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64-547: Victor was born in Lamarche on 7 December 1764 to Charles Perrin and Marie Anne Floriot. In 1781, he enlisted in an artillery regiment in Grenoble as a drummer , and after ten years' service he applied for and received his discharge. In Valence , on 16 May 1791 he married Jeanne Josephine Muguet, by whom he had issue which was extinct in the male line by 1917. In February 1792, Victor joined his hometown's National Guard as

128-484: A freikorps on 12 January 1807, which in the following months defended the fortress against French attacks allowing its defenders to complete their preparations for the expected siege with Swedish and British support via the Baltic. Time for preparation was needed since Kolberg lacked sufficient defensive structures, manpower and armament to withstand a siege. The defensive works of the fortress had been neglected, only

192-567: A grenadier . He then enlisted in the 1st Drôme Battalion, and later passed to the 5th Bouches-du-Rhône Battalion. In September 1792 he was made chief of battalion and deployed with the Army of Italy , distinguishing himself at the Battle of Coaraze . During the Siege of Toulon in late 1793, Victor distinguished himself in the capture of Fort Mont Faron, and was seriously wounded in the stomach during

256-577: A French-born commander might irritate his British supporters, while on the other hand Gneisenau had been in British service during the American Revolutionary War . In April, Napoleon withdrew the forces of Edouard Mortier from the siege of Stralsund and sent them to take Kolberg, however, Mortier soon had to return when the defenders of Stralsund pushed the remaining French troops out of Swedish Pomerania . The French siege army

320-467: A Kolberg smith had forged an operative iron 4-pounder gun; further efforts to forge artillery pieces in the fortress were rendered moot by the arrival of the British guns. In mid-June, the siege forces were reinforced by two Nassau bataillons with a strength of 1,500 to 1,600, Napoleon ordered the narrowing of the encirclement to cut off Kolberg from its port. By the end of June, Napoleon sent in battle-tried French regiments and heavy guns to bring about

384-469: A daughter: Victor had mixed military talents. He was an excellent organizer and tactician. During his time in Spain he destroyed entire Spanish armies with Cannae-like envelopments and even fought Wellington to a virtual tactical draw at Talavera. However he was a timid strategist often afraid of taking risks. Nevertheless, he recognized new developments in warfare and implemented them throughout his career. At

448-467: A day of penance until the end of his life. In 1821, Victor was appointed Minister of War and held this office for two years. In this capacity, he prepared the 1823 French invasion of Spain but was dismissed by Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême and resumed his ministerial portfolio. After the July Revolution in 1830, he refused to swear allegiance to the government of King Louis Philippe ,

512-520: A decision: on 21 June arrived further artillery pieces and the 4th Dutch line infantry regiment ( Anthing's ) with a strength of 1,600 to 1,700; on 30 June arrived the 3rd light, 56th line and 93rd line regiments of the Boudet division with a strength of 7,000. Overall, the strength of the siege force had risen to about 14,000 men in the final days. The French forces took the Maikuhle forest held by

576-485: A report to Marshal Berthier on 8 May stated that the Poles had stopped a charge of 600 Prussian cavalry in that action. In another attack, launched during the night of 17/18 May, siege force troops managed to take part of Wolfsberg sconce, but had to retreat when in the resulting chaos, Württemberg troops shot at Italian units. The Prussian forces launched a counter-attack and drove them from the sconce once again. After this,

640-445: A severe head injury in the house of Kolberg senator Westphal was ordered to patrol the areas west of the fortress with a small cavalry unit. Supplied with information about French movements by local peasants, he succeeded in capturing a number of French officers and soldiers, gathering food and financial supplies in neighboring towns and villages, and recruiting volunteers to his unit from inside and outside Kolberg. Schill's victory in

704-493: A strength of 1,200 had been transferred from the siege of Danzig (Gdańsk) on 11 April and arrived on 20 April; it was the 1st infantry regiment of the Poznań legion raised by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski on Napoleon's behalf, after a Polish uprising against Prussian occupation and French liberation of Prussian controlled Poland had resulted in the creation of Duchy of Warsaw in part of partitioned Poland . Throughout May and June,

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768-689: A surprise to the French generals and the Prussian administration in Stettin, who had already pledged allegiance to the French; it further led part of the defeated Prussian army to take refuge in Kolberg and reinforce the two musketeer battalions of the von Owstien and von Borcke regiments and the 72 guns garrisoned there. Lucadou ordered the Persante (Parseta) river west of Kolberg to be dammed up to flood

832-432: A total of 72 guns were mounted on Kolberg's walls: 58 metal/iron cannons (8x 24 lb, 4x 20 lb, 40x 12 lb, 6x 6 lb), six iron howitzers (10 lb) and eight iron mortars (5x 50 lb, 3x 25 lb); in addition, there were four mobile 3-pounder cannons. While a convoy with artillery reinforcements was held up and captured by French forces near Stettin, twelve 12-pounder cannons reached Kolberg from

896-553: The 5th Army Corps under Marshal Jean Lannes , and fought at the battles of Saalfeld and Jena in October 1806, where he was wounded. He received the capitulation of Spandau on October 25, served at the Battle of Pultusk on December 26, and was placed at the head of the 10th Army Corps upon its formation. In March 1807, Victor laid siege to Kolberg then Danzig before being captured by partisans of Ferdinand von Schill . He

960-837: The Anconine Republic ) in the Papal States , seizing 120 artillery pieces and 4,000 rifles. In April 1797, his troops took part in the suppression of the Veronese Easter . Victor then returned to France and was made commander of the 2nd military division in Nantes in March 1798, but was soon back in the Army of Italy. He served in the Italian campaign of 1799, and was present at the defeats of Trebbia (June 17–19), where he

1024-423: The Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in late 1806, French troops marched north into Prussian Pomerania. Fortified Stettin ( Szczecin ) surrendered without battle, and the province became occupied by the French forces. Kolberg resisted, and the implementation of a French siege was delayed until March 1807 by the freikorps of Ferdinand von Schill operating around the fortress and capturing the assigned French commander of

1088-575: The Battle of Montereau . The result was a scene of violent recrimination and his supersession by the emperor, who transferred his command to General Étienne Maurice Gérard . Nevertheless, he was put at the head of two divisions of the Young Guard the same day. He was wounded by a gunshot at the Battle of Craonne on 7 March, which forced him to walk on crutches for three months. Upon Napoleon's defeat in April 1814, Victor transferred his allegiance to

1152-764: The War of the Fourth Coalition , part of the Napoleonic Wars . An army of the First French Empire and several foreign auxiliaries (including Polish insurgents) of France besieged the fortified town of Kolberg , the only remaining Prussian -held fortress in the Province of Pomerania . The siege was not successful and was lifted upon the announcement of the Peace of Tilsit . After Prussia lost

1216-401: The defenders of Stralsund . On 30 May, Napoleon ordered the redeployment of Jean Boudet 's division to enable it to reach Kolberg on demand within 36 hours, one regiment of the division was ordered to reinforce the siege forces. Wolfsberg sconce, overrun by the French army on 17 May but recovered by the defenders the next day, capitulated on 11 June. Among others, Waldenfels was killed at

1280-591: The defense of Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania . The suburbs, most notably Geldernerviertel, were burned down as it was customary. Because of the delay in the French advance, Napoleon replaced Teulié as the commander of the siege forces with division general Louis Henri Loison ; Frederick William III replaced Lucadou as the commander of the fortress with major August Neidhardt von Gneisenau after complaints by Nettelbeck and out of considerations for an envisioned British landfall at Kolberg - he feared that

1344-519: The skirmish of Gülzow (7 December 1806 ), though insignificant from a military point of view, was widely noted as the first Prussian success against the French army - while Prussian king Frederick William III praised Schill as the "kind of man now valued by the fatherland", Napoleon referred to him as a "miserable kind of brigand". "ce miserable, qui est une espèce de brigand" As a consequence of these successes and Schill's increasing fame, Prussian king Frederick William III ordered him to establish

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1408-724: The 1st Army Corps, he participated in the battles of Ybor (17 March), Valdecañas de Tajo (18 March), and finally Medellín (28 March), where he inflicted a disastrous defeat on the Spanish army of General Gregorio García de la Cuesta . He won the Battle of Alcabon on July 26, but over the next two days was repulsed by an Anglo-Spanish army at Talavera . After the French victory at the Battle of Ocaña , Victor entered Cordoba in November 1809 and Seville in February 1810, then laid siege to Cadiz . Lacking sufficient siege artillery, and with

1472-553: The Army of Italy, fighting at the Battle of Loano in November 1795. Victor served brilliantly in the Italian campaign of 1796 under General Napoleon Bonaparte . He took part in the capture of Cosseria Castle (April 14) and the battles of Dego (April 15), Peschiera (August 6), and Rovereto (September 4). Soon after his promotion to general of division, in January 1797, he captured Imola and Ancona (which would later become

1536-821: The Beresina River in 1812, he made excellent use of reverse slope defenses showing that he learned something from Wellington. Attribution: Lamarche Lamarche ( French pronunciation: [lamaʁʃ] ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France . This Vosges geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Siege of Kolberg (1807) [REDACTED] French Empire [REDACTED] Prussia Naval support : The siege of Kolberg (also spelled Colberg or Kołobrzeg ) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during

1600-481: The French forces besieging Stralsund . The commander of the siege forces in Kolberg, Louis Henri Loison , likewise departed to the Stralsund pocket and was put in command of a division near Demmin . Ferdinand von Schill and Neidhardt von Gneisenau received the highest Prussian military decoration " Pour le Mérite " for their service. During the siege, Kolberg's suburbs had been levelled, more than half of

1664-527: The French general lost confidence in Wurttemberg troops and removed them from the battlefield. Polish troops were extensively used, and according to Louis Loison, showed exceptional determination in the attacks on Wolfsberg sconce. On 20 May, an arms replenishment for the defenders arrived by sea from Great Britain , containing inter alia 10,000 rifles, 6,000 sabres and ammunition. Some of those supplies, including 6,000 rifles, were however redirected to

1728-465: The Old Town was damaged or destroyed by artillery fire, and Kolberg's economy with its two important branches sea trade and salt mining declined. A shortage of coins had led to the circulation of paper money, hand-written by students from the local lyceum on Gneisenau's behalf. The overall damage was at 155,000 reichstalers . Only in the mid-19th century began the reconstruction and modernization of

1792-636: The Prussian fortress of Danzig and the Swedish fortress of Stralsund, who each sent six guns. Since no further artillery reinforcements came in, the Kolberg garrison mounted an additional 92 guns on the walls which previously had been deemed unusable and withdrawn from service; these guns were positioned at the flanks at it was speculated that they might still serve to fire rocks and canister shots at short distances. Six guns captured by Schill's freikorps were also sent to Kolberg. Claude Victor-Perrin , whom Napoleon Bonaparte had entrusted with taking Kolberg,

1856-402: The Prussian garrison, as they were used as a source; for the siege force casualties, Smith lists 102 officers and 5,000 men dead and wounded or died of sickness. After the announcement of the peace, Kolberg was not occupied by the French army. Already on 3/4 July, Napoleon ordered the bulk of the siege force to march west to Swedish Pomerania and reinforce, under command of Guillaume Brune ,

1920-807: The Wolfsberg sconce, but not observed; and according to the Italian Biografie di Pietro Teulie however, the cannonball hit Teuliè after 13 June, and five to six days later, he died in Loison's arms in the nearby village of Tramm. Temporarily, the defenders were supported by the British corvette Phyleria and the Swedish frigate af Chapmann , the latter had arrived on 29 April, was commanded by major Follin and armed with 46 guns (two 36-pounders, else 24-pounder cannons and carronades ). Also, three fishing boats had been armed with guns and supported

1984-532: The Wolfsberg sconce. Also, Teulié was lethally injured when a cannonball hit his leg—according to the French Biographie universelle , he died five days later, on 12 May, and his death caused the parties to agree on a 24-hour truce in his honor; according to Höpfner's History of the Prussian Army however, Teuliè was hit when a 24-hour truce on 11/12 June was concluded after the capitulation of

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2048-432: The area around the fortress, and arranged the construction of Wolfsberg sconce east of the town. Coordination of these measures with Joachim Nettelbeck , representative of the Kolberg citizens, was however impaired by the latter's personal grievances against Lucadou. Among the Prussian soldiers who had retreated to Kolberg after Jena and Auerstedt was secondelieutenant Ferdinand von Schill , who after his recovery from

2112-464: The beach, and was repulsed in intense fighting by the Polish regiment On 14 June, British artillery replenishments arrived for the defenders, including 30 iron cannons, 10 iron howitzers and ammunition. The guns replaced "the many unusable guns on Kolberg's walls". Since the fortress had experienced a shortage of light artillery while at the same time it had sufficient cannonball supplies in storage,

2176-698: The capture of Fort de l'Eguillette at the end of the siege. For his actions at Toulon, Victor received a provisional promotion to brigade general. Afterwards, he was sent to the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees and fought in the War of the Pyrenees from 1794 to 1795, where he served in the sieges of Collioure , Roses , and fought with distinction at the Battle of the Black Mountain in November 1794. Confirmed in his rank in June 1795, he returned to

2240-603: The casualties of the siege force, Höpfner says that the Prussian archives reports list a total of 7,000 to 8,000 dead and wounded, 1,000 of whom were killed and injured during the last two days. Höpfner does not cite the number claimed by the French, which he dismissed as "worthless," and says that the beforementioned Prussian claim for the total siege force casualties might be exaggerated. The casualty figures cited by Smith in The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book match Höpfner's numbers for

2304-410: The cavalry units). After Schill's departure, the defenders numbered about 6,000 men and consisted of On 7 May, in a French reconnaissance attack, troops from the 1st Italian line infantry as well as the Polish, Württemberg and Saxon regiments assaulted Wolfsberg sconce. During the fight, a Polish unit repelled a charge from the cavalry squadron of Schill's Freikorps (113 troopers). General Loison in

2368-430: The city being supplied by sea, his troops could not seize the important Spanish port and the siege was abandoned after 30 months. During this period he fought at the Battle of Chiclana . In 1812, Victor was recalled to France to head the 9th Army Corps in the invasion of Russia . At the head of 30,000 men, he served in the reserve ensuring the lines of communication. At first his corps was posted in east Prussia, but it

2432-561: The commander of the Polish troops taking part in the siege. Paul Heyse's drama was exploited in the Nazi propaganda movie Kolberg , which was begun in 1943 and released in 1945 near the end of World War II. At a cost of more than eight million marks, it was the most expensive German film of the Second World War. Part of the plot did not match the events—for example, while the actual siege had ended because Prussia surrendered, in

2496-498: The defendants, it started to honor the commander of the Polish troops after 1945, when the city became part of a Polish state. Within two weeks after the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (14 October 1806), Napoleon 's Grande Armée had pursued the defeated Royal Prussian Army to Pasewalk in Prussian Pomerania . The provincial capital Stettin (now Szczecin), one of twenty Prussian fortresses, capitulated on 29 October

2560-416: The defenders from the sea. A 3-pounder gun was mounted on each of these boats, which had been prepared by Nettelbeck; later, a fourth boat was similarly prepared by lieutenant Fabe. On 3 June during the evening the supporting ships directed artillery fire on the Polish camp, which proved to be ineffective due to strong winds, three hours later an armed expedition of estimated 200 Prussians attempted to land on

2624-641: The defense. In early April, the siege forces were for a short time commanded by Mortier , who had marched a large force from besieged Swedish Stralsund to Kolberg but was ordered to return when Stralsund's defenders gained ground. Other reinforcements came from states of the Confederation of the Rhine ( Kingdom of Württemberg , Saxon duchies and the Duchy of Nassau ), the Kingdom of Holland , and France. With

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2688-482: The events in his successful drama "Colberg" (1865). Before World War II , a monument in the town's center was dedicated to Gneisenau, Nettelbeck and Schill; Schill's house was marked with a memorial plaque, a redoubt and a street were named after him, and 2 July was a local holiday celebrated by an annual procession. After the war, when the town became Polish , a street in Kołobrzeg was named after Antoni Sułkowski ,

2752-539: The grenadiers were concentrated. The artillery, under command of general Mossel, was concentrated near Zernin (now Czernin), and defended by a Saxon detachment stationed in Degow (now Dygowo). The construction of the siege works, was since 5 May supervised by brigade general Chambarlhiac of the 8th corps on Napoleon's behalf. Schill returned to the town in early May, but left for Stralsund again after discord with Gneisenau, taking most of his freikorps with him (primarily

2816-484: The largest of which took place near Naugard ( Nowogard ). Teulié reached the Kolberg area by early March, and by the mid of the month (14 March ) had cleared the surrounding villages of Schill's forces and encircled the fortress. When the French encirclement of Kolberg rendered Schill's strategy moot, Lucadou sent three cavalry units to aid the Krockow freikorps in the defense of Danzig , while Schill departed to aid in

2880-581: The port and Kirchhof sconce had been prepared for defense when Prussia feared war with Russia and Sweden in 1805 and 1806, but they had been disarmed in September. By early December 1806, the Kolberg garrison numbered 1,576 men, but increased steadily during the next months due to the arrival of Prussian troops and new recruits from nearby areas. Armament shortages were in part relieved by Charles XIII of Sweden , who sent rifle components from which local gunsmiths made 2,000 new rifles. As of late October 1806,

2944-471: The port north of the town. On 2 July, fighting ceased when Prussia had agreed on an unfavourable peace after her ally Russia suffered a decisive defeat at Friedland . Of the twenty Prussian fortresses, Kolberg was one of the few remaining in Prussian hands until the war's end. The battle became a myth in Prussia and was later used by Nazi propaganda efforts. While prior to World War II the city commemorated

3008-414: The province's only fortress remaining in Prussian hands. Pierre Thouvenout was appointed French governor of Pomerania and sent his envoy Mestram to accept Kolberg's expected capitulation and take control of it. On 8 November 1806, Mestram met with the Prussian commander of Kolberg Louis Maurice de Lucadou (Ludwig Moritz von Lucadou) before its walls. Lucadou's refusal to hand over the fortress came as

3072-496: The remaining soldiers of Schill's freikorps on 1 July. Kolberg was heavily bombarded—of a total of 25,940 cannonballs fired by the siege force, 6,000 were fired on 1 and 2 July. On 2 July at noon, fighting ceased upon the announcement of the Prusso-French agreement to the Peace of Tilsit . A Prusso-French truce had been signed already on 25 June following the decisive Russian defeat in the Battle of Friedland . Kolberg

3136-565: The restored House of Bourbon . He was made a Chevalier de Saint-Louis , and in December 1814 received from Louis XVIII the command of the 2nd military division. In 1815, on the return of Napoleon from exile in Elba during the Hundred Days , Victor accompanied the king to Ghent . When the second restoration followed the Battle of Waterloo , Victor returned to Paris with Louis XVIII and

3200-485: The siege was characterized by heavy fighting around Wolfsberg sconce east of Kolberg. In early May, the siege forces numbered circa 8,000 troops. The siege force's blockade corps was since 4 May divided into four brigades: The remaining forces, except for the grenadiers , were entrusted with the defense of other sconces in the vicinity of Kolberg. The headquarters of the siege force was in Tramm (now Stramnica), where

3264-443: The siege, Victor-Perrin . During these months, the military commander of Kolberg, Lucadou, and the representative of the local populace , Nettelbeck, prepared the fortress's defensive structures. The French forces commanded by Teulié , composed primarily of troops from Italy , succeeded in encircling Kolberg by mid-March. Napoleon put the siege force under the command of Loison ; Frederick William III entrusted Gneisenau with

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3328-417: The town and its port. The ruins of the destroyed medieval town hall were replaced by the current building, designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . Kolberg ceased to be a fortress in 1872—by 1873, most of the defensive works were levelled. The siege itself became a myth in military history of Prussia, which was partially deflated in modern research by Hieronim Kroczyński. Nobel laureate Paul Heyse described

3392-414: The western surroundings of Kolberg flooded by the defenders, fighting concentrated on the eastern forefield of the fortress, where Wolfsberg sconce had been constructed on Lucadou's behalf. Aiding the defense from the nearby Baltic Sea were a British and a Swedish vessel. By late June, Napoleon massively reinforced the siege forces to bring about a decision. The siege force then also concentrated on taking

3456-400: Was cancelled and Victor returned to his previous command in June 1803. In that year he married for a second time in June at 's-Hertogenbosch to Julie Vosch van Avesaat (1781–1831), by whom he had an only daughter who died unmarried and without issue. In February 1805, he was appointed Ambassador to Denmark . On the outbreak of hostilities with Prussia , Victor became Chief of Staff of

3520-491: Was captured by Schill's forces in Arnswalde (12 January ), detained in Kolberg and later exchanged against Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . With Victor-Perrin captured, the attack on Kolberg was to be led by Pietro (Pierre) Teulié 's Italian division, who in February began the march on the fortress from Stettin. Schill's freikorps further delayed the French advance by provoking several skirmishes and battles,

3584-462: Was created Duke of Belluno ( Duc de Bellune ) in September 1808, shortly before departing for the Peninsular War . He was victorious over the Spanish general Joaquín Blake y Joyes at the Battle of Espinosa on November 10–11, and took part in the Battle of Somosierra on November 30, subsequently marching on Toledo . He was again victorious at Uclès in January 1809, and as commander of

3648-653: Was expelled from the Chamber of Peers, and retired altogether into private life. He died in Paris on 1 March 1841 and was buried at the Père-Lachaise Cemetery . His papers for the period 1793–1800 have been published (Paris, 1846). Victor first married Jeanne-Josephine Muguet in May 1791 and had four children: His second marriage was to Julie Vosch van Avesaet in June 1803 (1781–1831), with whom he had

3712-454: Was injured, and Genola (November 4). The following year, he led his division at Montebello and distinguished himself at the Battle of Marengo . Appointed general-in-chief of the Army of Batavia in July 1800, Victor held this command until August 1802, when he was named commander of a planned expedition to Louisiana . However, due to the disaster of that of Saint-Domingue , the expedition

3776-552: Was later moved up to Smolensk to serve as the rearguard of the invading forces. From here his most important service was in protecting the retreating army at the crossing of the Berezina River . He was appointed commander of the 2nd Army Corps in March 1813, and over the following months fought at the battles of Dresden , Leipzig , Wachau , and finally at Hanau on 30 October. During the French campaign of 1814, Victor

3840-577: Was made a peer of France and major-general of the Royal Guard. In October, he was appointed chairman of a commission which inquired into the conduct of the officers who joined Napoleon during the Hundred Days. As a member of the Chamber of Peers , he voted in favor of the death penalty for Marshal Michel Ney , a vote he bitterly regretted, and Victor made the day of Ney's execution (7 December)

3904-548: Was one of the few Prussian fortresses which withstood Napoleon's forces until the peace was signed —others were Glatz ( Kłodzko ) and Graudenz (Grudziądz) . Based on data from the Prussian Military Archive, Höpfner lists the casualties for the Prussian garrison of Kolberg (saying it is uncertain whether they included the losses of the Schill freikorps) as follows: Höpfner further reports that Regarding

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3968-534: Was one of the generals who distinguished himself alongside Napoleon. Initially stationed with his 2nd Army Corps in Strasbourg , his outnumbered troops withdrew until late January before the advancing Coalition armies. He took part in the battles of Brienne and La Rothière , and on February 17 his troops routed Pahlen 's Russian corps at the Battle of Mormant , taking 3,000 prisoners and seizing 16 artillery pieces. On 18 February 1814, Victor arrived too late at

4032-471: Was reinforced by troops from Württemberg and Saxon states ( Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg , Saxe-Meiningen , Saxe-Hildburghausen , and Saxe-Weimar , ) as well as a Polish regiment. The Saxon and Württemberg regiments were part of the army of the Confederation of the Rhine , which - like the Kingdom of Italy , whose troops were already present at the siege – was a French client. The Polish regiment, led by Antoni Paweł Sułkowski , with

4096-561: Was soon exchanged for Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher and immediately sent to the Siege of Graudenz . After replacing the wounded Marshal Jean Bernadotte as commander of the 1st Army Corps , in June 1807, Victor broke the center of the Russian army at the Battle of Friedland on June 14, for which he was made Marshal of the Empire by Napoleon on 13 July. After the peace of Tilsit , Victor became governor of Berlin , and

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