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51-628: The Martin Ryerson Tomb is an Egyptian Revival style mausoleum designed by Louis Sullivan and completed in 1889. It is in the historic Graceland Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois , United States. Martin Ryerson was a wealthy Chicago lumber baron and real estate speculator. He lived from 1818 to 1887 and during his lifetime he, and his son Martin Ryerson, Jr. , commissioned several Chicago works by architect Louis H. Sullivan . The Ryerson Tomb

102-913: A contributing member of the Graceland Cemetery National Register of Historic Places listing. Egyptian Revival Much of the early knowledge about ancient Egyptian arts and architecture was filtered through the lens of the Classical world, including ancient Rome. Prior to Napoleon 's influence an early example is the Obelisk of Domitian , erected in 1651 by Bernini on top of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in Piazza Navona , Rome , which went on to inspire several Egyptian obelisks constructed in Ireland during

153-629: A connection to a great civilization like ancient Egypt faded in such a cultural context. The South African College in the then-British Cape Colony features an "Egyptian building" constructed in 1841; the Egyptian Revival building of the Cape Town Hebrew Congregation is also still standing. The York Street Synagogue was Australia's first Egyptian revival building, followed by the Hobart Synagogue ,

204-735: A masonic temple in Cairo and thus created the Isis lodge ( La Loge Isis ), serving as its first master . The motto of the lodge was the slogan of the French Revolution: Liberté, égalité, fraternité . Shortly after these victories, while Kléber was walking in the garden of the palace of Alfi bika, he was stabbed to death by Suleiman al-Halabi , a Kurdish or Arab Syrian student living in Egypt. The assassin appeared to be begging from Kléber, but then took his hand and stabbed him in

255-509: A permanent appointment as commander-in-chief. On 13 October 1795 he fought a brilliant rearguard action at the bridge of Neuwied , and in the offensive campaign of 1796, he served as General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 's most active and successful lieutenant, with his victory at Siegburg on 1 June that year enabling Jourdan to get the bulk of the French force across the Rhine. After the retreat to

306-651: A row of massive Hathor heads and a frieze by sculptor J. G. Garraud. One of the first British buildings to show an Egyptian Revival interior was the newspaper office of the Courier on the Strand, London . It was built in 1804 and featured a cavetto (coved) cornice and Egyptian-influenced columns with palmiform capitals . Other early British examples include the Egyptian Hall in London, completed in 1812, and

357-644: A still standing site of Egyptian Revival is the Egyptian Gate of Tsarskoe Selo , built in 1829. A street or passage named the Place du Caire or Foire du Caire (Fair of Cairo) was built in Paris in 1798 on the former site of the convent of the "Filles de la Charité". No. 2 Place du Caire, from 1828, is essentially in overall form a conventional Parisian structure with shops on the ground floor and apartments above, but with considerable Egyptianizing decoration including

408-853: A tavern brawl obtained for him nomination to the military school of Munich . From this education, he obtained a commission in the Kaunitz Infantry Regiment Nr. 38 of the Habsburg Austrian army. He took part in the War of the Bavarian Succession but did not see major engagements. He was stationed alternately in the garrisons of Mons , Mechelen , and Luxembourg in the Austrian Netherlands . Finding that his humble birth hindered his chances for promotion beyond that of an unterleutnant , he left

459-461: A time when the treasury was empty and the troops were discontented for want of pay, shows that his powers as an administrator were little, if at all, inferior to those he possessed as a general. While Kléber himself had a mixed view of Napoleon (including cursing at him and drawing mocking caricatures of him), Bonaparte thought highly of Kléber's skill, stating that there was, "No sight so splendid as watching Kléber go into battle", and he likened him to

510-617: Is another example of Egyptian revival architecture and art. Around the 1870s, Americans started to become interested in other cultures, including those of Japan, the Middle East and North Africa, leading to a second period of interest in Egyptian revival. Egyptian motifs and symbols were commonly used in the design including elements of "gilt bronze fittings shaped like sphinxes, Egyptian scenes woven into textiles, and geometric renderings of plants such as palm fronds". Some Americans in

561-476: Is inscribed in column 23 on the southern pillar of the Arc de Triomphe . Kléber emerged as undoubtedly one of the greatest generals of the French revolutionary epoch. Though he distrusted his powers and declined the responsibility of supreme command, there is nothing in his career to show that he would have been unequal to it. As a second-in-command no general of his time excelled him. His conduct of affairs in Egypt, at

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612-481: Is topped with a tower which in turn is topped with a stepped pyramid. Uniquely, the tomb evokes Egyptian precedents through its dark, massive form, instead of the more typical reliance on Egyptian-style ornamentation. Inside the mausoleum is one of Sullivan's trademark arches, the arch frames a Sullivan-designed, but unsigned, bust of Ryerson. The Ryerson Mausoleum is one of three tombs that Louis Sullivan designed during his career. The Getty Tomb , completed one year after

663-571: The château of Grandvillars (often erroneously spelled "Granvillars"), built around 1790 and the canoness houses of the Benedictine abbey of Masevaux (1781–1790). Nine of these houses had been planned but due to the French Revolution , only seven were built. The Musée historique de Strasbourg features a room dedicated to Jean-Baptiste Kléber that also displays a number of his sketches and architectural designs. In 1792, at

714-581: The Army of the Ardennes . He displayed his skill and bravery in the numerous actions around Charleroi , and especially in the crowning victory at Fleurus (26 June 1794). During the following years he served mostly in the Army of Sambre and Meuse on the Rhine frontier. In the winter of 1794–1795 he besieged Mainz. In 1795, and again in 1796, Kléber held the chief command of the army temporarily, but declined

765-582: The Battle of Heliopolis . Although he had only 10,000 men against 60,000 Turks, Kléber's forces utterly defeated the Turks on 20 March 1800. He then re-took Cairo , which had revolted against French rule. Kléber, son of an operative mason and a prominent freemason himself, was attestedly instrumental in bringing freemasonry to Egypt. While he was negotiating with Sidney Smith in January 1800, Kléber opened

816-531: The Battle of the Pyramids , and caused his appointment as governor of Alexandria. In the Syrian campaign of 1799, however, he commanded the vanguard, took El-Arish , Gaza , and Jaffa , and won a great victory at the Battle of Mount Tabor on 15–16 April 1799. The campaign was not going well for the French as Napoleon withdrew and returned to France towards the end of 1799. Napoleon left Kléber in command of

867-648: The Château d'If , on an island near Marseilles . It stayed there for 18 years until Louis XVIII granted Kléber a burial place in his home town of Strasbourg . He was buried on 15 December 1838 below his statue located in the center of Place Kléber . His heart is in an urn in the caveau of the Governors beneath the altar of the Saint Louis Chapel in Les Invalides , Paris . Kléber's name

918-815: The Egyptian Theatre movement, largely confined to the United States. The Egyptian Revival decorative arts style was present in furniture and other household objects, as well as in architecture. Many notable works in Britain featured attempts by architects to translate and depict messages in Egyptian hieroglyphs . Although sincere attempts at compositions, understanding of hieroglyphic syntax and semantics has advanced since they were built and errors have been discovered in many of these works. Although both public and private buildings were built in Britain in

969-700: The Launceston Synagogue and the Adelaide Hebrew Congregation, all by 1850. The earliest obelisk in Australia was erected at Macquarie Place , Sydney in 1818. The expeditions that eventually led to the discovery in 1922 of Tutankhamun's tomb by archaeologist Howard Carter resulted in a 20th-century revival. The revival during the 1920s is sometimes considered to be part of the Art Deco style. This phase gave birth to

1020-776: The Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition , he also suppressed the Vendée Revolt . Kléber retired to private life in the peaceful interim after the Treaty of Campo Formio , but returned to military service to accompany Napoleon in the French invasion of Egypt in 1798. As the invasion started to suffer setbacks, Napoleon returned to Paris in 1799 and appointed Kléber as commander of all French forces in Egypt . He

1071-415: The pyramid and the mastaba . The base of the tomb building is the slant-walled mastaba which features three windows. The mausoleum is constructed from large blocks of highly polished Quincy granite , and was inspired by Egyptian funerary traditions . The tomb's exterior contains no Egyptian symbols but has a door cutting directly through its center as well as an austere fillet cornice . The tomb's roof

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1122-830: The 1844 Old Whaler's Church in Sag Harbor, New York , the 1846 First Baptist Church of Essex, Connecticut , the 1845 Egyptian Building of the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond and the 1848 United States Custom House (New Orleans) . The most notable Egyptian structure in the United States was the Washington Monument , begun in 1848, this obelisk originally featured doors with cavetto cornices and winged sun disks, later removed. The National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri ,

1173-458: The 1880s believed that the United States was a nation without art and therefore wanted to innovate in the field of aesthetic design to distinguish it from Egyptian pyramids and obelisks, Greek temples, and Gothic spires. But implementing such innovations was difficult, and as Clarence King said, "Till there is an American race there cannot be an American style". The creation of the American style

1224-580: The 1889 Ryerson Tomb, is also located in Graceland Cemetery. The other Sullivan-designed tomb, the Wainwright Tomb , is in St. Louis, Missouri . The Ryerson Tomb is unique among Egyptian Revival tombs owing to its lack of overt, exterior Egyptian decoration. In a category all its own, the Ryerson Tomb is among the most important Egyptian Revival works in the United States. The Ryerson Tomb is

1275-537: The Austrian army in 1783 after serving seven years. On returning to France, Kléber received the appointment of inspector of public buildings at Belfort . Between 1784 and 1792, he designed a number of buildings both on public and private commission. Perhaps the most notable is the current town hall of Thann, Haut-Rhin (1787–1793), which was originally designed as a hospital but turned into an administrative building before its completion. Other surviving buildings are

1326-608: The Egyptian Dining Room at Goodwood House (1806). There was also the Egyptian Gallery, a private room in the home of connoisseur Thomas Hope to display his Egyptian antiquities, and illustrated in engravings from his meticulous line drawings in his book Household Furniture (1807), were a prime source for the Regency style of British furnishings. The first Egyptian Revival building in the United States

1377-413: The Egyptian Revival style, the vast majority of those with attempts at accurate inscriptions were public works or on entrances to public buildings. In 1824, French classical scholar and egyptologist Jean-François Champollion published Precis du systeme hieroglyphique des anciens Egyptiens in 1824, which spurred the first notable attempts to decipher the hieroglyphic language in Britain. Joseph Bonomi

1428-465: The French forces, without consulting Kléber before leaving. In this capacity, seeing no hope of bringing his army back to France or of consolidating his conquests, he negotiated the Convention of El-Arish (24 January 1800) with Commodore Sidney Smith , winning the right to an honorable evacuation of the French army. When Admiral Lord Keith refused to ratify the terms, Kléber attacked the Turks at

1479-733: The Republican victory at Cholet , earning him his promotion to general of division on 17 October 1793. In these operations began his intimacy with General François Marceau , with whom he defeated the Royalists at the battles of Le Mans and Savenay in December 1793. When Kléber openly expressed his opinion that the Vendéans merited lenient measures, the authorities recalled him, but reinstated him once more in April 1794 and sent him to

1530-478: The Rhine, Kléber again declined a chief command, and retired into private life in early 1798. He returned to service later that year, first in the Army of England , then accepted a division in the Army of the Orient under General Napoleon Bonaparte. Kléber followed Bonaparte in his expedition to Egypt but suffered a wound in the head at Alexandria in the first engagement, which prevented him for taking part in

1581-523: The Younger 's inscriptions in the entrance lodges to Abney Park Cemetery in 1840 was the first real recorded attempt to compose a legible text. An Egyptologist himself, Bonomi and other scholars such as Samuel Birch , Samuel Sharpe , William Osburne, and others would compose texts for a variety of other British projects throughout the nineteenth century including Marshall's Mill in Leeds, an aedicula in

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1632-527: The building had a billiards room and a bagnio . During the 2nd half of the 18th century, with the rise of Neoclassicism , sometimes architects mixed the Ancient Greek , Roman and Egyptian styles. They wanted to discover new shape and ornament ideas, rather than to be just faithful copyists of the past. New after the Napoleonic invasion was a sudden increase of the number of works of art and

1683-461: The characters spaced to match the position of the English words. However, Chris Elliot notes that the translation overly relies on phonetic transliteration and features some unusual characters for words that were difficult to translate into hieroglyphs. Jean-Baptiste Kl%C3%A9ber Jean-Baptiste Kléber ( French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ batist klebɛʁ] ; 9 March 1753 – 14 June 1800)

1734-452: The community. It ends with a message to invoke good fortune, translated as 'let it be prosperous. ' Other smaller inscriptions on the cornice of the exhibit entrance feature the names of the builders and a message in Greek wishing for the health and well-being of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , members of the royal family. The main inscription is accompanied by an English translation, with

1785-662: The compilation of " Description de l'Égypte " was started based on these documents and lasted over twenty years. The content in this archaeological text, includes translation of the Rosetta Stone , pyramids and other scenes, arouse interests in Egyptian arts and culture in Europe and America. According to James Stevens Curl , people started to present their imaginations about Egypt in various ways. First, combinations of crocodiles, pyramids, mummies, sphinxes, and other motifs were widely circulated. In 1800, an Egyptian opera festival

1836-522: The early 18th century. It influenced the obelisk constructed as a family funeral memorial by Sir Edward Lovett Pearce for the Allen family at Stillorgan in Ireland in 1717, one of several Egyptian obelisks erected in Ireland during the early 18th century. Others may be found at Belan, County Kildare ; and Dangan, County Meath. Conolly's Folly in County Kildare is probably the best known, albeit

1887-524: The fact that, for the first time, entire buildings began to be built to resemble those of ancient Egypt. In France and Britain this was at least partially inspired by successful war campaigns undertaken by each country while in Egypt. For Napoleon's intention of cataloguing the sights and findings from the campaign, hundreds of artists and scientists were enlisted to document "antiquities, ethnography, architecture, and natural history of Egypt"; and later these notes and sketches were taken back to Europe. In 1803,

1938-512: The grounds of Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire , and as part of an Egyptian exhibition in The Crystal Palace after it was re-erected in southeast London. The content of the inscriptions varied depending on the nature of their specific projects. The Crystal Palace exhibition features several different inscriptions, with the main inscription detailing the construction and content of the hall and proclaiming it as an educational asset to

1989-399: The heart, stomach, left arm, and right cheek, before running away to hide near the palace. He was soon caught, still in possession of the dagger which he had used to kill Kléber, and was later executed. The assassination happened in Cairo on 14 June 1800, coincidentally the same day on which Kléber's friend and comrade, Desaix , fell at Marengo . The assassin's right arm was burned off, and he

2040-417: The least Egyptian-styled. Egyptian buildings had also been built as garden follies . The most elaborate was probably the one built by Duke Frederick I of Württemberg in the gardens of the Château de Montbéliard . It included an Egyptian bridge across which guests walked to reach an island with an elaborate Egyptian-influenced bath house . Designed by Jean-Baptiste Kléber , later French commander in Egypt,

2091-587: The overall plan conventional, with Neo-Gothic details. Among the earliest monuments of the Egyptian Revival in Paris is the Fontaine du Fellah , built in 1806. It was designed by François-Jean Bralle . A well-documented example, destroyed after Napoleon was deposed, was the monument to General Louis Desaix in the Place des Victoires was built in 1810. It featured a nude statue of the general and an obelisk, both set upon an Egyptian Revival base. Another example of

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2142-543: The start of the French Revolutionary Wars , Kléber enlisted in the 4th Battalion of Volunteers of Haut-Rhin . Thanks to his military experience, he was at once elected adjutant and soon afterward lieutenant-colonel of the battalion. At the defense of Mainz in July 1793 he so distinguished himself that, though disgraced along with the rest of the garrison and imprisoned, he promptly won reinstatement, and

2193-423: Was impaled in a public square in Cairo and left for several hours to die. Suleiman's skull was shipped to France and used to teach medical students what the French phrenologists claimed were the cranial features indicating "crime" and "fanaticism" After his assassination, Kléber's embalmed body was repatriated to France. Fearing that his tomb would become a symbol of Republicanism, Napoleon ordered it held at

2244-410: Was "the first large Egyptian building to be erected since antiquity." According to Diana Muir , it was "the first public building (that is, not a folly, stage set, or funeral monument) in the Egyptian revival style." The ancient Egyptian influence was mainly shown in the two large engaged pylons flanking the entrance; otherwise the windows and entrance of the central section were pointed arches, and

2295-621: Was a French military officer who served in the War of the Bavarian Succession and the French Revolutionary Wars . After serving for one year in the French Royal Army , he joined the army of the Holy Roman Empire seven years later. However, his humble birth hindered his opportunities. Eventually, Kléber's joined the French Revolutionary Army in 1792 and quickly rose through the ranks. Serving in

2346-417: Was also hindered by the fact that the ethnic mix of the American people did not constitute a race. In the time that followed, however, America's own culture was assimilating Egyptian revivalist architecture, and their tectonic significance became unstable. This may be because the United States of the early 20th century was a confident nation, and the approach of defining one's own spiritual world by establishing

2397-609: Was assassinated by a Syrian theology student in Cairo in 1800. A trained architect , Kléber, in times of peace, designed a number of buildings. Jean-Baptiste Kléber was born on 9 March 1753 in Strasbourg , in the province of Alsace , where his father worked as a master builder . He briefly engaged in 1769 in the French 1st Hussar Regiment , but resigned to study, from 1770 to 1774, architecture , partly in Paris with Jean Chalgrin . His opportune assistance to two German nobles in

2448-461: Was commissioned by Martin Ryerson, Jr. in 1887, and completed by Sullivan, lead designer at Adler & Sullivan , in 1889. The Ryerson Tomb is in the Lakeside section of Chicago's Graceland Cemetery , near the intersection of cemetery roads Main, Lake and Fairview Avenue. The Martin Ryerson Tomb was designed by acclaimed architect Louis H. Sullivan in an Egyptian Revival style. Sullivan's design melds two different types of Egyptian-style buildings,

2499-425: Was promoted to brigade general in August 1793. Kléber was then posted to the Army of the Coasts of La Rochelle and deployed to Western France, where he took part in the suppression of the Revolt in the Vendée . Although beaten at the Battle of Tiffauges on 19 September 1793, he maintained good relations with the representatives on mission and managed to keep his command. A month later, Kléber contributed to

2550-425: Was staged in Drury Lane , London, with Egyptian-themed sets and costumes. On the other hand, William Capon (1757–1827) suggested a massive pyramid for Shooter's Hill as a National Monument, while George Smith (1783–1869) designed an Egyptian-style tomb for Ralph Abercromby in Alexandria . According to David Brownlee , the 1798 Karlsruhe Synagogue , an early building by the influential Friedrich Weinbrenner

2601-411: Was the 1824 synagogue of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia . It was followed by a series of major public buildings in the first half of the 19th century including the 1835 Moyamensing Prison , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, the 1836 Fourth District Police Station in New Orleans and the 1838 New York City jail known as the Tombs . Other public buildings in Egyptian style included

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