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120-721: The main campus borders the downtown area of Easton to the south, the College Hill Residential Historic District to the north east, and is situated almost directly on the Delaware River . Lafayette's campus architecture is highly varied with elements of many styles visible. While the overall architectural style cannot be singularly determined, examples from Beaux-Arts , Postmodernism , Gothic Revival , Richardsonian Romanesque , and Second Empire architecture are clearly visible on campus. The original college buildings were planned facing

240-463: A black box theater , 180-seat cinema, classrooms, and other various rooms for the college's art programs. The black box theater was named for former college president Daniel H. Weiss and his wife, Sandra Weiss. The Williams Center for the Arts holds the music and theater programs. It opened in 1983 at a cost of $ 8.7 million, and was dedicated to Morris Williams, class of 1922, and his wife. The building

360-560: A donation of 1,000 shares of stock in the F. W. Woolworth Company , of which he was co-founder and vice-president. With each share valued at $ 100, this donation was worth $ 100,000 in total, though with the swelling of a bull market in the early 1920s the college ended up selling their shares for over $ 538,000. In 1921, Kirby had created an endowment for the Kirby Professorship in Civil Rights. By 1930, in an effort to grow

480-653: A fibrous internal structure, deposited in hot springs. In this more narrow sense, travertine is distinct from speleothems and tufa . Travertine is sometimes defined by its mode of origin, as rock formed by inorganic precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals onto a surface following exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and groundwater. Calcrete, lake marls , and lake reefs are excluded from this definition, but both speleothems and tufa are included. Fresh travertines vary widely in their porosity , from about 10% to 70%. Ancient ones may have porosities as low as 2% due to crystallization of secondary calcite in

600-424: A graduate of Lafayette in 1931 additionally set up a scholarship in his honor. Plans for the building were made as early as 1970, when the college realized a need for additional housing after becoming co-ed. Its architecture is similar to the adjacent Ramer Hall which was built thirteen years later. Keefe Hall sits at the crest of the hill overlooking downtown Easton. It is a 37,800 square foot residence hall built in

720-598: A house fire in 1959. In 2015, the house received an extensive remodel, with an addition of a solarium and larger front edifice. The Zeta Psi house is an historic house, and the only building on the Lafayette College campus to be on the National Register of Historic Places , having been added in 2001. It was constructed on February 2, 1910 by the Tau chapter of Zeta Psi at the cost of $ 50,000. The style of

840-406: A kitchen, dining hall, recitation room, prayer hall, rooms for the college's two literary societies, fifty dormitory rooms, and apartments for the college president and his family. The first addition to the building began by the addition of the east wing completed in 1870. Built with $ 22,000 donated by the city of Easton, the new wing was named Eastonian Hall and contained a two-story tall room which

960-432: A lack of harmony in architectural style. However, this "architectural eclecticism" has been a purposeful tradition at Lafayette, and has also been a source of praise; as the campus was not constructed all at once, the style of buildings reflect the time periods in which they were constructed. Nonetheless, during the college's expansion in the twentieth century, most of the buildings adopted the uniform of red brick buildings in

1080-403: A movie theater, meeting rooms, and offices for student and school organizations, including residence life. The main floor hosts a large atrium under a large glass skylight which is a major gathering spot for students. Farinon was constructed by Shepley Bulfinch from 1989 to 1991 at a cost of $ 16 million. It was named for William B. Farinon, class of 1939, and P.T. Farinon. Hogg Hall is home to

1200-803: A north-trending fault near the dormant Colli Albani volcano. The Guidonia quarry is located in this deposit of travertine. The ancient name for this stone was lapis tiburtinus , meaning tibur stone , which was gradually corrupted to travertino (travertine). Detailed studies of the Tivoli and Guidonia travertine deposits revealed diurnal and annual rhythmic banding and laminae, which have potential use in geochronology . Deposits of travertine are found in about 100 other locations in Italy, including Rapalino near Pisa . Cascades of natural lakes formed behind travertine dams can be seen in Pamukkale , Turkey, which

1320-504: A pile of chairs, books, and other materials in the biology department, and then used gas and matches to set the pile aflame. He escaped to New York after watching the building light up in flame from the New Jersey border, but returned to Easton at the start of the new year to continue acts of vandalism on the campus. In June, he was accosted and admitted to the burning of Pardee. He also admitted to plans to burn down Colton Chapel later in

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1440-406: A prominent American businessman who was a college trustee from 1930-1956. In 1956 a wing was added to the north side of the building to hold additional student dorms, classrooms, and a dining facility. A second addition in 1964 added a southern wing to the building to bring architectural balance to the building and add an additional residence wing for 40 students and one faculty resident. In 1971, when

1560-551: A recognized historical district was made by Sal Panto Jr., who was the mayor of Easton from 1984 to 1992 and 2008–present. College Hill becoming a Historical District helped the city to preserve more of the traditional and cultural buildings on the Hill and have more protective regulations and control on what could be constructed. As given from a modified 2010 Census report, College Hill has an estimated total population of 4.67 thousand per square mile. By including Lafayette College into

1680-512: A round base was finally built replicating an existing fountain in Marietta, GA. The restoration boosted economic growth of College Hill in the sense that it increased traffic to its key business corridor. The Lafayette Inn has been a landmark of College Hill for centuries. Built in 1895, the Georgian mansion was originally meant to be an investment property by Elizabeth Wagner Leary. The land

1800-410: A small number of students enrolled in the program at the time of its construction, the building also housed the college's geology and metallurgy programs, and contained a small mining museum and department library. In 1963, while the new Skillman Library was under construction across the street, the decision was made to convert Markle Hall to an administrative building. The former library, Van Wickle Hall,

1920-685: A smaller scale, these karst processes are still working. Important geotopes are found at the Swabian Alb , mainly in valleys at the foremost northwest ridge of the cuesta ; in many valleys of the eroded periphery of the karstic Franconian Jura ; and at the northern Alpine foothills . Dinaric karst watercourses, especially those in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, are known for build-up of rich travertine deposits and associated phenomena such as tufa and travertine caves, river islets, barriers and waterfalls. In Bosnia and Herzegovina Una river

2040-572: A space for growing administrative offices. Miller, Miller & McLachlan later received the 2009 Excellence in Construction Award from the Associated Builders and Contractors of Eastern Pennsylvania for their restoration of this historical building. Located on March Field, Farber Hall was constructed in 1978 as a memorial to Charles D. Farber, class of 1965, who had died in an accident in 1969. His father, Jack Farber, also

2160-603: A travertine cave. Honey Creek feeds this waterfall and creates miles of travertine shelves both up and downstream. Many small waterfalls upstream in the dense woods repeat the travertine-formation effect. Another travertine resource is in Sulphur, Oklahoma , 10 miles (16 km) east of Turner Falls. Travertine Creek flows through a spring-water nature preserve within the boundaries of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area . Austin, Texas , and

2280-620: A triple waterfall over a travertine dam. The Soda Dam Hot Spring system of the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico have been intensively investigated because of its connection to the geothermal system of the Valles caldera . Hot groundwater from the caldera has moved along the Jemez fault, and mixed with cooler groundwater before emerging at the surface. Radiometric dating of the travertines show that deposition began almost immediately after

2400-469: A warm-animal room, cold-animal room, radioisotope facility, multiple laboratories, a museum for the college's specimen collection, an auditorium, and a two-story greenhouse. A tunnel in the basement connected the building to what is presently Hugel Science Center. The Oechsle Center for Global Education was built in 2014 and houses the college's departments of international affairs, Africana studies, anthropology, and sociology. The 19,600 square foot building

2520-424: A weak acid, carbonic acid , which dissolves some of the limestone as soluble calcium bicarbonate ( Ca + 2 + 2HCO − 3 ): This is a reversible reaction , meaning that as the concentration of dissolved calcium bicarbonate builds up, the calcium bicarbonate begins to revert to calcium carbonate , water, and carbon dioxide. So long as there is nowhere for the carbon dioxide to go, chemical equilibrium

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2640-557: A wedding present from John Eyerman, a Lafayette College Graduate to his bride Lucy Maxwell. In 1914, a member of the Lafayette College trustees purchased the building and made several renovations to it. After the necessary renovations, Lafayette College acquired the building in 1960 and made it the home to the college's scholar society. The house is sited on three acres and overlooks the Delaware River. Nevin Park Fountain

2760-943: Is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Other places with such cascades include Huanglong in Sichuan Province of China (another UNESCO World Heritage Site), the Mammoth Hot Springs in the United States, Egerszalók in Hungary, Mahallat , Abbass Abad, Atash Kooh, and Badab-e Surt in Iran , Band-i-Amir in Afghanistan , Lagunas de Ruidera , Spain, Hierve el Agua , Oaxaca, Mexico and Semuc Champey , Guatemala . In Central Europe 's last post-glacial palaeoclimatic optimum ( Atlantic Period , 8000–5000 BC), huge deposits of tufa formed from karst springs . On

2880-505: Is a 109–110-year-old school located in Easton, Pennsylvania . It was named after Francis March , professor of English and philology at Lafayette College . He was the first-ever to hold the title "Professor of English Language and Literature" in both America and in Europe. He taught at Lafayette for 56 years and refused numerous offers to leave the school as he was very loyal to the school. He

3000-663: Is clad with over 3 million pounds (about 1360 tonnes) of Ambra Light travertine from the Tivoli quarries. Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe used travertine in several of his major works, including the Toronto-Dominion Centre , S.R. Crown Hall , the Farnsworth House and the Barcelona Pavilion . The New Mexico State Capitol has its rotunda finished with travertine mined from a deposit west of Belen, New Mexico . Stone from this quarry

3120-404: Is described as meteoric carrier, and the travertine formed by this mechanism as meteogene travertine . This is the principal mechanism for formation of speleothems. Groundwater with an enhanced concentration of CO 2 absorbed from soil infiltrates underlying limestone, dissolving some of the limestone. When this groundwater then emerges into a cave with a lower concentration of CO 2 , some of

3240-485: Is described as thermogene travertine . This can form spectacular deposits of travertine, such as those of Pamukkale or Mammoth Hot Springs. The carbon dioxide may come from sources deep in the Earth, such as metamorphism of deeply buried rock. The carbon dioxide is carried to the surface by magma and is a major component of volcanic gases . Carbon dioxide may also be generated by magma bodies heating solid rock near

3360-500: Is funded in part through the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts which helps maintain an art gallery and a theater for performance arts . Musicians such as Charles Lloyd , and Steve Coleman have performed at the center. It also hosts a travelling exhibition featuring various local artists, or prominent topics from the school's history, such as the college's Tiffany glass collection. The Williams Visual Arts Building

3480-401: Is one of the few academic buildings located at the base of College Hill, in the college's arts campus. Donated by William C. Buck, class of 1950, it was completed in 2016 at a cost of $ 21 million. Due to its location in a 100-year flood plain, the entire building is raised above the flood elevation, with the first occupied floors placed on the second level. The 18,000 square foot building contains

3600-501: Is one of the most frequently used stones in modern architecture . It is commonly used for indoor home/business flooring, outdoor patio flooring, spa walls and ceilings, façades, and wall cladding . The lobby walls of the modernist Willis Tower (1970) (formerly Sears Tower) in Chicago are made of travertine. Architect Welton Becket frequently incorporated travertine into many of his projects. The Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center

3720-683: Is particularly rich in deposits, and so is Pliva , Trebižat , Buna , Bregava . Travertine has formed 16 natural dams in a valley in Croatia known as Plitvice Lakes National Park . Clinging to moss and rocks in the water, the travertine has built up over several millennia to form waterfalls up to 70 m (230 ft) in height. Also in Croatia the Krka , Zrmanja with Krupa tributary, and Kupa in Croatia and Slovenia, and Krka in Slovenia. In

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3840-479: Is reached where dissolution of calcium carbonate is balanced by precipitation of calcium carbonate. If the groundwater moves into an environment with a lower concentration of carbon dioxide (as measured by its partial pressure , pCO 2 ), some of the carbon dioxide will escape into the environment, disturbing the equilibrium and allowing net precipitation of calcium carbonate to take place: The calcium carbonate most readily precipitates onto solid surfaces bathed by

3960-434: Is situated on the hill overlooking downtown Easton which was once known as Mount Lafayette, and before that, Mount Washington. Lafayette College borders the neighborhood on its southwest side. The northern boundary of the neighborhood is Forks Township . The boundary lies along Chestnut Ridge, a steep hill that rises to 700 feet. College Hill has a total of three historic religious institutional buildings, three parks, and

4080-436: Is the home of the special collections and college archives. Among those items in the collection are: General Lafayette's personal sword, a first edition copy of The Federalist Papers , and many other items authenticated as original possessions of Lafayette. In 1979, a library assistant stole an Egyptian pectoral from the college's special archives, which had been in the college's possession since 1873. The pectoral, dated to

4200-414: Is the home to the prestigious scholarship society at Lafayette College . Every year, a group of students are selected by faculty to live in the building and also participate in social and other intellectual activities. Mckelvy House was designed by one of the most prominent architectural firms in the 80's Mckim, Mead and White. McKelvy House exemplifies Stick and Shingle architecture. It was built in 1888 as

4320-414: Is to replace these homes with more student housing and college commercial space as the school continue to expand. This expansion is part of Lafayette College's broader plan to bring in more students to fund more financial aid and make the school more affordable. There has been a lot of backlash against the plan by College Hill and Easton residents. Many residents view it as an increased encroachment on many of

4440-454: Is white, but often it is brown to yellow due to impurities. Travertine is found in hundreds of locations around the world. Only a sampling of notable occurrences is listed here. Travertine is found at Tivoli, 25 kilometers (16 mi) east of Rome, where the travertine has been quarried for at least 2,000 years. Tivoli travertine was deposited in a body 20 square kilometers (7.7 sq mi) in area and 60 meters (200 ft) thick along

4560-543: The American Institute of Architects , Pennsylvania Chapter. Markle Hall is one of the main administrative buildings on campus, and the home of the college's admissions department. Constructed in 1929 through a donation by trustee John Markle for $ 500,000, the building was originally named the Markle Hall of Mining Engineering, and was built to sustain the college's mining engineering program. However, due to

4680-575: The Colonial Revival style, allowing for more architectural unity. Acopian Engineering Center holds the college's programs in mechanical, chemical, electrical, and civil engineering. It is named for Sarkis Acopian , class of 1951, whose contributions to the college allowed for the renovation of three buildings to be combined into one center. The first engineering center in the complex, the Eleanor Dana Engineering building,

4800-604: The Colosseum , the largest building in the world constructed mostly of travertine. In Italy, well-known travertine quarries exist in Tivoli and Guidonia Montecelio, where the most important quarries since Ancient Roman times can be found. The Tivoli quarries supplied the travertine from which Gian Lorenzo Bernini selected material from which to build the colonnade of St. Peter's Square in Rome ( colonnato di Piazza S. Pietro ) in 1656–1667. Michelangelo also chose travertine as

4920-743: The Sacré-Cœur Basilica in Paris , the Getty Center in Los Angeles , California, and Shell-Haus in Berlin . The travertine used in the Getty Center and Shell-Haus constructions was imported from Tivoli and Guidonia. Travertine is one of several natural stones that is used for paving patios and garden paths. It is sometimes known as travertine limestone or travertine marble; these are

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5040-679: The Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (1783–1550 B.C.) was sold in 1981 to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts for $ 165,000. A law suit against the museum was dropped in 1992 after an undisclosed settlement and transfer of title to the museum. The Skillman Library was awarded the 2014 Excellence in Academic Libraries award by the Association of College and Research Libraries . In 2015 it was featured in

5160-495: The YMCA . The building contained a bowling alley, billiard tables, reading rooms, a large pipe organ, and a trophy room. In 1926, the auditorium was renovated into a Little Theater to host the campus plays. In 1944, the name was changed to Hogg Hall to honor its donor. The David Bishop Skillman Library is the main library on the college campus with a collection of over 600,000 volumes. It was built in 1965 to replace Van Wickle Hall as

5280-633: The 200 residences that were built by the company were based on old and famous architectural styles. In 1992, the College Hill Residential Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of the extensive collection of stately homes and mansions that were constructed between 1830 and 1940, including the McKelvy House that was designed in 1888 by the renowned firm of McKim, Mead and White. The push for College Hill to become

5400-455: The CO 2 escapes, allowing calcium carbonate to precipitate and build up stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems. Volcanic activity is the source of carbon dioxide in groundwater that emerges from hot springs. When the water reaches the mouth of the spring, it rapidly loses carbon dioxide to the open air and precipitates calcium carbonate around the spring mouth. Travertine formed this way

5520-464: The Georgian style which contains multiple "special-interest housing" blocs for students. Marquis Hall is a mixed-use building with a dining area taking up the entire first floor, an all-female residence hall on the second and third floors, and offices located in the basement. In the past, it has also been the home of the sociology and anthropology departments, and campus safety. The building was initially constructed in 1960 in Colonial Revival style , and

5640-521: The Italian travertino , a derivation of the Latin tiburtinus meaning 'of Tibur', now known as Tivoli , near Rome, Italy. The formation of travertine begins when groundwater ( H 2 O ) containing an elevated concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) comes in contact with limestone or other rock containing calcium carbonate ( CaCO 3 ). The dissolved carbon dioxide acts as

5760-570: The March Street School, the Municipal Water Filtration Plant and Reservoir buildings. Though the city of Easton has the capacity to attract larger businesses, due to the volume of traffic that passes through the town, it remains a less commercialized area to preserve the city's unique, quirky, niche-like feel. Businesses on College Hill tend to thrive while Lafayette College's classes are in session. Over

5880-601: The United States, the most well-known place for travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park , where the geothermal areas are rich in travertine deposits. Wyoming also has travertines in Hot Springs State Park in Thermopolis . Oklahoma has two parks dedicated to this natural wonder. Turner Falls , the tallest waterfall in Oklahoma, is a 77 feet (23 m) cascade of spring water flowing over

6000-572: The Valles caldera eruption and that the area is experiencing deposition that began 5,000 years ago. A new species of the extremophile green algae Scenedesmus was first isolated from the travertine of Soda Dam. In Iceland , the Hvanná river, located at the north flank of the Eyjafjallajökull , was heavily charged with CO 2 following the 2010 eruptions . Travertine precipitated along

6120-540: The administration of president William Cassady Cattell , who had begun a large fund raising campaign to save the college from financial ruin. Construction of the building took two years, and Pardee Hall was officially designated as the campus scientific building on October 21, 1873. A crowd of over 20,000 marched through Easton on the day of dedication, and the dedication of the building was delivered by Rossiter W. Raymond . The final costs of its initial construction totaled over $ 250,000. On June 4, 1879, Pardee Hall burned to

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6240-502: The area, as new residential projects were undertaken to accommodate new professors and staff. Development occurred quickly, and within the next 40 years, the majority of the area below Parson St was nearly full of homes. An important time for College Hill's history occurred in 1887, when an electric trolley line was set up by the Lafayette Traction Company under David W. Nevin. Over the next couple of years, this line

6360-399: The average person per household is 2.63. The median income for people under 25 years old is $ 38,963, $ 62,838 from 25 to 44, $ 75,163 at 45–64 and $ 50,166 for 65 and over. Since 2000, there has been a 28% increase/decrease in income and 4% since 2010. The average household income is estimated to be $ 81,278 with a median household income of $ 64,330. Mckelvy House formerly known as “Oakhurst”

6480-484: The broadest sense, travertine includes deposits in both hot and cold springs, including the porous, spongy rock known as tufa , and also the cave features known as speleothems (which include stalactites and stalagmites ). Calcrete , which is calcium minerals deposited as a horizon in the soil profile , is not considered a form of travertine. Travertine is often defined in a more narrow sense as dense rock, sometimes massive but more commonly banded or with

6600-465: The building in the Beaux-Arts style . The exterior of the building was built out of Indiana limestone and Woodbury granite, while the interior was decorated in travertine imported from Italy. An ornate oak-paneled library was constructed on the second floor, a large classroom placed on the first, with more classrooms constructed in the basement. Around the four walls of the exterior of the building

6720-453: The building received a $ 25 million upgrade in 2001 to renovate the existing 50,000 square foot structure and add 40,000 square feet to its east end. The Kirby Hall of Civil Rights is home to Lafayette's Government and Law Department. It also houses Lafayette's second library, with a collection of over 30,000 volumes related to government and law. It was the first of many buildings to be named after philanthropist Fred Morgan Kirby after he made

6840-402: The building was broken down into apartments and sold multiple times throughout the next thirty years. It was briefly owned by a Lafayette fraternity in 1958, but due to the continuous decline of the fraternity, it was left vacant once again by 1982. In 1986, investors saw potential in the remarkable building, and bought and converted the property into the now Easton hotel. Francis A March School

6960-495: The building was left empty. A renovation in 2006 transformed the fraternity building into an academic hall, with classrooms on the main level and offices on the second and third. The Rockwell Integrated Sciences Center was completed in 2019 as the campus's new home for biology, neuroscience, and computer and environmental science. Named for S. Kent Rockwell, class of 1966, the $ 75 million building began construction in 2017 between Watson Hall and Acopian Engineering Center, and required

7080-490: The city of Easton, but as the college expanded the architecture was redefined around a central quad . As a result, the quad is addressed by the backs of the earliest buildings. In 1909, the Olmsted Brothers , one of the most influential landscape architectural firms at the time, were commissioned to produce a report on Lafayette's campus. In it, they praised the topography and grounds of the college, but lamented at

7200-515: The college began accepting women, Watson Hall was renovated into a women's residence. By 1973, the building became co-ed and currently exists this way. The first fraternity building built on campus, the DKE House, was applied for in June 1900 and was completed in 1904. Its initial placement on the campus was near the current site of Kunkel Hall. The house was rebuilt in 1962 near March Field following

7320-423: The college endowment, with funds meant to re-purpose the building to house programs in psychology and neuroscience. The new building, re-named Oeschle Hall, opened on October 18, 2002. Pardee Hall is the most iconic building on the Lafayette College campus, and at the time of its completion was one of the largest collegiate buildings of its era. Initially created to house the college's science programs, it now houses

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7440-707: The college's career services, religious & spiritual life offices, an interfaith chapel, and the campus radio station, WJRH . It was originally built in 1902 to house the Brainerd Evangelical Society, a group on campus named after American missionary David Brainerd , with the mission to "promote Christian Missions and the Evangelization of the World". Funding for the building, originally known as Brainerd Hall, came from James Renwick Hogg (class of 1878) who donated $ 35,000 for its completion. It

7560-484: The college's first library. The building, constructed in the Romanesque Revival style , is constructed of mottled Pompeian brick with terra-cotta trimmings and a roof made of Spanish tiles, which originally featured eyebrow dormers . At the time of its completion, all 30,000 volumes previously housed elsewhere on campus were finally consolidated under one roof. In 1913, the addition of extra stacks allowed

7680-567: The construction of Kunkel Hall, the biology program was housed unsatisfactorily in Jenks Hall. In 1966, the college received a $ 700,000 grant from the Longwood Foundation on the condition new buildings break ground by May 1, 1968. A necessary $ 800,000 was required to plan and construct Kunkel Hall which was provided for in part by federal grants and college supporters. Upon its completion, the 31,000 square foot building contained

7800-451: The cost of $ 130,000, Pardee Hall was rededicated on November 30, 1880, in view of an impressive assortment of individuals including General William Tecumseh Sherman , Secretary of War Alexander Ramsey , and President Rutherford B. Hayes . Hayes himself gave a speech during the re-dedication. The second burning of Pardee Hall occurred on December 18, 1897, as an act out of revenge by disgruntled professor George H. Stephens. Stephens had made

7920-477: The demographic report, 31.5% of the population is found to be 18–20 years old, and 6.8% at 21 years old. After that, the next highest number is 5.54% at 40–44 years old. From an ethnicity and racial standpoint, College Hill is estimated to be 76.3% white, 7.4% Hispanic, 5.9% Black, 5.5% Asian, 4.6% Mixed, and 0.3% Other. There are a total of 21,738 households in College Hill. 14,298 are family households and

8040-545: The department, he donated an additional $ 590,000 (equivalent to $ 8,568,000 in 2023 dollars) to fund the construction of the Hall of Civil Rights. Upon its dedication, Kirby Hall was said to be one of the finest academic buildings on an American college campus. Construction of the Hall began on October 10, 1929 in the footprint of the old gymnasium which had been demolished to make room for its successor. The famed architectural group Warren and Wetmore were hired to construct

8160-614: The east, and a more mountainous ridge to the west. This Great Valley contains three different sections: the Lehigh Valley (where the Easton is located), Lebanon Valley , and Cumberland Valley . Some of the rocks that make up the foundation for this region are limestone , slate , siltstone , scattered basalt , dolomite , shale , and sandstone . The district is a small neighborhood made up of fifteen mainly residential streets. Lafayette College lies south of College Hill. Through

8280-707: The entire Easton community. The geological makeup of Easton, Pennsylvania comes from the activities of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Physiological Province. They are split into two major zones, the Southern and Central Appalachians that lie between the Appalachian Plateau and the Blue Ridge Mountain . The Appalachian Valley's southern and central regions can be further split into two smaller sections called The Great Valley, to

8400-403: The entire center edifice was razed and rebuilt in order to make room for more student housing, a book store, and post office. In 2001, the west wing was again renovated, and this time renamed as Jesser Hall, after Ned Jesser, class of 1939. Watson Hall is a residence hall, and was originally constructed in 1949 as the college's school of international affairs. It was donated by Thomas J. Watson ,

8520-401: The entire interior and exterior and added over 28,000 square feet of space. Upon its completion the library received the 2005 Boston Society of Architects ’ Honor Award for Design Excellence and Higher Education Facilities Design Award, the 2006 ALA Institute Honor Award for Interior Architecture in, and the 2007 American Institute of Architects’ AIA/ALA Library Building Award. The library also

8640-471: The existing structure, Jenks Hall. Before the renovation, Jenks Hall hosted many different academic departments. Upon its completion in 1867, it housed the chemistry department. When that department moved to Gayley Hall in 1902, the biology program moved into Jenks Hall. When the biology program moved to Kunkel Hall in 1969, the music and art departments moved in. After the Williams Center for the Arts

8760-564: The expansion of Lafayette College, Lafayette owns the majority of properties on certain streets such as the Monroe, McCartney, Hamilton, and Parsons streets. College Hill is home to over 17 small businesses, which largely consist of small businesses that sell specialized goods, and family run restaurants and bars. Out of all of the businesses on the hill, Lafayette College brings in the most revenue. Most businesses on College Hill tend to be found on Cattell Street. The district also contains churches,

8880-480: The first college building of its time expressly made for the study of government and law, with press lauding it as a "practical step forward". Kunkel Hall houses Lafayette's program in Biology. The building was dedicated in 1969 to Dr. Beverly W. Kunkel who had led the school's biology program for 37 years and in that time tutored two Nobel Prize winners; Philip Showalter Hench , and Haldan Keffer Hartline . Before

9000-502: The following inscriptions were carved in the stone: The front reads a line from the Gospel of Matthew , "Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own?" (Matthew 20:15), while the back reads a line of Herbert Spencer , "Every man is free to do that which he will provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man." The north side of the building reads, "Every man is the architect of his own fortune" (Pseudo- Sallust ), while

9120-411: The ground for the first time. Hot equipment not properly cooled in the chemistry lab on the top floor were to blame for the start of the fire, and late notice, combined with an unorganized firefighting patrol, led to the almost complete gutting of the building before the flames were extinguished. As the building was the cornerstone of the campus, efforts were made to immediately begin its reconstruction. At

9240-459: The groundwater, eventually building up thick deposits of travertine. Because of the role of CO 2 in dissolving and transporting calcium carbonate, it is sometimes described as the carrier CO 2 or simply as the carrier. The most important sources of elevated carbon dioxide concentration in groundwater are soil and volcanic activity. Water passing through soil picks up carbon dioxide from plant roots and decaying organic matter . This CO 2

9360-462: The historically registered Victorian-era homes placed on the National Register of Historic Places . Other concerns among residents include an increase in parking and traffic issues. Many residents fear the expansion will leave them homeless and want assurances of safety of their homes. The proposed zoning ordinance changes for the "McCartney Dorm Project" that would permit the college to go ahead and start building have been delayed multiple times since

9480-562: The house reflects both Colonial Revival and Arts and Crafts in its design and detailing. Due to the suspension of the Zeta Psi fraternity from 2014 to 2018, the building was used as a residence hall. Constructed in 1916 by Carrère and Hastings , Colton Chapel is the main house of worship on campus. It was constructed in the Beaux-Arts style out of Indiana limestone and featured two Tiffany glass windows in its interior. The design of

9600-421: The largest indoor venue on campus it was also used to host large events hosted by figures such as Dwight D. Eisenhower , Erroll Garner , and Bill Cosby . By 1971, a new field house was under construction to host the college's basketball team, and renovations were undertaken to transform the gymnasium into a hall for concerts and lectures. In 1998, Walter (class of 1957) and Christa Oechsle donated $ 12 million to

9720-496: The last 30 years, Lafayette College has purchased over 173 properties on College Hill and intends to purchase even more. The college now owns more than twenty percent of the 924 properties in the College Hill Residential District. Lafayette College has pushed forward plans to expand its size by tearing down a dozen homes that it owns at McCartney and High streets and Cattell and High streets. The plan

9840-478: The library to hold more books. This addition was expanded significantly in 1939 to double the size of the shelving in order to fit a quickly growing collection of books. When, in 1956 a Middle States Association survey of the college revealed the need for a better library building on campus, the college decided to convert Van Wickle into an academic building and construct the Skillman Library. Buck Hall

9960-422: The main library after a 1956 Middle States Association survey of the college revealed the need for a more adequate library facility for a rapidly growing student population. A $ 2 million campaign was launched to raise money for the new library, which was subsequently named after David B. Skillman, the college's first librarian and biographer. In 2004, the library underwent a $ 22 million renovation which overhauled

10080-641: The material for the external ribs of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica . Travertine from Tivoli was used in the sculpting of the majority of the Trevi Fountain in Rome during the Baroque period. Travertine regained popularity as a building material in the Middle Ages. The central German town of Bad Langensalza has an extant medieval old town built almost entirely of local travertine. Twentieth century buildings using travertine extensively include

10200-531: The mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form stalactites , stalagmites , and other speleothems . It is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a building material . Similar (but softer and extremely porous) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa . Travertine is a sedimentary rock formed by the chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals from fresh water, typically in springs, rivers, and lakes; that is, from surface and ground waters. In

10320-552: The original 1,000-acre tract of land of Easton for Thomas Penn. The southern three-quarters of this land area were to become part of College Hill. Between July 27 and August 23, 1789, this land tract was resurveyed and divided by the proprietors of Pennsylvania. The occupation and use of this land is unknown for this period of time. In 1832, Lafayette College moved into the area, as it bought nine acres of land and moved to College Hill in May 1834. Lafayette's presence brought new growth within

10440-455: The original pore spaces, while some of the fresh aragonite travertine at Mammoth Hot Springs in Wyoming has a porosity greater than 80%. A porosity of about 50% is typical for cold spring travertine while hot spring travertines have a mean porosity of about 26%. Speleothems have low porosities of less than 15%. Travertine forms distinctive landforms: The word 'travertine' is derived from

10560-425: The plan was introduced in 2015. Travertine Travertine ( / ˈ t r æ v ər t iː n / TRAV -ər-teen ) is a form of terrestrial limestone deposited around mineral springs , especially hot springs . It often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and rusty varieties. It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate , often at

10680-829: The remains of Rinek Mansion grounds. The neighborhood has 855 buildings. The northeast sector of College Hill contains professionally designed buildings, primarily built between 1830 and 1940 while the northwest sector contains a high concentration of 20th century pattern catalog houses which was built by the Speer Lumber company. The district is primarily known for its mix of architectural styles. The neighborhood also contains many small businesses. Many College Hill residents are professors at Lafayette College, which lies south of College Hill. Generally, residents of College Hill are fairly wealthy and well educated. In 1736, Benjamin Eastburn, Surveyor General of Pennsylvania, allocated

10800-610: The removal of the former plant operations and security buildings for its footprint. Mostly serving as an academic space, the center also hosts the new Hanson Center for Inclusive STEM Education, and the Dyer IDEAL Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. The Simon Center is the college's home to the economics department. It is named after former United States Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon , class of 1952, who donated $ 3 million in 1984 to re-purpose

10920-413: The renovation of the interior, although the two Tiffany glass windows were destroyed beyond repair. The chapel was rededicated on October 22, 1967 after receiving extensive upgrades to its interior, with a new organ and balcony, with seating for 800 students. One of the most popular buildings on campus, Farinon is the college's main social center. It includes two separate dining facilities, the post office,

11040-463: The river. Travertine is often used as a building material . It typically lacks planes of weakness, and its high porosity makes it light in weight for its strength, gives it good thermal and acoustic insulating properties, and makes it relatively easy to work. Dense travertine makes excellent decorative stone when polished. The Romans mined deposits of travertine for building temples, monuments, aqueducts, bath complexes, and amphitheaters such as

11160-450: The same stone, although travertine is classified properly as a type of limestone, not marble . The stone is characterised by pitted holes and troughs in its surface. Although these troughs occur naturally, they suggest signs of considerable wear and tear over time. It can be polished to a smooth, shiny finish, and comes in a variety of colors from grey to coral-red. Travertine is available in tile sizes for floor installations. Travertine

11280-515: The school's humanities, social sciences, and mathematics departments. It was designed by John McArthur Jr. in the Second Empire architecture style, and since its initial completion has been renovated three times – twice due to fire, and once after the second World War for modernization. The initial construction of the building began after a $ 200,000 donation (equivalent to $ 4,537,000 in 2023 dollars) from Ario Pardee in 1871 during

11400-459: The south reads a line from Ecclesiastes , "Whatever Thy hand findeth to do, do with it Thy might" (Ecclesiastes 9:10). Additionally, a bust of The Republic was placed over the front door. According to historians, the building was meant to be "one of the outstanding college buildings in America," and was rumored to be per square foot the most expensive building of its day. It's also purported to be

11520-573: The spire is based on the work of Christopher Wren , who was instrumental in the rebuilding of 52 churches in London after the Great Fire . In 1921, the statue of the Marquis de Lafayette was dedicated on the south entrance of the chapel. On Easter Sunday, 1965, Colton Chapel caught on fire and was completely gutted. Since the exterior of the chapel was structurally sound, the only costs incurred

11640-411: The surface, it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to precipitate calcium carbonate: While water carbonated by volcanic activity is usually associated with hot springs, such water occasionally cools to near ambient temperature before emerging at the surface. Likewise, water carbonated by passage through soil will occasionally have circulated to sufficient depths that it is quite warm when it reemerges at

11760-544: The surface, through thermal decomposition of organic matter, or by reactions of quartz or other silica minerals with carbonate minerals . Precipitation may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in pCO 2 , for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important, as may photosynthesis. Rarely, travertine may form from highly alkaline water containing dissolved calcium hydroxide ( Ca + 2 + 2OH ) produced during serpentinization of ultramafic rock. When this alkaline water reaches

11880-463: The surface. Water carbonated by volcanic activity will nonetheless tend to have a higher content of dissolved calcium bicarbonate and will generally be more enriched in the heavier C isotope . Both of the major calcium carbonate minerals, calcite and aragonite , are found in hot spring travertines; aragonite is preferentially precipitated when temperatures are high, while calcite dominates when temperatures are lower. When pure and fine, travertine

12000-599: The surrounding "Hill Country" to the south is built on limestone. The area has many travertine formations, such as those found at Gorman Falls within Colorado Bend State Park . Hanging Lake in Glenwood Canyon in Colorado was formed by travertine dams across a spring-fed stream. Travertine beds in the area are as much as 40 feet (12 m) thick. Rifle Falls State Park in Colorado features

12120-500: The television show Parks and Recreation in its series finale. The main athletic facility on campus is the Kirby Sports Center , which hosts the men's and women's basketball programs. It also contains a pool, rock climbing wall, indoor track, and the main fitness center. College Hill Residential Historic District College Hill is a residential neighborhood in Easton, Pennsylvania . The neighborhood

12240-541: The war efforts in WWII, the interior of building was updated to fit the demands of the college. The building was completely gutted, with every former item moved to a new location, including the Tiffany stained glass window which was later restored and displayed in the renovated Skillman Library . A basement was dug under the foundation, and the entire wooden interior was replaced with concrete offices and classrooms. The exterior

12360-414: The year. As before, Pardee was rebuilt identical to its former self on the exterior, with modern changes to its interior. It was re-dedicated, now for a third time, on May 31, 1899, and a Tiffany glass window titled Alcuin and Charlemagne was installed on its front edifice. The last renovation of Pardee Hall occurred from 1964 to 1965. While iron railings around the perimeter of the roof were removed for

12480-514: Was built as a memorial to the Lafayette alumni who had served in World War I , a group of over 1,000 students. The cost of the building was $ 300,000, and it was completed in 1924. Originally, this building was the home of the college's intramural sports and the school basketball team, though the size of the building was quickly deemed inadequate due to ever increasing student population sizes. As

12600-497: Was built in 1908 in the Georgian Revival style , though their removal from campus in 1993 left the house empty for a number of years. By 2008, the consideration was made to demolish the house due to termite damage and neglect, though the college instead opted to pursue a $ 3.3 million renovation through Miller, Miller & McLachlan to restore the structure. In 2011, the house was renovated while keeping its original style as

12720-545: Was built in the Collegiate Gothic style out of New Quincy granite and trimmed with Indiana limestone. Gargoyles and ornamental buttresses are featured throughout the building, reminiscent of the original Gothic churches. When it was first completed, the building functioned as a meeting area for religious services by the Brainerd Society, as well as a recreation center. It also became a student branch of

12840-471: Was completed in 1912 with a fund secured by Andrew Carnegie for the endowment of a course in mechanical engineering. With this fund, the college planned to create a large building with separate wings for their emergent engineering courses. On June 13, 1953, a second building in the complex was constructed known as the Alumni Hall of Engineering. In 1966, an addition to that building dedicated as Dana Hall

12960-609: Was completed in 1983, Jenks Hall was temporarily left empty. With Simon's donation the college combined Jenks Hall with a non-functioning steam plant directly adjacent to create the Simon Center. Van Wickle Hall is home to the college's geology department. It was originally called the Van Wickle Memorial Library, and was funded by Augustus Van Wickle (son-in-law to Ario Pardee ) who left in his will $ 30,000 for its construction. Finished in 1900, it served as

13080-431: Was completed, and the metallurgical engineering department moved there from the basement of Markle Hall. Acopian's donation in 2003 bridged these buildings together under one single center bearing his name. Hugel Science Center houses Lafayette’s programs in chemistry, physics, and biochemistry. It is named for Charles E. Hugel, class of 1951, and his wife, Cornelia F. Hugel. Originally built as Olin Hall of Science in 1957,

13200-497: Was constructed at a cost of $ 10.6 million, and its construction was launched by Mikhail Gorbachev during a speech he gave to the student body. Like Oeschle Hall, it was named after Walter, class of 1957, and Christa Oechsle who were longtime donors to the college. Oechsle Hall is home to the college's psychology and neuroscience programs. The building was originally known as the Alumni Memorial Gymnasium and

13320-667: Was converted to house the geology program previously held in Markle Hall, while the metallurgical program remained in the basement until the department merged with the chemical engineering program housed next door in Acopian. Scott Hall is the location of the dean of the college, and the Center for the Integration of Teaching, Learning, and Scholarship. The building was originally the home of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity and

13440-608: Was extended, and dramatically increased the growth within College Hill, attracting middle and upper-class families to the area. In the first half of the 20th century, the Speer Lumber Co. of Easton settled in College Hill. The company supplied lumber and provided high quality millwork to the entire Lehigh Valley and in parts of New Jersey as well. It later became the Hummel Lumber Company in the 1940s and still exists today at its original location. A majority of

13560-423: Was named for the Marquis de Lafayette. South College is a residence hall for students of all years, and was the first building constructed at Lafayette College. Construction of the building started in 1833, and it was hand built by the students under the supervision and help of the college's first president, George Junkin . In its original iteration, the building consisted of only the middle edifice, and this housed

13680-455: Was once a historic and prominent symbol on College Hill but, in the 1940s the fountain in Nevin park was destroyed and melted down to support the efforts of the second World War. Despite many efforts to restore the fountain, it never came to fruition. In 2013, plans were announced to restore the fountain at Nevin park with significant improvements. In 2014, a three-tiered Victorian style fountain in

13800-541: Was part of the Wagner farm owned by one of Easton's original first settlers during the mid-1700s. The former Wagner farm properties on the west side of Cattell St. became highly sought-after, as development of College Hill was flourishing during the late 19th century. The house was renovated in 1917 and owned for two decades by George Elder, superintendent of Ingersoll Rand Co. After the Great Depression hit in 1929,

13920-522: Was quickly used to house the college's growing collecting of books. A second addition, the west wing, was finished by 1873 which contained the college chapel. In 1878, the graduating class gifted to the school the clock which still sits along the steeple of South College. The following class of 1879 donated the South College Bell. With the construction of Colton Chapel in 1916, the West wing chapel

14040-432: Was sandblasted and the roof completely removed and rebuilt, though after construction it looked largely like its former self. Ramer History House contains the school's history department and is named for Lawrence J. Ramer, class of 1950. The Georgian building in which it resides was originally the fraternity house for Theta Delta Chi built in 1905. When the fraternity was removed from campus in 2001 due to disciplinary action

14160-499: Was so dedicated in the sense that, his son also went on to become a professor at Lafayette College. His hard work and dedication earned him a much deserved respect across the city of Easton and the entire Lafayette Community. In 1914, the Easton Area School District recognized his efforts by naming an elementary school after him. Francis A. March elementary school serves students in grades K through 5 from across

14280-414: Was the first location in the college's arts campus at the base of College Hill. It opened on April 24, 2001 and was donated by Morris R. Williams, class of 1922, and his wife, Josephine. The $ 1.7 million building was designed by Joseph Biondo, a local architect, and features several of his architectural models in its foyer. With a clinker brick exterior, the building was awarded the 2013 Citation of Merit by

14400-499: Was utilized as a basketball court, then underwent renovations in 1921 to separate it into two rooms; one housing a lecture hall, the other hosting the faculty room. On March 1, 1956, after years without renovation, the trustees decided to close the east wing of South due to its dilapidation. The following night, March 2, a fire burned much of the west wing and the building's tower. Through the years 1957-8, both of these wings were completely renovated to be used as student housing. In 1961,

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