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48-748: Marshalls, Inc. is an American chain of off-price department stores owned by TJX Companies . Marshalls has over 1,000 American stores, including larger stores named Marshalls Mega Store (stores operating with HomeGoods combined), covering 49 states and Puerto Rico , and 61 stores in Canada . Marshalls first expanded into Canada in March 2011. Marshalls is one of the largest U.S. off-price family apparel and home fashion retailers, along with its sister company, TJ Maxx . Its slogans are Your Surprise Is Waiting and Never Boring, Always Surprising . Marshalls traces its history to 1956, when Alfred Marshall gathered

96-443: A chain of discount stores called Prange Way , and Atlanta-based Rich's owned discount stores called Richway . During the late 1970s and the 1980s, these chains typically were either shut down or sold to a larger competitor. Kmart and Target themselves are examples of adjuncts, although their growth prompted their respective parent companies to abandon their older concepts (the S. S. Kresge five and dime store disappeared, while

144-546: A dollar sign is placed after a word to indicate that it is valid according to the North American word lists , but not according to the British word lists. A dollar symbol is used as unit of reactivity for a nuclear reactor, 0  $ being the threshold of slow criticality, meaning a steady reaction rate, while 1 $ is the threshold of prompt criticality , which means a nuclear excursion or explosion. In

192-486: A group of entrepreneurs on the East Coast , including Bernard Goldston, Norman Barren, and Irving Blitt (Frank Estey and Bernard Ribas joined the entrepreneurs in 1960 by purchasing Bernard Goldston's shares), to collectively start up the "Brand Names For Less" concept. Marshalls did not carry clothing until Irving Blitt (who later handled the sporting goods concession) called his friend Al Marshall letting him know he had

240-474: A single-bar dollar sign, as well as a very small double-stroke dollar sign in the legal warning against forgery. It is still uncertain, however, how the dollar sign came to represent the Spanish American peso. There are currently several competing hypotheses: The following theories seem to have been discredited or contradicted by documentary evidence: The numerous currencies called " dollar " use

288-580: A specific currency. The Unicode computer encoding standard defines a single code for both. In most English -speaking countries that use that symbol, it is placed to the left of the amount specified, e.g. "$ 1", read as "one dollar". The symbol appears in business correspondence in the 1770s from Spanish America , the early independent U.S., British America and Britain, referring to the Spanish American peso, also known as " Spanish dollar " or "piece of eight" in British America. Those coins provided

336-742: Is also used in several compound currency symbols, such as the Brazilian real (R$ ), the Nicaraguan córdoba (C$ ) and the United States dollar (US$ ): in local use, the nationality prefix is usually omitted. In countries that have other currency symbols , the US dollar is often assumed and the "US" prefix omitted. The one- and two-stroke versions are often considered mere stylistic ( typeface ) variants, although in some places and epochs one of them may have been specifically assigned, by law or custom, to

384-491: Is not in the October 2019 "pipeline", though it has been requested formally. Among others, the following fonts display a double-bar dollar sign for code point 0024: regular-weight Baskerville , Big Caslon , Bodoni MT , Garamond : ( $ ) In LaTeX , with the textcomp package installed, the cifrão ( [REDACTED] ) can be input using the command \textdollaroldstyle . However, because of font substitution and

432-415: Is required, discount superstores are known as warehouse clubs , and often require purchases of larger sizes or quantities of goods than a regular superstore. The main national chains, both of which have operations outside the U.S., are Costco and Sam's Club . Major discount grocery store retail chains in the U.S. include Aldi , Lidl , Save-A-Lot and Grocery Outlet . Currently Aldi and Lidl are

480-572: Is typeface-dependent, they are allographs . However, there are three other code points that originate from other East Asian standards: the Taiwanese small form variant , the CJK fullwidth form , and the Japanese emoji . The glyphs for these code points are typically larger or smaller than the primary code point, but the difference is mostly aesthetic or typographic, and the meanings of the symbols are

528-584: The Coinage Act of 1857 ended this status. The earliest U.S. dollar coins did not have any dollar symbol. The first occurrence in print is claimed to be from 1790s, by a Philadelphia printer Archibald Binny , creator of the Monticello typeface . The $ 1 United States Note issued by the United States in 1869 included a large symbol consisting of a "U" with the right bar overlapping an "S" like

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576-478: The Dayton-Hudson Corporation eventually divested itself of its department store holdings and renamed itself Target Corporation). In the United States, discount stores had 42% of the overall retail market share in 1987; in 2010, they had 87%. Many of the major discounters now operate " supercenters ", which adds a full-service grocery store to the traditional format. The Meijer chain in

624-744: The Hudson's Bay Company started opening Saks Off 5th locations to sell off-price brands. American off-price chain Nordstrom Rack opened its first Canadian location in Vaughan Mills in 2018. Outside the United States and Canada, the main discount store chains listed by country are as follows: Major chains of discount supermarkets in Germany are Aldi , Lidl , Netto Marken-Discount , Netto (store) , Norma and Penny . Italy has numerous discount supermarkets, including Lidl and EuroSpin ,

672-569: The ISO 4217 three-letter acronym is used. The symbol is sometimes used derisively, in place of the letter S, to indicate greed or excess money such as in " Micro$ oft ", " Di$ ney ", " Chel$ ea " and " GW$ "; or supposed overt Americanisation as in " $ ky ". The dollar sign is also used intentionally to stylize names such as A$ AP Rocky , Ke$ ha , and Ty Dolla $ ign or words such as ¥€$ . In 1872, Ambrose Bierce referred to California governor Leland Stanford as $ tealand Landford. In Scrabble notation,

720-673: The RKM code in electrical engineering since 1952.) Cape Verde , a republic and former Portuguese colony, similarly switched from the real to their local escudo and centavos in 1914, and retains the cifrão usage as decimals separator as of 2021. Local versions of the Portuguese escudo were for a time created also for other overseas colonies, including East Timor (1958–1975), Portuguese India (1958–1961), Angola (1914–1928 and 1958–1977), Mozambique (1914–1980), Portuguese Guinea (1914–1975), and São Tomé and Príncipe (1914–1977); all using

768-406: The cifrão as decimals separator. Brazil retained the real and the cifrão as thousands separator until 1942, when it switched to the Brazilian cruzeiro , with comma as the decimals separator. The dollar sign, officially with one stroke but often rendered with two, was retained as part of the currency symbol "Cr$ " , so one would write Cr$ 13,50 for 13 cruzeiros and 50 centavos. The cifrão

816-489: The peso sign , is a currency symbol consisting of a capital ⟨ S ⟩ crossed with one or two vertical strokes ( $ or [REDACTED] depending on typeface ), used to indicate the unit of various currencies around the world, including most currencies denominated " dollar " or " peso ". The explicitly double-barred [REDACTED] sign is called cifrão in the Portuguese language . The sign

864-733: The American economy in the 1970s, with recession affecting the spending habits of most shoppers, the off-price industry gathered speed. By buying up manufacturers' post-season, overrun, and close-out stock, Marshalls was able to offer fashionable, high-quality "designer" items at prices 20 to 60 percent less than those of the department stores. In 1976, Marshalls was acquired by Melville Corporation . There were 36 stores in New England and California at this time. Marshall also independently owned five stores in St. Thomas , St. Croix , and St. Maarten in

912-470: The Caribbean. The brand surpassed $ 1 billion in sales in 1982. By April 1987, there were 261 stores across the country. However, profits began to slip in the mid-1980s when the company shifted to lower-priced goods, competing with other discount stores rather than department stores. Since Marshalls made up 28% of Melville's sales at this time, there was a lot of focus on turning the store around. Marshalls

960-518: The Midwest consists entirely of supercenters, while Wal-Mart and Target have focused on the format as of the 1990s as a key to their continued growth. Although discount stores and department stores have different retailing goals and different markets, a recent development in retailing is the "discount department store", such as Sears Essentials , which is a combination of the Kmart and Sears formats, after

1008-472: The Portuguese cultural sphere, the South Vietnamese đồng before 1975 used a method similar to the cifrão to separate values of đồng from its decimal subunit xu . For example, 7 [REDACTED] 50 meant 7 đồng and 50 xu. In some places and at some times, the one- and two-stroke variants have been used in the same contexts to distinguish between the U.S. dollar and other local currency, such as

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1056-700: The chains with the largest number of stores, and Aldi , Discount Dial , Dpiù , MD Discount , Penny , Todis and Tuodì . Japan has numerous discount stores, including Costco , Daiso , Don Quijote (store) and The Price (owned by Ito Yokado ). Action , Euroland , Solow , Big Bazar and Zeeman . In addition, the German discount supermarkets Lidl and Aldi both operate in the country. Discount supermarkets cover about 30% of food sales in Poland. Main chains include Biedronka , Lidl , Netto , and Aldi . Dollar sign The dollar sign , also known as

1104-613: The companies' merger as Sears Holdings Corporation . Woolworths entered Canada in the 1920s, the stores were converted to the Foot Locker , Champs Sports and other stores in 1994. Kresge's , a competitor to Woolworth's entered the Canadian market in 1929. Zellers was founded in 1931, and was acquired by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1978. Giant Tiger opened its first store in Ottawa in 1961, modeled on Woolworths . Winners

1152-754: The concept into standalone stores. In 2015, Marshalls opened its 1,000th store. In 2019, the company began operating a website for online shopping . During the COVID-19 pandemic , Marshalls shut down all stores and suspended its online operations, closing all distribution and fulfillment centers and offices in March 2020. TJX began reopening stores in May and completed the process by the end of June. TJX paid US $ 100 million settlement in California to settle an employee class-action suit in 2002, which alleged that Marshalls abused exempt/nonexempt classifications to avoid

1200-463: The country. Discount store Discount stores in the United States may be classified into different types: Discount superstores such as Walmart or Target sell general merchandise in a big-box store ; many have a full grocery selection and are thus hypermarkets , though that term is not generally used in North America. In the 1960s and 1970s the term "discount department store"

1248-473: The dollar sign to express money amounts. The sign is also generally used for the many currencies called " peso " (except the Philippine peso , which uses the symbol " ₱ "). Within a country the dollar/peso sign may be used alone. In other cases, and to avoid ambiguity in international usage, it is usually combined with other glyphs, e.g. CA$ or Can$ for Canadian dollar . Particularly in professional contexts,

1296-460: The former Portuguese escudo . However, such usage is not standardized, and the Unicode specification considers the two versions as graphic variants of the same symbol —a typeface design choice. Computer and typewriter keyboards usually have a single key for that sign, and many character encodings (including ASCII and Unicode ) reserve a single numeric code for it. Indeed, dollar signs in

1344-481: The lack of a dedicated code point, the author of an electronic document who uses one of these fonts intending to represent a cifrão cannot be sure that every reader will see a double-bar glyph rather than the single barred version. Because of the continued lack of support in Unicode, a single bar dollar sign is frequently employed in its place even for official purposes. Where there is any risk of misunderstanding,

1392-460: The largest discount retailers in the world operating more than 25,000 discount stores worldwide between them. Variety stores in the U.S. today, are most commonly known as dollar stores such as Dollar General , Family Dollar and Dollar Tree , which sell goods usually only at a single price-point or multiples thereof (£1, $ 2, etc.). During the early and mid-twentieth century they were commonly known as "five and dimes" or "dime stores". Stores of

1440-438: The main chains, Woolworth's , J. J. Newberry and S. S. Kresge , lined the shopping streets of U.S. downtowns and suburbs, and starting in the 1950s they also opened branches in shopping malls. These chains originally sold items for 5, 10 or 25 cents, but many later moved to a model with flexible price points, with a variety of general merchandise at discounted prices, in formats smaller than today's discount superstores. During

1488-592: The model for the currency that the United States adopted in 1792, and for the larger coins of the new Spanish American republics, such as the Mexican peso , Argentine peso , Peruvian real , and Bolivian sol coins. With the Coinage Act of 1792 , the United States Congress created the U.S. dollar, defining it to have "the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current" but a variety of foreign coins were deemed to be legal tender until

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1536-404: The national currency as the escudo , worth 1000 réis , and divided into 100 centavos ; but the cifrão continued to be used as the decimal separator , so that 123 [REDACTED] 50 meant 123.50 escudos or 123 escudos and 50 centavos. This usage ended in 2002 when the country switched to the euro . (A similar scheme to use a letter symbol instead of a decimal point is used by

1584-545: The opportunity to purchase factory second Arrow shirts while on a trip to New York. Contemplating the dual postwar phenomena of a boom in the economy and growth in the suburbs, Marshall and associates came upon a way to meet it profitably. Together, they opened a self-service department store in Beverly, Massachusetts , offering apparel and homewares at low prices. Additional floor space was "sublet" to offer customers shoes, hardware, and sporting goods from separate sellers, but

1632-627: The payment of overtime or compensation time to employees in certain roles performing non-exempt job duties, as required by the federal Fair Labor Standards Act . The enterprise has developed national and local partnerships with U.S. charitable organizations. All donations and fund-raising efforts from Marshalls are connected to helping children, families, and their communities with these programs: Marshalls opened its first locations in Canada in March 2011. As of November 2016, Marshalls Canada had 50 stores with plans to operate approximately 100 stores across

1680-718: The period from the 1950s to the late 1980s, discount stores were more popular than the average supermarket or department store in the United States. There were hundreds of discount stores in operation, with their most successful period occurring during the mid-1960s in the U.S. with discount store chains such as Kmart , Ames , Two Guys , Gibson's Discount Center , E. J. Korvette , Mammoth Mart , Fisher's Big Wheel , Zayre , Bradlees , Caldor , Jamesway , Howard Brothers Discount Stores , Kuhn's-Big K (sold to Walmart in 1981), TG&Y and Woolco (closed in 1983, part sold to Wal-Mart) among others. Walmart , Kmart , and Target all opened their first locations in 1962. Kmart

1728-412: The same digital document may be rendered with one or two strokes, if different computer fonts are used, but the underlying codepoint U+0024 (ASCII 36 10 ) remains unchanged. When a specific variant is not mandated by law or custom, the choice is usually a matter of expediency or aesthetic preference. Both versions were used in the US in the 18th century. (An 1861 Civil War -era advertisement depicts

1776-418: The same. However, for usage as the special character in various computing applications (see following sections), U+0024 is typically the only code that is recognized. Support for the two-line variant varies. As of 2019, the Unicode standard considers the distinction between one- and two-bar dollar signs a stylistic distinction between fonts , and has no separate code point for the cifrão . The symbol

1824-402: The separate ownership of those departments was invisible to the shopper. The original store also had a soda fountain/grill, which was another sublet of floor space, the "A & M Luncheonette" (for Alice & Mickey Masters, the proprietors). The concept proved extremely successful. Ten years later, Marshalls had become the leading off-price retail chain in the nation. Given the volatility of

1872-515: The time. Marshalls and T.J. Maxx operate as sister stores, and share a similar footprint throughout the country. While the two offer near-identical prices and have similar store layouts, Marshalls differentiates itself by its emphasis on family footwear and larger men's and juniors departments. Starting in 2005, Marshalls began introducing Shoe MegaShop departments in its stores. The company added MegaShops to 240 Marshalls stores in 2008, with another 200 planned for fiscal 2009. Marshalls soon expanded

1920-616: The two-stroked symbol as a snake. ) The two-stroke version seems to be generally less popular today, though used in some "old-style" fonts like Baskerville . Because of its use in early American computer applications such as business accounting, the dollar sign is almost universally present in computer character sets , and thus has been appropriated for many purposes unrelated to money in programming languages and command languages . The dollar sign "$ " has Unicode code point U+0024 (inherited from ASCII via Latin-1 ). There are no separate encodings for one- and two-line variants. The choice

1968-421: The unambiguous ISO 4217 three letter code (AUD, MXN, USD, etc.) is preferred. The dollar sign, alone or in combination with other glyphs, is or was used to denote several currencies with other names, including: In the United States, Mexico, Australia, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pacific Island nations, and English-speaking Canada, the sign is written before the number ("$ 5"), even though

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2016-536: The word is written or spoken after it ("five dollars", " cinco pesos "). In French-speaking Canada, exceptionally, the dollar symbol usually appears after the number, e.g., "5$ ". (The cent symbol is written after the number in most countries that use it, e.g., "5 ¢ ".) In Portugal, Brazil, and other parts of the Portuguese Empire , the two-stroke variant of the sign (with the name cifrão ( Portuguese pronunciation: [siˈfɾɐ̃w] )

2064-562: Was a venture of S. S. Kresge Company that was a major operator of dime stores . Other retail companies branched out into the discount store business around that time as adjuncts to their older store concepts. As examples, Woolworth opened a Woolco chain (also in 1962); Montgomery Ward opened Jefferson Ward ; Chicago-based Jewel-Osco launched Turn Style ; and Central Indiana-based L. S. Ayres created Ayr-Way . J. C. Penney opened discount stores called Treasure Island or The Treasury ; Sheboygan, Wisconsin based H. C. Prange Co. opened

2112-665: Was formerly used by the Portuguese escudo (ISO: PTE) before its replacement by the euro and by the Portuguese Timor escudo (ISO: TPE) before its replacement by the Indonesian rupiah and the US dollar . In Portuguese and Cape Verdean usage, the cifrão is placed as a decimal point between the escudo and centavo values. The name originates in the Arabic ṣifr (‏ صِفْر ‎), meaning 'zero'. Outside

2160-871: Was founded in 1982 in Toronto, and sells off-price brand clothing. Costco entered Canada in 1986. In 1990, the American chain Walmart purchased the Woolco chain in Canada and converted the stores into Walmarts. Dollarama was founded in Quebec in 1992. In 1998, Zellers bought out Kmart Canada, taking over its stores. In 2011, Marshalls , owned by the American TJX Companies , entered Canada, and Zellers sold most of its stores to Target . Target Canada filed for bankruptcy in 2015, selling its stores to Walmart , Lowe's and Canadian Tire . In 2016,

2208-498: Was outperformed by rival TJ Maxx in the early 1990s. By 1993, Marshalls had expanded throughout 42 states including Hawaii , and had opened several downtown locations. Its first location in Puerto Rico opened in 1994. The company's pretax operating earnings fell by 20% between 1993 and 1994. In 1995, Marshalls was purchased by TJX , the parent company of its main rival, TJ Maxx , for $ 550 million. There were 496 stores at

2256-474: Was used as the thousands separator of amounts in the national currency, the real (plural "réis", abbreviated "Rs."): 123 [REDACTED] 500 meant " 123 500  réis ". This usage is attested in 1775, but may be older by a century or more. It is always written with two vertical lines: [REDACTED] . It is the official sign of the Cape Verdean escudo ( ISO 4217 : CVE). In 1911, Portugal redefined

2304-453: Was used, and chains such as Kmart , Zodys and TG&Y billed themselves as such. The term "discount department store" or "off-price department store" is sometimes applied to big-box discount retailers of apparel and home goods, such as Ross Dress for Less , Marshalls , TJ Maxx , and Burlington . So-called category killer stores, specialize in one type of merchandise and sell it in big-box stores . Examples include: When membership

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