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82-952: Charles VI was crowned in 1380, at the age of 11. His four uncles – the dukes of Burgundy , Berry , Anjou and Bourbon  – served as his regents , entrusted with governing France. In November 1388, Pierre Aycelin de Montaigut , Cardinal of Laon , proposed in court that Charles VI relieve the dukes of their duties and assume control of the government. The marmousets— Pierre Aycelin de Montaigut , Bureau de La Rivière , Jean Le Mercier , Jean de Montaigu , Nicolas du Bosc , Olivier V de Clisson , Pierre le Bègue de Villaines and Guillaume IV de Melun —soon became Charles' privy council . The eight clerics and lords swore to stay united as friends, interdependent towards one another. The marmousets' position as privy council ended on 5 August 1392, due to Charles VI's decline into insanity. Le Mercier, de la Rivière and de Villaines were imprisoned, de Montaigu escaped to Avignon, and de Clisson

164-578: A climbing or rampant black lion on a gold field. In the story about the Battle of the Golden Spurs , the arms and its corresponding battlecry Vlaendr'n den leeuw ("Flanders, the Lion") plays a crucial role in the forming of a Flemish consciousness, which was popularised in the 19th century by the book De Leeuw van Vlaanderen by Hendrik Conscience . As a result, the arms of the county live on as arms of

246-669: A fief of the French kingdom. During this period, Flanders experienced a period of relative prosperity with its strong cloth industry and diverse artwork. Trade in Flanders was so extensive that statues of the Madonna and Child were made in Flanders with ivory, which was accessible only by the Indian Ocean trade networks. Flemish prosperity waned in the following century, however, owing to widespread European population decline following

328-559: A pagan region. From these centers, the conversion of the local populace could be started. In 649 Audomar founded an abbey at Sithiu (the Abbey of Saint Bertin ) and in 680 Aubertus founded the Abbey of St. Vaast near Arras . The Christianisation of the population was mainly the work of missionaries like Amandus ( St. Bavo's Abbey and St. Peter's Abbey in Ghent) and Eligius (coastal region and Antwerp ). In his vita , Eligius makes

410-591: The Atrebates . Julius Caesar conquered the area around 54 BC and the population was partially romanised from the 1st to the 3rd century. The Roman road that connected Cologne with Boulogne-sur-Mer was used as a defense perimeter. In the south the Gallo-Romanic population was able to maintain itself, while the north became a no-mans land that also suffered from regular floods from the North Sea . In

492-685: The Black Death of 1348, the disruption of trade during the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War (1338–1453), and increased English cloth production. Flemish weavers had gone over to Worstead and North Walsham in Norfolk in the 12th century and established the wool industry. Through his marriage with Margaret of Dampierre in 1369, Philip the Bold , duke of Burgundy , made an end to the independence of Flanders. Flanders became

574-738: The Carolingian Mayors of the Palace succeeded in removing the Merovingians from power and obtaining the throne for themselves. The last Merovingian king, Childeric III , was placed in captivity at the later Abbey of Saint Bertinus in St. Omer, and his long hair, a symbol of royal power, was cut off. Charlemagne succeeded his father Pepin the Short in Neustria and Austrasia, and after

656-690: The Cluniac reform movement and on October 1096 Robert left with an army for the First Crusade . Though the majority of Flemish nobles was absent for four years, law and order was kept thanks to the steady leadership of countess Clementia and the advocacy of bishop Lambert of Arras . For this, the local clergy promoted the Peace and Truce of God movement. The House of Flanders remained in power until 1119, when Baldwin VII of Flanders died heirless, and

738-635: The Flanders region of modern Belgium are now called West Flanders and East Flanders . The term Flanders originally referred to the area around Bruges . It is first mentioned in the biography of Saint Eligius ( c.  590 –660), the Vita sancti Eligii . The work was written before 684 but has been known only since 725. This work mentions only the place "in Flandris". A Germanic etymology for Flanders and Flemish (Dutch: Vlaanderen , Vlaams )

820-595: The Flemish community . It is said that Philip of Alsace brought the lion flag with him from the Holy Land , where, in 1177, he supposedly conquered it from a Saracen knight, but this is a myth. The simple fact that the lion appeared on his personal seal since 1163, when he had not yet taken one step in the Levant , disproves it. In reality Philip was following a West-European trend. In the same period lions also appeared in

902-583: The Free County of Burgundy . From 1379 to 1382, Philip helped his father-in-law Louis II put down revolts in Flanders, particularly in Ghent , by organising an army against Philip van Artevelde . The revolts were finally ended in 1385, following the death of Louis II, with the Peace of Tournai . As jure uxoris Count of Flanders, he would keep in mind the economic interests of the Flemish cities, which mainly made their money from weaving and spinning. He

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984-648: The Great Privilege that they wrested from Mary of Burgundy , Charles' daughter and successor. In 1482 this last Burgundian ruler died, making her young son Philip I of Castile of the House of Habsburg the new count, and her husband Maximilian I of Austria the regent. The Flemish cities staged two more revolts , but these were ultimately subdued by the armies of the Holy Roman Empire . The 1493 Treaty of Senlis established peace between France and

1066-619: The Holy Roman Empire . This constitutional act made Flanders part of the Seventeen Provinces , that constituted the Low Countries and from then on would be inherited as a whole. The Low Countries held an important place in the Empire. For Charles personally, they were the region where he spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the rich cities, they were also important for the treasury. Lordship transferred to

1148-492: The House of Alsace . Under Thierry (1128–1168) and his successor Philip of Alsace , Flanders' importance and power increased. In the second half of the 12th century, the county went through a period of great prosperity when Philip of Alsace managed to incorporate the County of Vermandois into Flanders through the inheritance of his wife. The territories he controlled now came to within 25 kilometers of Paris, and were larger than

1230-589: The Low Countries . The link to the empire was strengthened even more when the Burgundian Netherlands came into the hands of the imperial Habsburg dynasty in 1477. Most of Flanders became part of the empire after the Peace of Madrid in 1526 and the Peace of the Ladies in 1529, although it came to be ruled under the Habsburg crown of Spain. The territories of the old county are now the only part of

1312-403: The Low Countries . This struggle only served to enhance the reputation of Philip, since he appeared to be a sober and honest reformer in comparison to the profligate and irresponsible Louis. Although Charles VI confirmed his brother as regent in 1402 in a rare moment of sanity, Louis's misrule allowed Philip to regain control of France as regent in 1404, shortly before his death. In 1395, Philip

1394-572: The Scheldt river: Ghent , Tournai , Valenciennes , Cambrai and Lambres at Douai on the Scarpe and a number of seaports: Quentovic , Boulogne and Isère portus, a port at the mouth of the Yser . Moreover, the region included a number of rich abbeys, such as Abbey of Saint Bertin , Saint Bavo's Abbey , Saint-Amand Abbey and the Abbey of St. Vaast . Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis

1476-443: The pagus Cambracinsis in 663, the pagus Taroanensis from 649 and the pagus Bracbatensis at the end of the century. From the 8th century we know of the pagus Rodaninsis from 707, the pagus Gandao from the first quarter of the 8th century, the pagus Mempiscus from 723 and the pagus Flandrensis from around 745. Lastly, the pagus Austrebatensis and the pagus Curtracensis are also counted as Merovingian gaue . In 751

1558-427: The 12th century, the territory's autonomous urban centres were instrumental in defeating the French invasion attempt, defeating the French at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302. But finally the French prevailed at the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle and with the subsequent treaty of Athis-sur-Orge (1305) Flanders lost Lille, Douai, and Orchies to France and had to pay exorbitant fines but retained their independence as

1640-472: The Bold ( French : Philippe II le Hardi ; Dutch : Filips de Stoute ; 17 January 1342 – 27 April 1404) was Duke of Burgundy and jure uxoris Count of Flanders , Artois and Burgundy . He was the fourth and youngest son of King John II of France and Bonne of Luxembourg . Philip was the founder of the Burgundian branch of the House of Valois . His vast collection of territories made him

1722-679: The Bold outlawed cultivation of the Gamay grape in favour of Pinot Noir in an early example of agricultural regulation related to wine quality. Philip died in Halle , County of Hainaut (modern Belgium ), on 27 April 1404. His territories were bequeathed to his eldest son John the Fearless , who also inherited Philip's political position in France and the leadership of the Burgundian branch of

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1804-662: The County of Artois, but also unite it to the rich County of Flanders. Philip and Margaret had the following children: In arranging the marriages of his children, Philip followed an intelligent diplomatic and strategic design that would be followed by his successors in Burgundy as far as Emperor Maximilian I . For example, the double marriage in 1385 at Cambrai of his son, John the Fearless , and his daughter, Margaret , to Margaret of Bavaria and William of Bavaria , son and daughter of Albert , Count of Hainault and Holland, prepared

1886-548: The Forestiers dynasty, who had been appointed by Charlemagne, who had made a small contribution by uniting small feudal territories in the higher parts of the Flemish Valley . The Forestiers dynasty also strengthened the hold of the church on the relatively desolate area. The first Margrave (Count) of Flanders was Baldwin I , who became count in 862, and a romantic anecdote is connected to this: Baldwin eloped with

1968-812: The Habsburgs; per the terms of the treaty, Flanders would henceforth be a territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (born in the Flemish city Ghent ), Flanders became a member of the Burgundian Circle . The county was later involved in the Guelders Wars . Through the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 , the County of Flanders was officially detached from France. It became an independent territory of

2050-546: The Middle-Frankish kings died out, the rulers of the West and East-Frankish Kingdoms divided the Middle-Frankish kingdom amongst themselves in the treaty of Meerssen in 870. Now Western Europe had been divided into two sides: the solid West Francia (the later France) and the loose confederation of principalities of East Francia , that would become the Holy Roman Empire . In the north these two powers were separated by

2132-728: The Netherlandish Bavarians, Philip also made links with the Dukes of Austria and of Savoy by marrying his daughter Catherine to Leopold IV of Austria and his daughter Mary to Amadeus VIII of Savoy . Few of Philip the Bold's residences are still extant. Apart from several elements of the ducal palace in Dijon (Tour de Bar), the Château de Germolles is largely preserved. This residence was offered to his wife, Margaret III, Countess of Flanders in 1381. The princess transformed

2214-609: The Pious . Even during Louis' life his three sons started fighting over his heritage. They eventually concluded multiple treaties, of which the Treaty of Verdun , signed in 843, would be the definitive treaty. These treaties created East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia, inherited by Charles the Bald , included the original county of Flanders, that spanned roughly between Oudenburg , Aardenburg and Torhout . After

2296-625: The Romans against the Visigoths . He was also administrator of the province of Belgica Secunda . His son Clovis I conquered from 486 on all of Northern France. The abandoned coast and Scheldt region had been partially repopulated since the 4th century by Saxons and Franks from the east of the Rhine that retained their Germanic culture and language. In the 5th century Salic Franks settled in present-day Northern-France and Wallonia , primarily around

2378-572: The Scheldt river, which had previously separated West Francia from Middle Francia . This separation remained unchanged until the times of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . Militarily, economically and politically, Europe went through a deep crisis. The Vikings invaded from the north, the Magyar from the east and the Saracens from the south. All left trails of destruction. The central authorities of

2460-907: The Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg with Philip II of Spain , and after 1556 belonged to the Kings of Spain. It was in Steenvoorde (In French Flanders ) in 1566 that the Beeldenstorm broke loose. The Beeldenstorm spread through all of the Low Countries and eventually led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War and the secession of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands . Originally Flanders cooperated with

2542-693: The Valois family against the Orléans branch. In 1378, Philip the Bold acquired the domain of Champmol, just outside Dijon , to build the Chartreuse de Champmol (1383–1388), a Carthusian monastery ("Charterhouse"), which he intended to house the tombs of his dynasty. His tomb, with pleurants and his recumbent effigy , is an outstanding work of Burgundian sculpture. They were created by Jean de Marville (1381–1389), Claus Sluter (1389–1406) and Claus de Werve (1406–1410). Jean Malouel , official painter to

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2624-407: The arms of Brabant , Luxembourg , Holland , Limburg and other territories. The lion as a heraldic symbol was mostly used in border territories and neighbouring countries of the Holy Roman Empire . It was in all likelihood a way of showing independence from the emperor, who used an eagle in his personal arms. In Europe the lion had been a well-known figure since Roman times, through works such as

2706-552: The cities of Courtrai , Tournai and Bavay . They adapted to the local Gallo-Romanic population. From the 6th century on the no-mans-land farther north was filled by Franks from the Rhinelands and other Germanic groups from the Netherlands and Germany. The first wave of immigration in the present day Flemish territory was accompanied by limited Christianisation. In the wake of the immigrants, missionaries tried to convert

2788-616: The coastal and Scheldt areas Saxon tribes gradually appeared. For the Romans, Saxon was a general term, and included Angles , Saxons , Jutes and Erules. The coastal defense around Boulogne and Oudenburg , the Litus Saxonicum , remained functional until about 420. These forts were manned by Saxon soldiers. From their base land Toxandria the Salian Franks further expanded into the Roman empire. The first incursion into

2870-399: The core area under French suzerainty was west of the Scheldt and historians call this "Royal Flanders" (Dutch: Kroon-Vlaanderen , French: Flandre royale ). Aside from this, the counts, from the 11th century onward, held land east of the river as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire , and this is referred to as "Imperial Flanders" ( Rijks-Vlaanderen or Flandre impériale ). From 1384, the county

2952-484: The county was inherited by Charles the Good , of the House of Denmark . He abandoned the title "Marquis of Flanders", which had been used alongside the comital style since the 10th century. The counts of Flanders were the last French lords using the title marquis, which would not be used again in France until 1504. After a short interlude under William Clito of Normandy (1127–1128), the county went to Thierry of Alsace of

3034-477: The daughter of the Frankish king Charles the Bald , Judith of West Francia . Judith, who had previously been married to two English kings, refused her father's command to return to him. After mediation by the pope, the Frankish king reconciled with his son-in-law, and gave him the title of margrave, and the corresponding feudal territories as dowry. Margrave was primarily a military appointment and some versions of

3116-408: The death in 1380 of his brother King Charles V , whose successor Charles VI became king at the age of 11. During Charles' minority , a council of Regents was set up to govern France that was made up of four of his uncles: Louis, Duke of Anjou , John, Duke of Berry , and Philip himself from his father's side, and from his mother's side, Louis II, Duke of Bourbon . Among Philip's acts while regent

3198-524: The death of his brother Karloman he was able to reunite the entire Frankish Empire. Though he resided in Aachen , he spent much time travelling through his territories. In 811 he inspected the fleet that he had ordered built in Boulogne and Ghent, to protect against Viking invasions. The region comprising future Flanders was, from an economic point of view, a flourishing region, with a series of ports along

3280-610: The dominion of the count of Flanders as a separate title, until it was absorbed by the French crown. In 1071, Robert I became count of Flanders after his successful rebellion against his nephew Arnulf III who died in the battle of Cassel . Flemish knights in the 11th and 12th centuries were some of the most effective and well-respected knights of Europe even before the Crusades . They were known to be chivalrous but lax on enforcing religious norms. Nevertheless, count Robert II and his wife Clementia of Burgundy were supporters of

3362-536: The drapery industry. Aside from this, the grain trade with England and through Holland with Hamburg were also important. Saint-Omer became the most important transit-port for French wine in the 12th century. These were the centuries of the breakthrough of the Flemish merchants, with their trade with England, the Baltic area and South-West France, as well as the land routes to the Rhineland and Italy though later only

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3444-412: The duke, was responsible for the polychrome and gilt decoration. After his death, the body of Philip the Bold was eviscerated and embalmed, then placed in a lead coffin. It was then deposited in the choir of Chartreuse de Champmol on 16 June 1404. His internal organs were sent to the church of Saint Martin at Halle. In 1792, his body was transferred to Dijon Cathedral , and in the following year, his tomb

3526-404: The fables of Aesop . The future county of Flanders had been inhabited since prehistory. During the Iron Age the Kemmelberg formed an important Celtic settlement. During the times of Julius Caesar, the inhabitants were part of the Belgae , a collective name for all Celtic and Germanic tribes in the north of Gaul . For Flanders in specific these were the Menapii , the Morini , the Nervii and

3608-415: The first mention of the word Flanders , when he toured the area around 650. During the 7th century the first gaue or pagi were created in the Flemish territories. Gaue were administrative subdivisions of the civitates . The gaue from the 7th and 8th centuries would form the basis of the county of Flanders. The pagus Tornacensis dates from c.  580 , and from the 7th century we know of

3690-491: The heathen population, but had little success. The bishoprics were reinstated, usually with the same natural borders of the Late-Roman era; the Silva Carbonaria separated the Bishopric of Cambrai from the Bishopric of Tongeren , while the Scheldt again became the border between the bishoprics of Cambrai and Tournai . Vedast and Eleutherius of Tournai were assigned to reinstate the bishoprics of Arras and Tournai. However, these bishoprics failed to survive independently. In

3772-445: The historic County of Flanders only partially overlaps with the present-day region of Flanders in Belgium, but even there, it extends beyond the present provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders. Some of the historic county is now part of France and the Netherlands. The land covered by the county is spread out over: The arms of the County of Flanders were allegedly created by Philip of Alsace , count of Flanders from 1168 to 1191;

3854-431: The lands of the Atrebates was turned away in 448 at Vicus Helena. But after the murder of the Roman general Flavius Aëtius in 454 and Roman emperor Valentinianus III in 455, the Salic Franks encountered hardly any resistance. From Duisburg , king Chlodio conquered Cambrai and Tournai , and he reached the Somme . After his death two Salic kingdoms emerged. Childeric is recorded in 463 as king of Tournay and ally of

3936-411: The late 6th century the bishopric of Arras was connected to that of Cambrai, and at the start of the 7th century the same was done to the bishoprics of Tournai and Noyon . At the end of the 6th century, the duchy of Dentelinus was created in the north of what would later constitute Neustria . The duchy presumably included the bishoprics of Boulogne, Thérouanne, Arras, Tournai, Cambrai and Noyon: thus,

4018-409: The late medieval French kingdom outside of modern-day France, Catalonia having been renounced in 1258. By 1795 the entire Austrian Netherlands , the successor of the Spanish Netherlands , was acquired by France under the French First Republic , and this was recognized by treaty in 1797. After the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, these territories, including most of the old county of Flanders, passed to

4100-471: The later union of Hainault and Holland with Burgundy and Flanders, as carried out by Philip's grandson, Philip the Good . The marriages also inserted the new Valois Burgundy dynasty into the Wittelsbach network of alliances: the other daughters of Count Albert married William I , Duke of Guelders and Wenceslaus , King of Bohemia; their cousin, Isabeau of Bavaria married Charles VI of France , and became Queen of France . In addition to his alliance with

4182-404: The name of their germanic leader, with -inga haim added. - Inga haim meant 'the settlement of the tribe of X'. For example: Petegem comes from Petta-inga-haim , which meant 'the settlement of the tribe of Petta'. The colonisation and germanisation of Flanders took place primarily in the 6th and 7th centuries. In the 7th century the population-level had risen sufficiently to start rebuilding

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4264-405: The newly established United Kingdom of the Netherlands , which was split up between 1830 and 1839 into the modern countries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Although the French Republic had avoided using the names of the great medieval counties for their administrative départements, the Dutch and Belgian regimes brought back such names, and as a consequence the two westernmost provinces of

4346-458: The northern provinces as a member of the Union of Utrecht , and also signed the Act of Abjuration in 1581, but from 1579 to 1585, in the period known as the " Calvinist Republic of Ghent ", it was reconquered by the Spanish army. Flanders stayed under Spanish control. Through the efforts of the French king Louis XIV , the entire southern part of Flanders was annexed by France, and became known as South-Flanders or French Flanders . This situation

4428-433: The northwestern region between the North Sea and the Silva Carbonaria, an area the outlines of which were very similar to the later Flanders. The duchy was primarily intended to serve as a military and strategic deterrent against Frisian and Saxon invasions, and was a cornerstone in the military defense of the Merovingian Empire . In 600, Chlothar II (584–628) was forced to temporarily cede the duchy to Austrasia , but after

4510-400: The old fortress into a luxurious home with the help of artists from the Burgundian School Claus Sluter and Jean de Beaumetz . County of Flanders The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries , located on the North Sea coast of what is now Belgium . Unlike its neighbours, such as the counties of Brabant and Hainaut , it

4592-422: The original Flemish pagus over the years over all territories south and west of the Scheldt river , including the lordship of the Four Amts, Zeelandic Flanders , the Burgraviate of Aalst  [ nl ] to the east and the County of Artois to the southwest, which remained part of Flanders until it became a separate county in 1237. After that date, the county of Artois at various times still came under

4674-418: The possession of the House of Valois-Burgundy , that ruled over the Burgundian State . In 1449 the city of Ghent revolted against duke Philip the Good . In 1453 Philip crushed the rebels at the battle of Gavere , ending the revolt. The cities of Ghent and Bruges had previously operated virtually as city-states, and upon the death of duke Charles the Bold attempted to re-assert this position by means of

4756-530: The present day. The Christianisation attempts in the 6th century by bishops like Eleutherius and Vedast had largely failed. Thus, in the 8th century a different strategy was chosen. A new Christianisation attempt was made under influence from King Dagobert I . He appointed several devoted missionaries from the southern parts of his kingdom to his royal domains in the northern parts of his kingdom. The missionaries were tasked with founding monasteries and abbeys there, that were to serve as centers of Christianity in

4838-404: The procession to warn the king that he had been betrayed. When a page dropped a lance, the king reacted by killing several of his knights and had to be wrestled to the ground. Philip, who was present, immediately assumed command and appointed himself regent, dismissing Charles' advisors. He was the principal ruler of France until 1402. His seizure of power, however, had disastrous consequences for

4920-415: The religious, military and administrative infrastructure. In the area of linguistics, the situation stabilised so that a large, bilingual region with a linear language border could emerge in the 8th century. In Pas-de-Calais , which had been densely populated a long time, a language barrier had emerged in the 6th–7th century, but in the 9th century a romanisation -movement started that has continued until

5002-453: The restoration of the Austrasian dual-monarchy in 622–623, the duchy was returned. At the end of the 6th and the 7th century a new inflow emerged from the western Pas-de-Calais . This area had been germanised in the 5th century and descendants of the Saxons and Franks had settled in future Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant . New groups of germanic settlers also came in from the Netherlands and Germany. Their new settlements often received

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5084-486: The rivers Aa , Yser and Zwin , which were endangering the accessibility of Saint-Omer , Ypres and Bruges . Biervliet also served as a counter to Hollandic influence. Trade partners included England, the Baltic countries and France over sea, and the Rhineland and Italy over land. The wool trade with England was of special importance to the rising cloth industry in Flanders. The wealth of many Flemish cities (as their Belltowers and cloth halls testify) came from

5166-401: The story theorize that King Charles made Baldwin Margrave in the hope that he would be killed by the Vikings. Initially the French kings meant to secure the safety of the northern French border from Viking invasions with this act. The counts, however, made good use of the crisis situation by incorporating the surrounding plundered territories into the county. The counts expanded the influence of

5248-468: The strength of this proposal is that it would describe the salt marshes and mud flats of this low-lying coastal region. It was regularly inundated, before the development of dykes which started around 1050. However, a weak point of the proposal is that the Germanic wordforms which it requires are not found in any records of Dutch or its dialects. Comparison was instead based upon Old High German flewen and flouwen , and Old Norse flaumr . The geography of

5330-410: The target of an assassination attempt by agents of John V, Duke of Brittany . The would-be assassin, Pierre de Craon , had taken refuge in Brittany . Charles, outraged at these events, determined to punish Craon, and on 1 July 1392 led an expedition against Brittany. While travelling to Brittany, the king, already overwrought by the slow progress, was shocked by a madman who spent half-an-hour following

5412-460: The territories given back by France to the Emperor, were two of the founding members of the United States of Belgium . Just like the other parts of the Austrian Netherlands, the county of Flanders declared its independence. This took place on the Friday-market at Ghent on 4 January 1790. The "Manifest van Vlaenderen" was drawn up by Charles-Joseph de Graeve and Jean-Joseph Raepsaet . The county of Flanders officially ceased to exist in 1795, when it

5494-402: The territories his feudal lord, the French king, directly controlled. During the rule of the House of Alsace, cities developed and new institutions were formed. The ports of Gravelines , Nieuwpoort , Damme , Biervliet , Dunkirk , and Mardijk were founded, as well as Calais by Philip's brother Matthew of Alsace . Aside from colonisation, the ports also functioned to reduce the silting of

5576-453: The two Frankish kingdoms were unable to organise an effective defensive, causing the population to lose faith and trust in their far-removed rulers. In the wake of this power vacuum, local powerful individuals saw their chance. Often these individuals were the descendants of people associated with Charlemagne . The county of Flanders originated from the Gau or Pagus Flandrensis (Dutch: Vlaanderengouw  [ nl ] ), led by

5658-406: The undisputed premier peer of the Kingdom of France and made his successors formidable subjects, and later rivals, of the kings of France . Philip played an important role in the development of gunpowder artillery in European warfare, making extensive and successful use of it in his military campaigns. Philip was born in Pontoise in 1342 to John and Bonne of Luxembourg. His father, John,

5740-464: The unity of the House of Valois and of France itself. The king's brother Louis, Duke of Orléans , resented his uncle taking over as regent instead of himself; the result was a feud between Philip and Louis that continued after their deaths by their families. In particular, both quarreled over royal funds, which each desired to appropriate for his own ends: Louis to fund his extravagant lifestyle, Philip to further his expansionist ambitions in Burgundy and

5822-437: The yearly fairs of Champagne. Flanders's flourishing trading towns made it one of the most urbanised parts of Europe. In 1194, Baldwin I of Constantinople of the House of Hainaut , succeeded the House of Alsace. In 1278 Guy of Dampierre , of the House of Dampierre , became count of Flanders. The king of France wanted to definitively conquer Flanders, and started the Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305) . Increasingly powerful in

5904-612: Was aided in this by the expansion of the Three Members – a parliament consisting of representatives from the towns of Bruges , Ghent and Ypres – to the Four Members through the addition of the rural area Franc of Bruges . In 1390, Philip also became the Count of Charolais , a title used by Philip the Good and Charles the Bold as the heirs of Burgundy. Philip was very active at the court of France, particularly after

5986-522: Was created duke of Touraine in 1360, but in 1363, he returned this duchy to the crown to receive instead the Duchy of Burgundy in apanage from his father as a reward for his courage at the Battle of Poitiers. On 19 June 1369, Philip married the 19-year-old Margaret , daughter of Count Louis II of Flanders , who later inherited the County of Flanders , the Duchy of Brabant , the County of Artois , and

6068-567: Was damaged by revolutionaries and looters. It was restored in the first half of the 19th century and today it is in housed the former palace of the dukes, now part of the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon . Philip the Bold married the future Countess Margaret III of Flanders on 19 June 1369, a marriage that would eventually reunite not only the Duchy of Burgundy with the Free County of Burgundy and

6150-459: Was fined 100,000 francs, dismissed of his title and banished from France. Some of the marmousets eventually returned to their duties in minor posts, and while they were no longer a faction, many of their ideas were later put into practice by Charles VII , who became the natural heir of their policies. This French history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Philip II, Duke of Burgundy Philip II

6232-537: Was formalised in 1678 at the Treaty of Nijmegen . After the extinction of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs, the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs became counts of Flanders. Under Maria Theresa of Austria , the Austrian Netherlands flourished. In 1789 a revolution broke out against emperor Joseph II . In 1790 the county of Flanders and a separate province called West Flanders , which constituted

6314-486: Was not the son of a king). However, Philip, along with John of Berry and Louis of Bourbon, lost most of their power at court in 1388, when Charles VI chose to favour the advice of the Marmousets , his personal advisors, over that of his uncles when he attained his majority. In 1392, events conspired to allow Philip to seize power once more in France. Charles VI's friend and advisor Olivier de Clisson had recently been

6396-476: Was politically united to the Duchy of Burgundy , and it formed the starting point for more acquisitions in the area, and the eventual creation of the Burgundian Netherlands . The expansion of Flemish ("Burgundian") power deep into the Holy Roman Empire further complicated the relationship between Flanders and France, but reinforced the connections with Brabant, Hainaut, Holland and other parts of

6478-412: Was proposed by Maurits Gysseling in 1948, based upon an article by René Verdeyen in 1943. According to this proposal, the terms Flanders and Flemish are likely derived from words derived from Proto-Germanic * flaumaz , meaning stream, current, flood or eddy. Based on this, it is proposed that there was a proto-Germanic term *flaumdra which referred to waterlogged land. According to Toorians,

6560-476: Was the eldest son of Philip, Duke of Normandy , and Joan of Burgundy . His father became king of France in 1350. Philip became known as "the Bold" at the age of 14, when he fought beside his father at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. They were captured during the battle by the English. He remained in custody with his father until the terms of their ransom were agreed to in the Treaty of Brétigny of 1360. He

6642-665: Was the suppression of a tax revolt in 1382 known as the Harelle . The regency lasted until 1388, always with Philip assuming the dominant role: Louis of Anjou spent much effort fighting for his claim to the Kingdom of Naples after 1382 and died in 1384, John of Berry was interested mainly in the Languedoc and not particularly interested in politics, and Louis of Bourbon was largely an unimportant figure due to his personality (he showed signs of mental instability) and his status (since he

6724-473: Was within the territory of the Kingdom of France . The counts of Flanders held the most northerly part of the kingdom, and were among the original twelve peers of France. For centuries, the economic activity of the Flemish cities, such as Ghent , Bruges and Ypres , made Flanders one of the most affluent regions in Europe, and also gave them strong international connections to trading partners. Up to 1477,

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