkirche of Munich is the largest (gothic and totally) brick church north of the Alps . Examples include St. Martin's and two other churches at Landshut and the Herzogsburg (Duke's Castle) in Dingolfing . Brick Gothic in Poland is sometimes described as belonging to the Polish Gothic style. Though,
2340-669: The castle has been reconstructed. A significant 21st-century restoration is of the castle's principal church, which is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. This had been restored just before the Second World War and then largely destroyed in the fighting of 1945. It remained in a state of disrepair until a new restoration was completed in April 2016. Malbork Castle remains the largest brick complex in Europe. Brick gothic Brick Gothic ( German : Backsteingotik , Polish : Gotyk ceglany , Dutch : Baksteengotiek )
2405-401: The castle in 1807 and 1812. After the War of the Sixth Coalition , the castle became a symbol of Prussian history and national consciousness. In 1816, Theodor von Schön , governor of West Prussia, began the restoration of the castle. In 1910, the Naval Academy Mürwik in Flensburg was built, and the Marienburg was used as a model for this new Red Castle . The restoration of the Marienburg
2470-435: The castle. From 1568 the castle housed the Polish Admiralty ( Komisja Morska ) and in 1584 one of the Polish Royal Mints was established here. Also, the largest arsenal of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was located in the castle. By the decision of King John II Casimir Vasa of 1652, Jesuits took care of the castle chapels of Mary and St. Anne. During the Thirty Years' War , in 1626 and 1629 Swedish forces occupied
2535-419: The castle. They invaded and occupied it again from 1656 to 1660 during the Deluge . Then the castle was visited by Swedish kings Gustav Adolf (in 1626) and Charles X Gustav (in 1656). After Prussia and the Russian Empire made the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia and in 1773 it became part of the newly established province of West Prussia . At that time,
2600-484: The construction of the Nuremberg Airport Elsewhere [ edit ] Marienburg, Papua New Guinea , a town in the East Sepik province Marienburg, Suriname , a village and former sugar plantation Fictional places [ edit ] Marienburg ( Warhammer ) , a fictional city in the Warhammer Fantasy world See also [ edit ] Siege of Marienburg (disambiguation) Treaty of Marienburg Marienberg (disambiguation) Marienborg ,
2665-409: The core building material used to erect walls and cap ceilings. This limited use of stone, as a supplementary building material, was most prevalent in Lesser Poland and was made possible by an abundance of limestone in the region—further north in the regions of Greater Poland , Silesia , Mazovia , and Pomerania the use of stone was virtually nonexistent. Much of the coast of the Baltic Sea in
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2730-415: The enclosed area of Windsor Castle . The developed part of the property designated as a World Heritage Site is 18.038 ha (44.57 acres). The favourable position of the castle on the river Nogat allowed easy access by barges and trading ships arriving from the Vistula and the Baltic Sea . During their governance, the Teutonic Knights collected river tolls from passing ships, as did other castles along
2795-411: The funds collected for the mercenaries that left. The mayor of the town around the castle, Bartholomäus Blume, resisted the Polish forces for three more years, but the Poles captured and sentenced him to death in 1460. A monument to Blume was erected in 1864. In 1466 both castle and town became part of the Polish Malbork Voivodeship in the province of Royal Prussia . Since 1457 it served as one of
2860-523: The king's officers used the rather neglected castle as a barracks for the Prussian Army and also as a poorhouse. The last Jesuits left the castle in 1780. In 1794 David Gilly , a Prussian architect and head of the Royal Office of Works, made a structural survey of the castle, to recommend on its future use or demolition. Gilly's son, Friedrich Gilly , produced several engravings of the castle and its architecture, which he exhibited in Berlin. These were published by Friedrich Frick between 1799 and 1803 and led
2925-565: The latter's style and repertoire into the new material. The decorative techniques to suit the new material were imported form northern Italy, where they had been developed as part of the Lombard Style . Among these techniques was the use of moulded brick to realize delicate ornament. Brick Gothic drew on Romanesque building (in stone and in brick) of its region, but in its core area Romanesque stone buildings were rare and often humble In character. In most regions of Brick Gothic, boulders were available and cheaper than brick. In some regions, cut stone
2990-460: The mountains of Central Germany could be transported with relative ease. This resulted in a synthesis of the styles from east of the Elbe with the architectural traditions of the Rhineland. Here, bricks were mainly used for wall areas, while sandstone was employed for plastic detail. Since the brick has no aesthetic function per se in this style, most of the northwest German structures are not part of Brick Gothic proper. The Gothic brick buildings near
3055-450: The need for alternative materials more pressing. Brick architecture here started with the Cathedral of Brandenburg , begun in 1165 under Albert the Bear . Jerichow Monastery (then a part of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg ), where construction started as early as 1149, was a key influence on Brick Gothic in Brandenburg. Romanesque brick architecture remained closely connected with contemporary stone architecture and often simply translated
3120-420: The original location and now carries a statue of Mary, mother of Jesus, while the rest of the column can be found supporting a Saint Christopher statue in a monastery garden near St. John's church. A severe fire in 1959 caused further damage to the castle. In 1961 the Castle Museum ( Muzeum Zamkowe ) was founded, and in 1965 an amber exhibition was opened. In a restoration ongoing since 1962, most of
3185-499: The period from the 12th century to 1637 belonged to the Griffins' Duchy of Pomerania . Nowadays its territory is divided into two parts—middle and eastern in Poland and westernmost in Germany. The most outstanding Gothic monuments in this area are Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Kamień Pomorski , Cistercian abbey in Kołbacz , ruins of Jasienica Abbey in Police , ruins of Eldena Abbey (a Danish foundation) in Greifswald , St. Mary's Church in Usedom , Castle of
3250-414: The real variety of this brick architecture is yet to be fully distinguished from the views published in the late 19th and early 20th century, especially the years around the end of World War I, when the style was politically instrumentalized. Indeed, about a quarter of medieval Gothic brick architecture is standing in the Netherlands , in Flanders and in French Flanders . Some of these buildings are in
3315-415: The region (north-central Poland), together with the "Medieval Town of Toruń ", which was founded in 1231. Malbork Castle is also one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments ( Pomnik historii ), as designated on 8 September 1994. Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland . The castle was built by the Teutonic Order after the conquest of Old Prussia . Its main purpose
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#17327717636333380-406: The rivers. They controlled a monopoly on the trade of amber . When the city became a member of the Hanseatic League , many Hanseatic meetings were held there. In 1361, the future Grand Duke of Lithuania Kęstutis was briefly imprisoned in the castle. In 1365, Polish King Casimir III the Great visited the castle. In the summer of 1410, the castle was besieged following the Order's defeat by
3445-408: The same time as the art of masonry. But in Denmark , especially Jutland , in the Frisian regions, in present-day Netherlands and in the Lower Rhine region, many high-quality medieval stone buildings were built before the first medieval brick was burnt there. Nevertheless, these regions eventually developed a density of Gothic brick architecture as high as in the regions near the southern coast of
3510-406: The seat of Polish offices and institutions, interrupted by several years of Swedish occupation, fulfilling this function until the First Partition of Poland in 1772. From then on, the castle was under German rule for over 170 years until 1945, albeit largely falling into disrepair as military technological advances rendered the castle a mere historical point of interest. The construction period
3575-427: The several Polish royal residences, fulfilling this function for over 300 years until the First Partition of Poland in 1772. During this period the Tall Castle served as the castle's supply storehouse, while the Great Refectory was a place for balls, feasts, and other royal events. Polish Kings often stayed in the castle, especially when travelling to the nearby city of Gdańsk/Danzig . Local Polish officials resided in
3640-516: The style came to influence secular buildings as well as churches and spread beyond the area where Catharism had flourished. In the 19th century, the Gothic Revival—Neogothic style led to a revival of Brick Gothic designs. 19th-century Brick Gothic "Revival" churches can be found throughout Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Poland, Lithuania, Finland, the Netherlands, Russia, Britain and the United States. Important churches in this style included St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham (1841) by Augustus Pugin ,
3705-529: The summer residence of Denmark's Prime Minister Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Marienburg . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marienburg&oldid=1086959072 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3770-488: The vast majority of Gothic buildings within the borders of modern Poland are brick-built, the term also encompasses non-brick Gothic structures, such as the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków , which is mostly stone-built. The principal characteristic of the Polish Gothic style is its limited use of stonework to complement the main brick construction. Stone was primarily utilized for window and door frames, arched columns, ribbed vaults, foundations and ornamentation, while brick remained
3835-454: The very north of France ), Netherlands , Germany , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Kaliningrad (former East Prussia ), Switzerland , Denmark , Sweden and Finland . As the use of baked red brick arrived in Northwestern and Central Europe in the 12th century, the oldest such buildings are classified as the Brick Romanesque . In the 16th century, Brick Gothic was superseded by Brick Renaissance architecture. Brick Gothic
3900-427: The water gate on Ina river called Stargard Mill Gate . Even the Westhoek region in the very north of France , situated between Belgium and the Strait of Dover has instances of northern Brick Gothic, with a high density of specific buildings. For example, there is a strong similarity between the Belfry of Dunkirk [ fr ] and the tower of St Mary's Church in Gdańsk . Southern French Gothic
3965-424: Was available as well. Therefore, besides all-brick buildings, there are buildings begun in stone and completed using brick, or built of boulders and decorated with brick, or built of brick and decorated with cut stone, for instance in Lesser Poland and Silesia . Brick Gothic buildings are often of monumental size, but simple as regards their external appearance, lacking the delicacy of areas further south, but this
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#17327717636334030-399: Was moved to Marienburg from Elbing (now Elbląg ). The Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights , Siegfried von Feuchtwangen , who arrived in Marienburg from Venice, undertook the next phase of the fortress' construction. In 1309, in the wake of the papal persecution of the Knights Templar and the Teutonic takeover of Danzig , Feuchtwangen relocated his headquarters to the Prussian part of
4095-456: Was to strengthen their own control of the area following the Order's 1274 suppression of the Great Prussian Uprising of the Baltic tribes . No contemporary documents survive relating to its construction, so instead the castle's phases have been worked out through the study of architecture and the Order's administrative records and later histories. The work lasted until around 1300, under the auspices of Commander Heinrich von Wilnowe . The castle
4160-451: Was unavailable, trading cities could import it by sea. Therefore, St. Mary's Church in Lübeck , generally considered the principal example of Brick Gothic, has two portals made of sandstone , and the edges of its huge towers are built of ashlars, as normal for Gothic brick buildings in the Netherlands and the (German) Lower Rhine region . And the very slim pillars of its Briefkapelle ( letters chapel ) are of granite from Bornholm . In
4225-418: Was undertaken in stages until the beginning of the Second World War. With the rise of Adolf Hitler to power in the early 1930s, the Nazis used the castle as a destination for annual pilgrimages of both the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls . The Teutonic Castle at Marienburg served as a blueprint for the Order Castles of the Third Reich built under Hitler's reign. In 1945 during fighting in
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