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138-585: Legislative efforts to reform Maryland's statute of limitations for sexual abuse lawsuits started in 2015, and saw some success with the passing of a 2017 bill expanding the statute of limitations to until the victim turns 38 years old, but were largely limited by lobbying efforts by the Maryland Catholic Conference—a Catholic Church lobbying organization representing the Archdiocese of Baltimore , Archdiocese of Washington , and

276-594: A " prisoner in the Vatican ". This stand-off, which was spoken of as the Roman Question , was resolved by the 1929 Lateran Treaties , whereby the Holy See acknowledged Italian sovereignty over the former Papal States in return for payment and Italy's recognition of papal sovereignty over Vatican City as a new sovereign and independent state. Catholic missionaries generally supported, and sought to facilitate,

414-646: A "B" rating in 2002, followed by "A" ratings and endorsements for his reelection campaigns in 2006 and 2010, but an "F" rating in 2014. During the 2009 legislative session, Brochin supported a bill that gave judges the authority to seize guns from people with protective orders. In 2013, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , he voted for the Firearms Safety Act, which banned assault weapons in Maryland. Following

552-471: A Republican, citing his vote for a bill introduced by former Republican Governor Bob Ehrlich to give the state control of Baltimore City schools . In May 2014, DeJuliis's husband, state labor commissioner Ron DeJuliis, was charged with stealing Brochin's campaign signs. After defeating DeJuliis in the Democratic primary election with 69.4 percent of the vote, Brochin won reelection with 51.6 percent of

690-735: A ballot initiative on the death penalty repeal on the 2014 general election ballot. In August 2011, Brochin suggested implementing a surcharge on eviction notices to help the Baltimore Housing Authority pay nearly $ 12 million in court-ordered judgments owed to former tenants. During the 2017 legislative session, Brochin introduced a bill that would prohibit county candidates from accepting campaign contributions with developers who apply for certain development or zoning approvals. During his 2018 county executive campaign, he rallied against proposed developments in Towson , including

828-603: A bill that would require Maryland use an independent redistricting commission to draw its legislative and congressional maps if New York , Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina all agreed to do the same, and spoke at the press conference where Governor Larry Hogan vetoed this bill. In July 2021, he co-founded Fair Maps Maryland, an anti- gerrymandering lobbying group, alongside former Republican Howard County Executive Allan Kittleman . Brochin criticized legislative leaders for forming their own redistricting commission to draw Maryland's congressional and legislative maps during

966-453: A bill that would require presidential candidates to release their tax returns to appear on the ballot in Maryland. Brochin opposed tax increases proposed by Governor Martin O'Malley . During the 2015 legislative session, he introduced legislation to repeal Maryland's "Rain Tax" and another bill to re-add a checkbox on state income tax return forms that would allow taxpayers to contribute to

1104-474: A bill to decriminalize possessing less than an ounce of marijuana. During the 2017 legislative session, Brochin sought to weaken a paid sick leave bill through amendments reducing the number of sick days employees can receive and allowing the Maryland Department of Labor to provide hardship waivers to businesses that prove that the law would cause them harm. In May 2017, Brochin voted against

1242-521: A bill to provide low-income students with free tuition to Maryland community colleges. In January 2015, Brochin said he opposed a fracking proposal in western Maryland and introduced a bill to ban fracking in Maryland. From 2002 to 2012, Brochin accepted nearly $ 13,000 in campaign contributions from gun lobby organizations, including more than $ 2,000 from the National Rifle Association of America (NRA). The NRA gave Brochin

1380-552: A proposed affordable housing project in east Towson. In May 2011, Brochin said he would sign Republican state delegate Neil Parrott 's petition to place a ballot initiative repealing the Maryland Dream Act , which extended in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants , on the 2012 ballot. During the 2015 legislative session, Brochin introduced legislation that would prohibit Baltimore County Public Schools from turning magnet schools into neighborhood schools without

1518-410: A ruling redrawing the state's legislative maps. Brochin engaged in a door-knocking campaign for nearly three years leading up to the election, in which he defeated Republican state delegate Martha Scanlan Klima in the general election with 50.99 percent of the vote. Brochin ran for re-election to a second term in 2006, in which he defeated Republican challenger Douglas B. Riley. He was reelected to

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1656-531: A third term in 2010 after defeating Republican challenger Kevin Carney. During his 2014 re-election campaign, Brochin was challenged by former state delegate Connie DeJuliis, who ran as a progressive . That year, he claimed that Governor Martin O'Malley and Democratic leaders of the Maryland General Assembly had redrawn his district with the hopes that he would lose his re-election bid to

1794-578: A variety of historical circumstances. In the 16th century, the Reformation led to the formation of separate, Protestant groups. From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticized for its teachings on sexuality , its doctrine against ordaining women , and its handling of sexual abuse cases involving clergy. Catholic (from Greek : καθολικός , romanized :  katholikos , lit.   'universal')

1932-778: Is Jewish . Brochin has described himself as a "law and order legislator". In April 2012, Brochin said that he would support reforms providing violent youth offenders with intensive counseling and therapy to deter juvenile crimes in Maryland, citing their success in Texas and Missouri. During the 2015 legislative session, he introduced legislation to prevent people that commit crimes with firearms from receiving good behavior credits during their sentence. In March 2016, Brochin voted for legislation that would redirect low-level drug offenders into treatment instead of prison, expand record expurgations for certain convictions, and reduce sentences for parole violators. In December 2016, Brochin criticized

2070-540: Is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The massive Islamic invasions of the mid-7th century began a long struggle between Christianity and Islam throughout the Mediterranean Basin. The Byzantine Empire soon lost the lands of the eastern patriarchates of Jerusalem , Alexandria and Antioch and was reduced to that of Constantinople,

2208-685: Is the bishop of Rome , known as the pope ( Latin : papa , lit.   'father'), whose jurisdiction is called the Holy See ( Sancta Sedes in Latin). In parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both. Additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services. The Catholic Church has been described as

2346-491: Is the universal [katholike] Church." In the Catechetical Lectures ( c.  350 ) of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem , the name "Catholic Church" was used to distinguish it from other groups that also called themselves "the church". The "Catholic" notion was further stressed in the edict De fide Catolica issued 380 by Theodosius I , the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of

2484-651: The Pax Romana made travelling safe. The empire encouraged the spread of a common culture with Greek roots, which allowed ideas to be more easily expressed and understood. Unlike most religions in the Roman Empire, however, Christianity required its adherents to renounce all other gods, a practice adopted from Judaism (see Idolatry ). The Christians' refusal to join pagan celebrations meant they were unable to participate in much of public life, which caused non-Christians—including government authorities—to fear that

2622-538: The 1994 Maryland gubernatorial election , Brochin was the campaign manager for state senator American Joe Miedusiewski 's gubernatorial campaign. Since 2000, he has worked as an insurance broker. Brochin ran for the Maryland Senate in the 9th district in 2002, seeking to unseat Republican state senator Andy Harris . He was redrawn into the 42nd district after the Maryland Court of Appeals issued

2760-465: The 2017 Las Vegas shooting , Brochin voted for a bill to ban bump stocks in Maryland. During his 2018 county executive campaign, Brochin said he supported Governor Larry Hogan 's executive order prohibiting companies that support the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement from contracting with the state government. In March 2018, Brochin opposed the legalization of marijuana , but voted for

2898-434: The 2020 United States redistricting cycle , instead endorsing the redistricting commission appointed by Governor Larry Hogan . During the 2007 legislative session, Brochin introduced legislation that would abolish the statute of limitations on child sexual abuse lawsuits. Brochin was a long-time opponent to same-sex marriage in Maryland , insisting on civil unions instead, and initially said that he would vote against

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3036-809: The Byzantine–Seljuk Wars , which caused Urban to launch the First Crusade aimed at aiding the Byzantine Empire and returning the Holy Land to Christian control. In the 11th century , strained relations between the primarily Greek church and the Latin Church separated them in the East–West Schism, partially due to conflicts over papal authority. The Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved

3174-767: The Church of the East also shared in this communion, as did the Oriental Orthodox Churches before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451; all separated primarily over differences in Christology . The Eastern Catholic Churches, who have a combined membership of approximately 18 million, represent a body of Eastern Christians who returned or remained in communion with the pope during or following these schisms for

3312-571: The Civil Marriage Protection Act in 2011, but ended up voting for it after hearing same-sex marriage opponents describe members of the gay community as "pedophiles". After the Civil Marriage Protection Act was reintroduced in 2012, he introduced an amendment that would grant same-sex couples the ability to get a civil union instead of a marriage, which was rejected by the Maryland Senate. During

3450-721: The Code of Canon Law (1983). "Catholic Church" is also used in the documents of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the First Vatican Council (1869–1870), the Council of Trent (1545–1563), and numerous other official documents. The New Testament , in particular the Gospels , records Jesus' activities and teaching, his appointment of the Twelve Apostles and his Great Commission of

3588-666: The Council of Nicaea declared heretical . The resulting religious discord between Germanic rulers and Catholic subjects was avoided when, in 497, Clovis I , the Frankish ruler, converted to orthodox Catholicism, allying himself with the papacy and the monasteries. The Visigoths in Spain followed his lead in 589, and the Lombards in Italy in the course of the 7th century. Western Christianity , particularly through its monasteries ,

3726-460: The Diocese of Wilmington . According to lobbying records analyzed by The Baltimore Banner , the dioceses have spent more than $ 1 million on lobbying efforts to disrupt these efforts since 2017, including $ 200,000 toward hiring former lawmakers and government officials (most notably Robert Zirkin and former Martin O'Malley spokesperson Rick Abbruzzese) as lobbyists. In February 2019, following

3864-733: The Edict of Thessalonica made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire , a position that within the diminishing territory of the Byzantine Empire would persist until the empire itself ended in the fall of Constantinople in 1453, while elsewhere the church was independent of the empire, as became particularly clear with the East–West Schism . During the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils , five primary sees emerged, an arrangement formalized in

4002-766: The English Reformation and the eventual development of Anglicanism . The Reformation contributed to clashes between the Protestant Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic Emperor Charles V and his allies. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg but continued tensions produced a far graver conflict—the Thirty Years' War —which broke out in 1618. In France, a series of conflicts termed

4140-607: The French Wars of Religion was fought from 1562 to 1598 between the Huguenots (French Calvinists ) and the forces of the French Catholic League , which were backed and funded by a series of popes. This ended under Pope Clement VIII , who hesitantly accepted King Henry IV's 1598 Edict of Nantes granting civil and religious toleration to French Protestants. The Council of Trent (1545–1563) became

4278-543: The Immaculate Conception as a dogma in the Catholic Church . In 1870, the First Vatican Council affirmed the doctrine of papal infallibility when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements, striking a blow to the rival position of conciliarism . Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a breakaway movement called the Old Catholic Church , The Italian unification of

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4416-712: The Italian Peninsula , imprisoning Pope Pius VI , who died in captivity. Napoleon later re-established the Catholic Church in France through the Concordat of 1801 . The end of the Napoleonic Wars brought Catholic revival and the return of the Papal States . In 1854, Pope Pius IX , with the support of the overwhelming majority of Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted from 1851 to 1853, proclaimed

4554-485: The Maryland Supreme Court on the legislature's ability to modify the statute of limitations. Maryland Attorney General Anthony Brown also defended the law in court, arguing that the court siding with the archdiocese "would be unprecedented and would go against the consensus of federal law and the reasoned opinions of many other states." Prince George's County Circuit Court Judge Robin D. Gill ruled that

4692-462: The Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter , upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ. It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith taught by

4830-667: The Pennsylvania Attorney General 's release of the report into the grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania , Maryland Attorney General Brian Frosh reportedly hired Elizabeth Embry , the former chief of the attorney general's criminal division, to lead a probe of sex abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Archbishop William E. Lori confirmed in September 2018 that

4968-552: The Polish People's Republic , became the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. His 26 1/2-year pontificate was one of the longest in history, and was credited with hastening the fall of communism in Europe. John Paul II sought to evangelize an increasingly secular world . He travelled more than any other pope, visiting 129 countries, and used television and radio as means of spreading the church's teachings. He also emphasized

5106-875: The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, when those who ceased to be in communion became known as Protestants. While the Roman Church has been used to describe the pope's Diocese of Rome since the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages (6th–10th century), Roman Catholic Church has been applied to the whole church in the English language since the Protestant Reformation in

5244-616: The Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization . The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches , including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches , which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies around

5382-674: The Roman Empire , when establishing the state church of the Roman Empire . Since the East–West Schism of 1054, the Eastern Orthodox Church has taken the adjective Orthodox as its distinctive epithet; its official name continues to be the Orthodox Catholic Church. The Latin Church was described as Catholic , with that description also denominating those in communion with the Holy See after

5520-669: The Tridentine Mass as found in the Roman Missal of 1962, which he titled the "Extraordinary Form". Citing the frailties of advanced age, Benedict resigned in 2013, becoming the first pope to do so in nearly 600 years. Pope Francis, the current pope of the Catholic Church, became in 2013 the first pope from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere , and the first Pope from outside Europe since

5658-605: The University of Maryland, College Park in 1990. Brochin worked as a legislative analyst for Maryland Senate President Thomas V. Miller Jr. in 1989, afterwards working as a lobbyist for Baltimore County from 1990 to 1991 and a senior political writer for Baltimore Magazine from 1994 to 2001. He was also a political science instructor at the Community College of Baltimore County 's Catonsville campus from 1990 to 1998 and at Towson University since 1994. During

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5796-418: The University of Oxford , University of Paris , and University of Bologna . Higher education before then had been the domain of Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools, led by monks and nuns . Evidence of such schools dates back to the 6th century CE. These new universities expanded the curriculum to include academic programs for clerics, lawyers, civil servants, and physicians. The university

5934-444: The dignity of work and natural rights of labourers to have fair wages and safe conditions in Laborem exercens . He emphasized several church teachings, including moral exhortations against abortion, euthanasia , and against widespread use of the death penalty, in Evangelium Vitae . Pope Benedict XVI , elected in 2005, was known for upholding traditional Christian values against secularization , and for increasing use of

6072-504: The "Hidden Predator Act", was introduced by Wilson on February 7, 2019. The bill would have repealed the statute of limitations and created a two-year look-back window for child sexual abuse victims who were unable to sue because of the statute of limitations. The bill passed the Maryland House of Delegates by a vote of 135–3 on March 18, 2019. The bill then moved to the Senate Judiciary Committee, where it faced bipartisan opposition from senators, including Michael Hough and Jill P. Carter ;

6210-422: The 14th century. To escape instability in Rome, Clement V in 1309 became the first of seven popes to reside in the fortified city of Avignon in southern France during a period known as the Avignon Papacy . The Avignon Papacy ended in 1376 when the pope returned to Rome, but was followed in 1378 by the 38-year-long Western schism , with claimants to the papacy in Rome, Avignon and (after 1409) Pisa. The matter

6348-414: The 1860s incorporated the Papal States, including Rome itself from 1870, into the Kingdom of Italy , thus ending the papacy's temporal power . In response, Pope Pius IX excommunicated King Victor Emmanuel II , refused payment for the land, and rejected the Italian Law of Guarantees , which granted him special privileges. To avoid placing himself in visible subjection to the Italian authorities, he remained

6486-522: The 1960s, Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council , which ushered in radical change to church ritual and practice, and in the later 20th century, the long reign of Pope John Paul II contributed to the fall of communism in Europe, and a new public and international role for the papacy. From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticized for its doctrines on sexuality , its inability to ordain women , and its handling of sexual abuse cases . Pope Pius X (1903–1914) renewed

6624-402: The 2014 legislative session, Brochin voted against a bill to ban discrimination against transgender people , citing a hypothetical example of a trans woman waiting in the women's restroom to attack. In February 2016, Brochin voted against overriding Governor Larry Hogan 's veto on a bill that would restore the voting rights of recently released felons. In March 2018, Brochin voted against

6762-428: The 2021 appointment of Will Smith as the chair of the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee. Maryland Governor Wes Moore endorsed the Child Victims Act on March 3, 2023. The Child Victims Act was heard in the House Judicial Proceedings Committee on March 2, 2023, and advanced to the House floor in a unanimous vote on March 29. It was heard on the House floor the following day, during which no attempts were made to amend

6900-408: The 21st century. Pope Gregory VII further initiated the Gregorian Reforms regarding the independence of the clergy from secular authority. This led to the Investiture Controversy between the church and the Holy Roman Emperors , over which had the authority to appoint bishops and popes. In 1095, Byzantine emperor Alexius I appealed to Pope Urban II for help against renewed Muslim invasions in

7038-416: The Americas, Asia and Oceania by explorers, conquistadors, and missionaries, as well as by the transformation of societies through the socio-political mechanisms of colonial rule. Pope Alexander VI had awarded colonial rights over most of the newly discovered lands to Spain and Portugal and the ensuing patronato system allowed state authorities, not the Vatican, to control all clerical appointments in

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7176-422: The Archdiocese, of sexual abuse. Law firms and attorneys began advertising services to abuse survivors shortly after the bill was signed into law. Lawsuits against the archdiocese as well as Maryland's juvenile justice system and school system were filed days after the Child Victims Act went into effect on October 1, 2023. The Archdiocese of Baltimore filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on September 29, 2023, citing

7314-402: The Byzantine Empire lost to the Lombards the city of Ravenna from which it governed the small fragments of Italy, including Rome, that acknowledged its sovereignty. The fall of Ravenna meant that confirmation by a no longer existent exarch was not asked for during the election in 752 of Pope Stephen II and that the papacy was forced to look elsewhere for a civil power to protect it. In 754, at

7452-405: The Catholic and Orthodox churches. Several eastern churches reunited, forming the majority of the Eastern Catholic Churches . The Age of Discovery beginning in the 15th century saw the expansion of Western Europe's political and cultural influence worldwide. Because of the prominent role the strongly Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal played in Western colonialism, Catholicism was spread to

7590-408: The Child Victims Act and the "great number of lawsuits" that were expected to be filed against the archdiocese after the bill went into effect on October 1. The bankruptcy filing was protested by church abuse victims, as bankruptcy proceedings automatically stopped civil proceedings against the archdiocese until an agreement is reached between church representatives and plaintiffs' attorneys. Lawyers for

7728-429: The Child Victims Act into law in his first bill signing ceremony as governor. Wilson spoke at the event, where he thanked House Speaker Adrienne A. Jones and House Judicial Proceedings Committee chair Luke Clippinger for helping get the bill passed and adding that he "never thought God would let me see this moment." Catholic Church God Schools Relations with: The Catholic Church , also known as

7866-422: The Christians were angering the gods and thereby threatening the peace and prosperity of the Empire. The resulting persecutions were a defining feature of Christian self-understanding until Christianity was legalized in the 4th century. In 313, Emperor Constantine I 's Edict of Milan legalized Christianity, and in 330 Constantine moved the imperial capital to Constantinople , modern Istanbul, Turkey . In 380

8004-410: The Democratic primary by a margin of 17 votes. Brochin was born in Baltimore on February 22, 1964, to father Arnold Brochin and mother Carol Ginsburg. After graduating from Pikesville High School , he attended the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1986. Brochin earned his Master of Arts degree in political science from

8142-457: The Edict of Nantes by King Louis XIV of France , which ended a century-long policy of religious toleration of Protestant Huguenots. As the papacy resisted pushes for Gallicanism , the French Revolution of 1789 shifted power to the state, caused the destruction of churches, the establishment of a Cult of Reason , and the martyrdom of nuns during the Reign of Terror . In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte 's General Louis-Alexandre Berthier invaded

8280-470: The Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs Committee until 2007, after which he returned to the Judicial Proceedings Committee for the remainder of his tenure. From 2016 to 2019, Brochin served as the chair of the Baltimore County Delegation . In November 2016, Brochin told The Baltimore Sun that he was considering a run for Baltimore County Executive in 2018 . He announced his candidacy on October 19, 2017, seeking to succeed Kevin Kamenetz , who

8418-401: The European imperial powers' conquest of Africa during the late nineteenth century. According to the historian of religion Adrian Hastings , Catholic missionaries were generally unwilling to defend African rights or encourage Africans to see themselves as equals to Europeans, in contrast to Protestant missionaries, who were more willing to oppose colonial injustices. During the 20th century,

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8556-466: The Fair Campaign Financing Fund. During the 2013 legislative session, Brochin introduced a bill that would prohibit the Maryland Transit Administration from audio-taping passenger conversations, which was killed by the Maryland Senate in a 23–22 vote. In January 2014, following the publication of a secret audit that found that Baltimore speed cameras had likely charged motorists for thousands more erroneous tickets than previously disclosed, he introduced

8694-439: The Hidden Predator Act of 2019. It is not known who added the statute of repose provision to the bill, but Wilson attributes it to John Stierhoff, a Venable LLP lawyer who worked as a lobbyist for the Maryland Catholic Conference and was involved with negotiations on the amended bill. Dumais' amendment would spark a debate among legislators on whether it would be constitutional to repeal the statute of repose. The 2019 bill, named

8832-447: The Holy See, or the Apostolic See (meaning the see of the apostle Peter). Directly serving the pope is the Roman Curia, the central governing body that administers the day-to-day business of the Catholic Church. The pope is also sovereign of Vatican City, a small city-state entirely enclaved within the city of Rome, which is an entity distinct from the Holy See. It is as head of the Holy See, not as head of Vatican City State, that

8970-405: The House of Delegates, but never received a hearing in the Senate as the 2020 legislative session was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The 2021 bill was introduced by delegate Wilson and state senator Shelly Hettleman of Baltimore County on September 30, 2020. During the hearing on the bill in February 2021, former Senate Judicial Proceedings chair Robert Zirkin (who had resigned before

9108-407: The Maryland Catholic Conference and Judiciary Committee chair Joseph F. Vallario Jr. , the bill was amended to extend the statute of limitations for child sexual abuse lawsuits until the victim turns 38 years old, but would make it more difficult for victims over 25 years old to win damages in civil lawsuits by requiring victims to prove negligence. The amended bill unanimously passed both chambers and

9246-485: The Maryland Child Victims Act was constitutional on March 6, 2024. On April 1, Montgomery County Circuit Court Judge Jeannie E. Cho ruled that the law was unconstitutional, finding that it violated the Maryland Declaration of Rights ; the ruling was appealed to the Maryland Supreme Court, who agreed to hear the case on May 7, 2024, later setting arguments for September 10. The 2007 bill was introduced by state senator James Brochin of Baltimore County on February 2, 2008. It

9384-402: The Pope's insistence on public neutrality and diplomatic language has become a source of much criticism and debate. Nevertheless, in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews. Israeli historian Pinchas Lapide estimated that Catholic rescue of Jews amounted to somewhere between 700,000 and 860,000 people. The Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church

9522-410: The Reformation, which gave birth to the great majority of Protestant denominations and also crypto-Protestantism within the Catholic Church. Meanwhile, Henry VIII petitioned Pope Clement VII for a declaration of nullity concerning his marriage to Catherine of Aragon . When this was denied, he had the Acts of Supremacy passed to make himself Supreme Head of the Church of England , spurring

9660-499: The Second World War, also because they had powerful supporters from the Vatican. The judgment of Pius XII is made more difficult by the sources, because the church archives for his tenure as nuncio, cardinal secretary of state and pope are in part closed or not yet processed. The Second Vatican Council (1962–65) introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent, four centuries before. Initiated by Pope John XXIII, this ecumenical council modernized

9798-436: The Towson Row project and apartments near Lake Roland Park , and said that he opposed the HOME Act, which prohibits landlords from discriminating against potential tenants based on their source of income, saying instead that he would support legislation requiring developers to set aside a certain percentage of housing units for low or moderate income families. In 2021, Brochin helped pay for attorneys representing opponents of

9936-586: The War, and established aid networks to help victims, but he secretly assisted the anti-Hitler resistance and shared intelligence with the Allies. His first encyclical Summi Pontificatus (1939) expressed dismay at the 1939 Invasion of Poland and reiterated Catholic teaching against racism. He expressed concern against race killings on Vatican Radio , and intervened diplomatically to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries from 1942 to 1944. But

10074-575: The apostles, instructing them to continue his work. The book Acts of Apostles , tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire. The Catholic Church teaches that its public ministry began on Pentecost , occurring fifty days following the date Christ is believed to have resurrected . At Pentecost, the apostles are believed to have received the Holy Spirit, preparing them for their mission in leading

10212-466: The apostles, preserving the faith infallibly through scripture and sacred tradition as authentically interpreted through the magisterium of the church. The Roman Rite and others of the Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic liturgies , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in

10350-543: The archdiocese said that parishes and schools would contribute funds to a larger settlement for sexual abuse survivors. In December 2023, U.S. Bankruptcy Court Judge Michelle M. Harner ruled that child sexual abuse survivors could submit claims against the archdiocese in bankruptcy court. More than 700 claims were filed against the archdiocese ahead of the May 31, 2024 deadline. Archbishop William E. Lori attended bankruptcy hearings on May 20, 2024, to listen to victims testify about

10488-493: The archdiocese was under investigation by the state and said that it had given the attorney general more than 50,000 pages of internal documents dating back to 1965. The Office of the Attorney General concluded its investigation on November 17, 2022, and later released a 456-page report identifying 600 victims of sexual abuse and accusing 158 Catholic priests, including 43 that were previously never publicly identified by

10626-527: The areas under his control definitively established a form of caesaropapism , in which "he had the right and duty of regulating by his laws the minutest details of worship and discipline, and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church", re-established imperial power over Rome and other parts of the West, initiating the period termed the Byzantine Papacy (537–752), during which

10764-602: The bill died in the Judiciary Committee after receiving a deadlocked 5–5 vote to advance it. Shortly after this, the House Judiciary Committee amended Republican state senator Justin Ready 's "Laura and Reid's Law" to extend the statute of limitations for child sexual abuse lawsuits until the victim turns 58 years old; however, this amendment was removed by conference committee before the bill

10902-531: The bill on March 16, 2021, saying that he believed removing his name from the bill would give it a better chance of passing that year. The 2023 bill was introduced by Wilson on November 16, 2022, and by state senator William C. Smith Jr. of Montgomery County on February 6, 2023. Although the Maryland Catholic Conference announced that it would support legislation to eliminate the statute of limitation on future cases of child sexual abuse,

11040-490: The bill to the Senate floor on March 10, with only Republican state senator Chris West voting against it. West led opposition against the bill, which he believed was unconstitutional and would be overturned by the Maryland Supreme Court . The bill was heard on the Senate floor on May 14, during which state senator Justin Ready introduced multiple amendments over concerns that state courts would exempt private companies, but not

11178-713: The bill. Although Republican state delegates continued to express concerns about the constitutionality of the bill, the House of Delegates voted 132–2 to pass the Child Victims Act on March 31, 2023, with William Valentine and William J. Wivell being the only delegates to vote against it. On January 20, 2023, William C. Smith Jr. announced that the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee review child sexual abuse laws in Maryland. The Judicial Proceedings Committee voted 10–1 to advance

11316-626: The bishops of Rome, or popes, required approval from the emperor in Constantinople or from his representative in Ravenna for consecration, and most were selected by the emperor from his Greek-speaking subjects, resulting in a "melting pot" of Western and Eastern Christian traditions in art as well as liturgy. Most of the Germanic tribes who in the following centuries invaded the Roman Empire had adopted Christianity in its Arian form, which

11454-480: The chances of the Child Victims Act becoming law this time around, as two of its biggest opponents— Robert Cassilly and Michael Hough —were no longer members of the Maryland General Assembly. The bill gained additional momentum from the Attorney General's report on child sexual abuse in the archdiocese, the Attorney General's Office changing its position on the constitutionality of the bill, and

11592-496: The church's approach to ecumenism , and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially Judaism, in its document Nostra aetate . The council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms: proponents of the " Spirit of Vatican II " such as Swiss theologian Hans Küng said that Vatican II had "not gone far enough" to change church policies. Traditionalist Catholics , such as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre , however, strongly criticized

11730-466: The church's global reach continued to grow, despite the rise of anti-Catholic authoritarian regimes and the collapse of European Empires, accompanied by a general decline in religious observance in the West. Under Popes Benedict XV , and Pius XII , the Holy See sought to maintain public neutrality through the World Wars, acting as peace broker and delivering aid to the victims of the conflicts. In

11868-687: The church. Of its seven sacraments , the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest , the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated as the Perpetual Virgin , Mother of God , and Queen of Heaven ; she is honoured in dogmas and devotions . Catholic social teaching emphasizes voluntary support for

12006-592: The church. The Catholic Church teaches that the college of bishops , led by the bishop of Rome are the successors to the Apostles. In the account of the Confession of Peter found in the Gospel of Matthew , Christ designates Peter as the "rock" upon which Christ's church will be built. The Catholic Church considers the bishop of Rome, the pope, to be the successor to Saint Peter . Some scholars state Peter

12144-422: The church. There are three levels of clergy: the episcopate, composed of bishops who hold jurisdiction over a geographic area called a diocese or eparchy ; the presbyterate, composed of priests ordained by bishops and who work in local dioceses or religious orders; and the diaconate, composed of deacons who assist bishops and priests in a variety of ministerial roles. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church

12282-443: The citizens of Baltimore County were smart enough to not elect a gaslighting racist like Jim Brochin", which Brochin responded to in a Baltimore Sun op-ed denying that his comments were racist. Brochin supports the death penalty and opposed Governor Martin O'Malley 's bill to repeal it, worrying that prosecutors would lose a valuable "bargaining chip" when negotiating plea deals . He also supported unsuccessful efforts to place

12420-621: The city of Rome, though enjoying extraterritorial privileges accredited to the Holy See. James Brochin James Brochin (born February 22, 1964) is an American politician who was a member of the Maryland Senate representing the 42nd district in Baltimore County from 2003 to 2019. He unsuccessfully ran for Baltimore County Executive in 2018 , placing second behind former state delegate Johnny Olszewski in

12558-867: The conflict. Catholic clergy played a leading role in the government of the fascist Slovak State , which collaborated with the Nazis, copied their anti-Semitic policies, and helped them carry out the Holocaust in Slovakia. Jozef Tiso , the President of the Slovak State and a Catholic priest, supported his government's deportation of Slovakian Jews to extermination camps. The Vatican protested against these Jewish deportations in Slovakia and in other Nazi puppet regimes including Vichy France , Croatia, Bulgaria , Italy and Hungary. Around 1943, Adolf Hitler planned

12696-522: The council, arguing that its liturgical reforms led "to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments", among other issues. The teaching on the morality of contraception also came under scrutiny; after a series of disagreements, Humanae vitae upheld the church's prohibition of all forms of contraception. In 1978, Pope John Paul II , formerly Archbishop of Kraków in

12834-435: The development of the role of the papacy in the subsequent church". These roles, Brown says, "contributed enormously to seeing the bishop of Rome, the bishop of the city where Peter died and where Paul witnessed the truth of Christ, as the successor of Peter in care for the church universal". Conditions in the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of new ideas. The empire's network of roads and waterways facilitated travel, and

12972-554: The driving force behind the Counter-Reformation in response to the Protestant movement. Doctrinally, it reaffirmed central Catholic teachings such as transubstantiation and the requirement for love and hope as well as faith to attain salvation. In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world, in part through missionaries and imperialism , although its hold on European populations declined due to

13110-735: The eighth-century Gregory III . Francis has made efforts to further close Catholicism's estrangement with the Eastern churches. His installation was attended by Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the first time since the Great Schism of 1054 that the Eastern Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople has attended a papal installation, while he also met Patriarch Kirill of Moscow , head of

13248-698: The empire's capital. As a result of Islamic domination of the Mediterranean , the Frankish state, centred away from that sea, was able to evolve as the dominant power that shaped the Western Europe of the Middle Ages. The battles of Toulouse and Poitiers halted the Islamic advance in the West and the failed siege of Constantinople halted it in the East. Two or three decades later, in 751,

13386-455: The final breach. In this age great gothic cathedrals in France were an expression of popular pride in the Christian faith. In the early 13th century mendicant orders were founded by Francis of Assisi and Dominic de Guzmán . The studia conventualia and studia generalia of the mendicant orders played a large role in the transformation of church-sponsored cathedral schools and palace schools, such as that of Charlemagne at Aachen , into

13524-529: The growth of religious scepticism during and after the Enlightenment. From the 17th century onward, the Enlightenment questioned the power and influence of the Catholic Church over Western society. In the 18th century, writers such as Voltaire and the Encyclopédistes wrote biting critiques of both religion and the Catholic Church. One target of their criticism was the 1685 revocation of

13662-531: The independence of papal office by abolishing the veto of Catholic powers in papal elections, and his successors Benedict XV (1914–1922) and Pius XI (1922–1939) concluded the modern independence of the Vatican State within Italy. Benedict XV was elected at the outbreak of the First World War . He attempted to mediate between the powers and established a Vatican relief office, to assist victims of

13800-602: The kidnapping of the Pope and his internment in Germany. He gave SS General Wolff a corresponding order to prepare for the action. While Pope Pius XII has been credited with helping to save hundreds of thousands of Jews during the Holocaust , the church has also been accused of having encouraged centuries of antisemitism by its teachings and not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities. Many Nazi criminals escaped overseas after

13938-591: The largest Eastern Orthodox church, in 2016; this was reported as the first such high-level meeting between the two churches since the Great Schism of 1054. In 2017 during a visit in Egypt , Pope Francis reestablished mutual recognition of baptism with the Coptic Orthodox Church . The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity , led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within

14076-550: The late 16th century. Further, some will refer to the Latin Church as Roman Catholic in distinction from the Eastern Catholic churches. "Roman Catholic" has occasionally appeared also in documents produced both by the Holy See, and notably used by certain national episcopal conferences and local dioceses. The name Catholic Church for the whole church is used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1990) and

14214-490: The lobbying organization said that it would continue to oppose bills providing a two-year "look back window" for survivors to file lawsuits alleging past abuse. The Child Victims Act contained such a provision and thus the organization was opposed to its passage. According to lobbying records analyzed by The Baltimore Sun , the Maryland Catholic Conference spent $ 209,939 lobbying against the Child Victims Act from November 2022 to early May 2023. Advocates were more optimistic at

14352-577: The mid-6th century by Emperor Justinian I as the pentarchy of Rome, Constantinople , Antioch , Jerusalem and Alexandria . In 451 the Council of Chalcedon , in a canon of disputed validity, elevated the see of Constantinople to a position "second in eminence and power to the bishop of Rome". From c.  350  – c.  500 , the bishops, or popes, of Rome, steadily increased in authority through their consistent intervening in support of orthodox leaders in theological disputes, which encouraged appeals to them. Emperor Justinian , who in

14490-741: The new colonies. In 1521 the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan made the first Catholic converts in the Philippines . Elsewhere, Portuguese missionaries under the Spanish Jesuit Francis Xavier evangelized in India, China, and Japan. The French colonization of the Americas beginning in the 16th century established a Catholic francophone population and forbade non-Catholics to settle in Quebec . In 1415, Jan Hus

14628-458: The numerous visual artists sponsored by the church. Historian Paul Legutko of Stanford University said the Catholic Church is "at the center of the development of the values, ideas, science, laws, and institutions which constitute what we call Western civilization ". In Western Christendom , the first universities in Europe were established by monks. Beginning in the 11th century, several older cathedral schools became universities, such as

14766-406: The oldest multinational organization in the world. The hierarchy of the Catholic Church is headed by the pope, currently Pope Francis , who was elected on 13 March 2013 by a papal conclave . The office of the pope is known as the papacy . The Catholic Church holds that Christ instituted the papacy upon giving the keys of Heaven to Saint Peter . His ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called

14904-609: The permission of the Baltimore County Delegation. In 2016, he introduced a bill to make seat-belts mandatory on school buses. In March 2018, Brochin was the only Democrat in the Maryland Senate to vote against a bill to strip the Maryland Board of Public Works of its oversight and management of the state's annual "beg-a-thon", in which school system leaders appear before the board to request additional school construction funding. Brochin also voted for

15042-683: The pope receives ambassadors of states and sends them his own diplomatic representatives. The Holy See also confers orders, decorations and medals , such as the orders of chivalry originating from the Middle Ages . While the famous Saint Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City, above the traditional site of Saint Peter's tomb , the papal cathedral for the Diocese of Rome is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran , located within

15180-412: The practices of the Catholic Church, allowing the Mass to be said in the vernacular (local language) and encouraging "fully conscious, and active participation in liturgical celebrations". It intended to engage the church more closely with the present world ( aggiornamento ), which was described by its advocates as an "opening of the windows". In addition to changes in the liturgy, it led to changes to

15318-683: The preservation and transmission of ancient culture. During this period, monastic Ireland became a centre of learning and early Irish missionaries such as Columbanus and Columba spread Christianity and established monasteries across continental Europe. The Catholic Church was the dominant influence on Western civilization from Late Antiquity to the dawn of the modern age. It was the primary sponsor of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque styles in art, architecture and music. Renaissance figures such as Raphael , Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci , Botticelli , Fra Angelico , Tintoretto , Titian , Bernini and Caravaggio are examples of

15456-462: The prominent universities of Europe. Scholastic theologians and philosophers such as the Dominican priest Thomas Aquinas studied and taught at these studia. Aquinas' Summa Theologica was an intellectual milestone in its synthesis of the legacy of ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle with the content of Christian revelation. A growing sense of church-state conflicts marked

15594-544: The remainder of Kamenetz's term and encouraged other candidates running for county executive to do the same. Brochin was defeated in the Democratic primary by Johnny Olszewski by nine votes, prompting him to request a recount that expanded Olszewski's lead to 17 votes. Following his defeat, Brochin endorsed Republican Governor Larry Hogan for re-election. Brochin has a daughter. He moved to Towson, Maryland , in 2007, but now lives in Cockeysville, Maryland . He

15732-590: The schism was reconciled, unresolved issues would lead to further division. In the 11th century, the efforts of Hildebrand of Sovana led to the creation of the College of Cardinals to elect new popes, starting with Pope Alexander II in the papal election of 1061 . When Alexander II died, Hildebrand was elected to succeed him, as Pope Gregory VII . The basic election system of the College of Cardinals which Gregory VII helped establish has continued to function into

15870-439: The school by former students who allege that they had been molested by two former priests who had taught at the school and had sexually harassed at least 14 victims, which led opponents, including Bromwell's grandmother, to overwhelm Bromwell's office with calls in opposition of the bill that caused Bromwell to withdraw the bill. The 2015 bill was introduced by state delegate C. T. Wilson of Charles County on February 26, 2015. It

16008-576: The sexual abuse committed by Catholic clergy. In November 2023, the Archdiocese of Washington filed a lawsuit challenging the Child Victims Act, arguing that the law violated the statute of repose provision in the 2017 bill. Attorneys representing multiple victims of child sexual abuse from members of the Catholic clergy from the Washington archdiocese defended the law by arguing that the archdiocese's lawyers had misinterpreted prior precedents set by

16146-569: The sick, the poor, and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy . The Catholic Church operates tens of thousands of Catholic schools, universities and colleges , hospitals , and orphanages around the world, and is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world. Among its other social services are numerous charitable and humanitarian organizations. The Catholic Church has profoundly influenced Western philosophy , culture , art , literature , music , law , and science . Catholics live all over

16284-532: The start of the 2021 legislative session and soon after became a lobbyist for the Maryland Catholic Conference) testified against the bill, saying that Wilson and fellow negotiators made a deal with the Catholic Church to prevent legislators from further adjusting the statute of limitations on child sex abuse cases in Maryland, which prompted the bill's opponents in the legislature to criticize Wilson and question his integrity. Wilson withdrew

16422-416: The state government, from paying settlements; all amendments were rejected in near party-line votes. On March 17, 2023, the Maryland Senate voted 42–5 to pass the Child Victims Act. The House crossfile version of the bill received a 42–4 vote on April 7, 2023. Voting against the bill were West, Ready, Jack Bailey , Mary Beth Carozza , and Johnny Ray Salling . On April 11, 2023, Governor Wes Moore signed

16560-691: The state's evidence retention system, which allowed for certain jurisdictions to destroy rape kits after one year while others had to keep kits indefinitely. During the 2018 legislative session, Brochin introduced a bill that make it easier to convict repeat sexual offenders by allowing prosecutors to introduce evidence showing that they had a pattern of behavior. The bill passed and was signed into law by Governor Larry Hogan . During an interview on WBAL-AM radio in 2021, Brochin suggested that Baltimore County residents should boycott Baltimore until it removed squeegee workers from major intersections. In response, Baltimore Mayor Brandon Scott remarked, "Thank God

16698-521: The term "bishop of Rome" to the most prominent members of the clergy in the earlier period and also to Peter himself. On this basis protestant scholars Oscar Cullmann , Henry Chadwick , and Bart D. Ehrman question whether there was a formal link between Peter and the modern papacy. Raymond E. Brown also says that it is anachronistic to speak of Peter in terms of local bishop of Rome, but that Christians of that period would have looked on Peter as having "roles that would contribute in an essential way to

16836-649: The urgent request of Pope Stephen, the Frankish king Pepin the Short conquered the Lombards. He then gifted the lands of the former exarchate to the pope, thus initiating the Papal States . Rome and the Byzantine East would delve into further conflict during the Photian schism of the 860s, when Photius criticized the Latin west of adding of the filioque clause after being excommunicated by Nicholas I . Though

16974-556: The vote against Republican challenger Tim Robinson. Brochin was sworn into the Maryland Senate on January 8, 2003. He has described himself as a centrist with socially liberal views, while The Baltimore Sun has described him as an independent and conservative-leaning Democrat and as one of the most conservative Democratic members of the Maryland Senate. Brochin was a member of the Judicial Proceedings Committee from 2003 to 2004, afterwards serving on

17112-620: The war and reunite families. The interwar Pope Pius XI modernized the papacy, appointing 40 indigenous bishops and concluding fifteen concordats, including the Lateran Treaty with Italy which founded the Vatican City State . His successor Pope Pius XII led the Catholic Church through the Second World War and early Cold War . Like his predecessors, Pius XII sought to publicly maintain Vatican neutrality in

17250-582: The world . The pope , who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The Diocese of Rome , known as the Holy See , is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia , has its principal offices in Vatican City , which is a small, independent city-state and enclave within the city of Rome , of which the pope is head of state . The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in

17388-478: The world through missions , immigration , diaspora , and conversions . Since the 20th century, the majority have resided in the Global South , partially due to secularization in Europe and North America. The Catholic Church shared communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East–West Schism in 1054, disputing particularly the authority of the pope . Before the Council of Ephesus in AD 431,

17526-487: Was a major factor in preserving classical civilization , with its art (see Illuminated manuscript ) and literacy. Through his Rule , Benedict of Nursia ( c.  480 –543), one of the founders of Western monasticism , exerted an enormous influence on European culture through the appropriation of the monastic spiritual heritage of the early Catholic Church and, with the spread of the Benedictine tradition, through

17664-414: Was a victim until he was 40 years old. The 2016 bill was introduced by state senator Ronald N. Young of Frederick County on December 16, 2015, and by delegate Wilson on February 11, 2016. The bill did not advance out of the Judiciary Committee in either chamber following lobbying from the Maryland Catholic Conference. The 2017 bill was introduced by Wilson on February 1, 2017. Following negotiations with

17802-530: Was at its most intense in Poland , and Catholic resistance to Nazism took various forms. Some 2,579 Catholic clergy were sent to the Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp , including 400 Germans. Thousands of priests, nuns and brothers were imprisoned, taken to a concentration camp, tortured and murdered, including Saints Maximilian Kolbe and Edith Stein . Catholics fought on both sides in

17940-645: Was burned at the stake for heresy, but his reform efforts encouraged Martin Luther , an Augustinian friar in modern-day Germany, who sent his Ninety-five Theses to several bishops in 1517. His theses protested key points of Catholic doctrine as well as the sale of indulgences , and along with the Leipzig Debate this led to his excommunication in 1521. In Switzerland , Huldrych Zwingli , John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers further criticized Catholic teachings. These challenges developed into

18078-464: Was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century. The first known use of the phrase "the catholic church" ( Greek : καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία , romanized :  katholikḕ ekklēsía ) occurred in the letter written about 110 AD from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans , which read: "Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, there

18216-461: Was largely resolved in 1415–17 at the Council of Constance , with the claimants in Rome and Pisa agreeing to resign and the third claimant excommunicated by the cardinals, who held a new election naming Martin V pope. In 1438, the Council of Florence convened, which featured a strong dialogue focussed on understanding the theological differences between the East and West, with the hope of reuniting

18354-521: Was referred to the House Rules and Executive Nominations Committee, but never received a hearing. During hearings on a similar bill introduced by state delegate Aruna Miller that would extend the statute of limitations on child sexual abuse lawsuits, Wilson testified to lawmakers about how he had been repeatedly raped and beaten by his adoptive father between ages 9 and 15, but never brought charges against his father and said that he had not realized he

18492-448: Was rejected by the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee amid lobbying from the Maryland Catholic Conference. The 2008 bill was introduced by state delegate Eric M. Bromwell of Baltimore County on February 6, 2008. Bromwell faced pushback from his alma mater, Calvert Hall College High School , whose president wrote school supporters that the bill could cause a "severe, perhaps fatal, decline in enrollment" by allowing for lawsuits against

18630-402: Was signed into law by Governor Larry Hogan on April 4, 2017. The amended bill also included a statute of repose provision that forbade the state from raising the maximum age above 38. The provision was not intended to be a part of the bill and was not noticed until 2019, when state delegate Kathleen Dumais cited it while introducing an amendment to repeal the look back window provision from

18768-442: Was signed into law by Governor Larry Hogan . In February 2023, Maryland Attorney General Anthony Brown wrote in an advice letter that the Maryland General Assembly could amend the state's statute of repose to make exceptions for sexual abuse cases as the legislature had previously done for asbestos cases . The 2020 bill, again named the "Hidden Predator Act", was introduced by Wilson on February 5, 2020. The bill unanimously passed

18906-641: Was term limited. During the Democratic primary, he campaigned for increased funding for college and career readiness programs in schools, more treatment options for heroin addicts , and against what he called "development interests" in Baltimore County, prioritizing land preservation, smart redevelopment , and ethics reforms. He also received endorsements from Attorney General Brian Frosh and Comptroller Peter Franchot , and outraised his Democratic opponents. Following Kamenetz's death in May 2018, Brochin said that he would reject any offers to serve out

19044-416: Was the first bishop of Rome. Others say that the institution of the papacy is not dependent on the idea that Peter was bishop of Rome or even on his ever having been in Rome. Many scholars hold that a church structure of plural presbyters/bishops persisted in Rome until the mid-2nd century, when the structure of a single bishop and plural presbyters was adopted, and that later writers retrospectively applied

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