List of forms of government
64-856: The Maryland Sister States Program was established in 1980 to provide a forum for the promotion of international cooperation and understanding. Through broad-based citizen participation in a wide variety of exchanges in areas of mutual interest, the Sister States Program offers countless opportunities to develop partnership around the world in art , culture , transportation , film , women's issues, business , education , health care , professional development , sports , law , and more. The Maryland Sister States Program currently includes currently includes 20 relationships in 17 countries. Through partnership between U.S. and international communities, Sister Cities International and its members act as citizen diplomats building global cooperation at
128-721: A General Assembly Resolution, where the United Nations recognizes IPU as the world organization of parliaments. Pursuant to this resolution, the Secretary-General submitted a report which was noted with appreciation by the General Assembly, who requested further strengthening of cooperation and another report. This report detailed the measures that had been taken, including opening a liaison office in New York, and cooperation on issues such land-mines and
192-480: A citizen of their respective countries, but of being a citizen of the world . Internationalists feel obliged to assist the world through leadership and charity. Internationalists also advocate the presence of international organizations, such as the United Nations , and often support a stronger form of a world government. Contributors to the current version of internationalism include Albert Einstein , who
256-640: A foreign policy in pursuit of criminal designs, playing upon national prejudices, and squandering in piratical wars the people's blood and treasure? By the mid-1870s, splits within the International over tactical and ideological questions would lead to the organization's demise and pave the way for the formation of the Second International in 1889. One faction, with Marx as the figurehead, argued that workers and radicals must work within parliaments in order to win political supremacy and create
320-405: A general product of the laws of economic competition inherent to capitalism (i.e., competition between capitalists and their respective national governments for natural resources and economic dominance), liberal ideologies which promote international capitalism and "free trade", even if they sometimes speak in positive terms of international cooperation, are, from the socialist standpoint, rooted in
384-580: A novel synthesis from the thesis of nationalism and the antithesis of internationalism. They are using the hegemonic possibilities of nationalism [...] these possibilities are endemic in nationalist habits of thinking." In Jacques Derrida 's 1993 work, Specters of Marx : The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International , he uses Shakespeare 's Hamlet to frame a discussion of
448-748: A view, such global consciousness, may be termed internationalism, the idea that nations and peoples should cooperate instead of preoccupying themselves with their respective national interests or pursuing uncoordinated approaches to promote them. In the strict meaning of the word, internationalism is still based on the existence of sovereign state . Its aims are to encourage multilateralism (world leadership not held by any single country) and create some formal and informal interdependence between countries, with some limited supranational powers given to international organisations controlled by those nations via intergovernmental treaties and institutions. The ideal of many internationalists, among them world citizens ,
512-493: A war threatens to break out, it is the duty of the working classes and their parliamentary representatives in the countries involved supported by the coordinating activity of the International Socialist Bureau to exert every effort in order to prevent the outbreak of war by the means they consider most effective, which naturally vary according to the sharpening of the class struggle and the sharpening of
576-588: A worker's government. The other major faction were the anarchists , led by Bakunin, who saw all state institutions as inherently oppressive, and thus opposed any parliamentary activity and believed that workers action should be aimed at the total destruction of the state. The Socialist International, known as the Second International, was founded in 1889 after the disintegration of the International Workingmen's Association. Unlike
640-510: A world government inclined towards fascism would emerge from the former. These internationalists are more likely to support a loose world federation in which most power resides with national governments or sub-national governments. Internationalism is an important component of socialist political theory, based on the principle that working-class people of all countries must unite across national boundaries and actively oppose nationalism and war in order to overthrow capitalism. In this sense,
704-731: A year either in Geneva or hosted by Member Parliaments. Any proposal to amend the Statutes shall be submitted in writing to the Secretariat of the Union at least three months before the meeting of the Assembly. The Secretariat will immediately communicate all such proposals to the Members of the Union. The consideration of such proposed amendments shall be automatically placed on the agenda of
SECTION 10
#1732783727326768-404: Is anti-imperialist , and therefore supports the liberation of peoples from all forms of colonialism and foreign domination, and the right of nations to self-determination . Therefore, socialists have often aligned themselves politically with anti-colonial independence movements, and actively opposed the exploitation of one country by another. Since war is understood in socialist theory to be
832-449: Is in the ruling class' interest to promote nationalism in order to hide the inherent class conflicts at play within a given society (such as the exploitation of workers by capitalists for profit). Therefore, socialists see nationalism as a form of ideological control arising from a society's given mode of economic production (see dominant ideology ). Since the 19th century, socialist political organizations and radical trade unions such as
896-475: Is to go a step further towards democratic globalization by creating a world government . However, this idea is opposed and/or thwarted by other internationalists, who believe any world government body would be inherently too powerful to be trusted, or because they dislike the path taken by supranational entities such as the United Nations or a union of states such as the European Union and fear that
960-490: Is to promote democratic governance, accountability , and cooperation among its members; other initiatives include advancing gender parity among legislatures, empowering youth participation in politics, and sustainable development . The organization was established in 1889 as the Inter-Parliamentary Conference . Its founders were statesmen Frédéric Passy of France and William Randal Cremer of
1024-496: Is usually characterized by opposition to ultranationalism and isolationism ; support for international institutions, such as the United Nations , and a cosmopolitan outlook that promotes and respects other cultures and customs. The term is similar to, but distinct from, globalism and cosmopolitanism . In 19th-century Great Britain , there was a liberal internationalist strand of political thought epitomized by Richard Cobden and John Bright . Cobden and Bright were against
1088-608: The Industrial Workers of the World have promoted internationalist ideologies and sought to organize workers across national boundaries to achieve improvements in the conditions of labor and advance various forms of industrial democracy . The First , Second , Third , and Fourth Internationals were socialist political groupings which sought to advance worker's revolution across the globe and achieve international socialism (see world revolution ). Socialist internationalism
1152-601: The United Kingdom , and the League of Nations , which was formed after World War I . The former was envisioned as a permanent forum for political multilateral negotiations, while the latter was an attempt to solve the world's security problems through international arbitration and dialogue. J. A. Hobson , a Gladstonian liberal who became a socialist after the Great War , anticipated in his book Imperialism (1902)
1216-475: The United Kingdom , who sought to create the first permanent forum for political multilateral negotiations. Initially, IPU membership was reserved for individual parliamentarians , but has since transformed to include the legislatures of sovereign states. As of 2020, the national parliaments of 180 countries are members of the IPU, while 13 regional parliamentary assemblies are associate members. The IPU facilitates
1280-526: The United Nations , an organization with which it cooperates and with which it has permanent observer status. The headquarters of the union have been moved several times since its inception. Locations: Eight leading personalities of the IPU have received Nobel Peace Prizes : At its founding on 30 June 1889, the Inter-Parliamentary Conference had eight members: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Liberia, Spain, and
1344-452: The protectionist Corn Laws and in a speech at Covent Garden on September 28, 1843, Cobden outlined his utopian brand of internationalism: Free Trade ! What is it? Why, breaking down the barriers that separate nations; those barriers behind which nestle the feelings of pride , revenge , hatred and jealously, which every now and then burst their bounds and deluge whole countries with blood. Cobden believed that Free Trade would pacify
SECTION 20
#17327837273261408-517: The 50th anniversary of the United Nations, in 1995, by holding a special session in the General Assembly Hall before the start of the session, where they planned for closer cooperation with the United Nations. The General Assembly Resolution passed during that session requested the Secretary-General to put this into action. An agreement was signed between the IPU and the Secretary-General on 24 July 1996 and subsequently ratified by
1472-653: The Anarchists. We differ from the former in that we understand the inevitable connection between wars and the class struggle within the country; we understand that war cannot be abolished unless classes are abolished and Socialism is created. The International Workingmen's Association , or First International, was an organization founded in 1864, composed of various working class radicals and trade unionists who promoted an ideology of internationalist socialism and anti-imperialism. Figures such as Karl Marx and anarchist revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin would play prominent roles in
1536-505: The Assembly. Any sub-amendments shall be submitted in writing to the Secretariat of the Union at least six weeks before the meeting of the Assembly. The Secretariat will immediately communicate all such sub-amendments to the Members of the Union. After hearing the opinion of the Governing Council, expressed through a simple majority vote, the Assembly shall decide on such proposals by a two-thirds majority vote. The IPU marked
1600-652: The Communist International established the legal framework for internationalist collaboration and the foundation of agricultural and industrial communes within the USSR. Up until World War II, between seventy and eighty thousand internationalist-minded workers moved to the Soviet Union from abroad. The call for internationalist solidarity attracted settlers from countries such as Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Uruguay and
1664-634: The First International, it was a federation of socialist political parties from various countries, including both reformist and revolutionary groupings. The parties of the Second International were the first socialist parties to win mass support among the working class and have representatives elected to parliaments. These parties, such as the German Social-Democratic Labor Party, were the first socialist parties in history to emerge as serious political players on
1728-505: The First International. The Inaugural Address of the First International , written by Marx in October 1864 and distributed as a pamphlet, contained calls for international cooperation between working people, and condemnations of the imperialist policies of national aggression undertaken by the governments of Europe: If the emancipation of the working classes requires their fraternal concurrence, how are they to fulfill that great mission with
1792-646: The IPU Secretariat, as often and fully as possible, particularly in its annual reports, as to the steps taken and the results obtained. As it can be seen on the map, mostly all the countries in the world have a parliament member of IPU, with the notable exception of the United States, although the 12th (1904), the 23rd (1925) and the 42nd (1953) conferences were hosted in the US. The participating parliamentary assemblies other than national parliaments are
1856-437: The IPU allowed for circulation of official IPU documents in the General Assembly. UN and the IPU cooperate closely in various fields, in particular peace and security, economic and social development, international law, human rights, and democracy and gender issues, but IPU has not obtained the status of UN General Assembly subsidiary organ. The fourth world conference on UN 70th anniversary marked by Ban Ki-Moon as " UN70 "
1920-563: The Prime Minister of Armenia who had just at that time been killed by gunmen ), and passed a resolution requesting the IPU be allowed to address the Millennium General Assembly directly. Following another report, and another half-day debate, the General Assembly welcomed the IPU declaration entitled "The Parliamentary vision for international cooperation at the dawn of the third millennium" and called for
1984-492: The Second International, who so quickly abandoned their internationalist principles and refused to oppose the war. The Zimmerwald Left resolutions urged all socialists who were committed to the internationalist principles of socialism to struggle against the war and commit to international workers' revolution. The perceived betrayal of the social-democrats and the organization of the Zimmerwald Left would ultimately set
Maryland Sister States Program - Misplaced Pages Continue
2048-621: The Secretary-General to explore new and further ways in which the relationship could be strengthened. On 19 November 2002 the IPU was granted observer status to the General Assembly. In the Resolution 59/19, Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union , the UN General Assembly takes note of the recommendations in regard to engaging parliamentarians more systematically in
2112-522: The United Kingdom. The United States also attended but did not formally adopt the treaty of arbitration. The Inter-Parliamentary Union currently has 180 members. It is the duty of the Members of the IPU to submit the resolutions of the IPU within their respective Parliament, in the most appropriate form; to communicate them to the Government; to stimulate their implementation and to inform
2176-698: The United States. One of first communes was formed by 123 workers of the Ford Motor Company's Highland Park factory. Led by the Detroit-based engineer Arthur Adams (1885–1969) the cooperative arrived in 1921 to set up the first automobile plant of the USSR ( Likhachev Plant ) in the vicinity of Moscow. While most communes were short-lived and disbanded by 1927, others such as Interhelpo , an internationalist commune founded 1923 by Ido -speakers in Czechoslovakia, played an important role in
2240-512: The antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end. The idea was reiterated later by Lenin and advanced as the official policy of the Bolshevik party during World War I: Socialists have always condemned war between nations as barbarous and brutal. But our attitude towards war is fundamentally different from that of the bourgeois pacifists (supporters and advocates of peace) and of
2304-416: The aristocratic order." Marx and Engels, Warren claims, understood the empowering potential of Miltonic republican traditions for forging international coalitions—a lesson, perhaps, for "The New International." Inter-Parliamentary Union The Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ; French : Union Interparlementaire , UIP ) is an international organization of national parliaments. Its primary purpose
2368-743: The contemporary successors of Trotsky's original Fourth International. They fear, in a word, that Soviet America will become the counterpart of what they have been told Soviet Russia looks like. Actually American soviets will be as different from the Russian soviets as the United States of President Roosevelt differs from the Russian Empire of Czar Nicholas II. Yet communism can come in America only through revolution, just as independence and democracy came in America. Trotsky on If American Should Go Communist in 1934. The 4th World Congress of
2432-587: The development of international law and institutions, strengthening the foundations and enhancing the vision for peace and the common good, including the Permanent Court of Arbitration , the League of Nations , and the United Nations . It also sponsors and takes part in international conferences and forums, and has permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly . Consequently, eight individuals associated with
2496-617: The endorsement of the League of Nations by such people as Gilbert Murray . The Liberal Party and the Labour Party had prominent internationalist members, like the Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald who believed that 'our true nationality is mankind' Internationalism is most commonly expressed as an appreciation for the diverse cultures in the world, and a desire for world peace . People who express this view believe in not only being
2560-517: The following: The organs of the Inter-Parliamentary Union are: The Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments is a consultative body of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. The Assembly is the IPU's main political body through which the IPU's Member Parliaments adopt parliamentary resolutions on global issues. It plays a pivotal role in addressing the issues which threaten peace, democracy and sustainable development, including through its four thematic standing committees. IPU Assemblies are held twice
2624-399: The further development of the annual parliamentary hearing at the United Nations and other specialized parliamentary meetings in the context of major United Nations meetings as joint United Nations-Inter-Parliamentary Union events . Every year during the fall session of the General Assembly the IPU organises a Parliamentary Hearing. A resolution on cooperation between the United Nations and
Maryland Sister States Program - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-533: The general political situation. In case war should break out anyway it is their duty to intervene in favor of its speedy termination and with all their powers to utilize the economic and political crisis created by the war to arouse the people and thereby to hasten the downfall of capitalist class rule. Despite this, when the war began in 1914, the majority of the Socialist parties of the International turned on each other and sided with their respective governments in
2752-427: The growth of international courts and congresses which would hopefully settle international disputes between nations in a peaceful way. Sir Norman Angell in his work The Great Illusion (1910) claimed that the world was united by trade, finance, industry and communications and that therefore nationalism was an anachronism and that war would not profit anyone involved but would only result in destruction. Lord Lothian
2816-418: The history of the International, ultimately proposing his own vision for a "New International" that is less reliant on large-scale international organizations. As he puts it, the New International should be "without status ... without coordination, without party, without country, without national community, without co-citizenship, without common belonging to a class." Through Derrida's use of Hamlet , he shows
2880-621: The industrialization and urbanization of Soviet Central Asia . By 1932, the Frunze -based cooperative comprised members from 14 different ethnicities who had developed an organic pathwork working language referred to as "spontánne esperanto". Being a product of the New Economic Policy , after Stalin's Great Break most internationalist communes operating in the USSR were either shut down or collectivized. In his work Banal Nationalism , critic Michael Billig argued internationalism
2944-454: The influence that Shakespeare had on Marx and Engel's work on internationalism. In his essay, "Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx", Christopher N. Warren makes the case that English poet John Milton also had a substantial influence on Marx and Engel's work. Paradise Lost , in particular, shows "the possibility of political actions oriented toward international justice founded outside
3008-542: The links between global economic competition and imperialism, and would identify this competition as being a root cause of world conflict. One of the first international organisations in the world was the International Workingmen's Association , formed in London in 1864 by working class socialist and communist political activists (including Karl Marx). Referred to as the First International, the organization
3072-817: The municipal level, promoting cultural understanding and stimulating economic development . Internationalism (politics) Internationalism is a political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation among states and nations . It is associated with other political movements and ideologies, but can also reflect a doctrine, belief system, or movement in itself. Supporters of internationalism are known as internationalists and generally believe that humans should unite across national, political, cultural, racial, or class boundaries to advance their common interests, or that governments should cooperate because their mutual long-term interests are of greater importance than their short-term disputes. Internationalism has several interpretations and meanings, but
3136-482: The organization are Nobel Peace Prize laureates . The organisation's initial objective was the arbitration of conflicts. The IPU played an important part in setting up the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague . Over time, its mission has evolved towards the promotion of democracy and inter-parliamentary dialogue. The IPU has worked for establishment of institutions at the inter-governmental level, including
3200-605: The parliamentary stage, often gaining millions of members. Ostensibly committed to peace and anti-imperialism, the International Socialist Congress held its final meeting in Basel, Switzerland in 1912, in anticipation of the outbreak of World War I. The manifesto adopted at the Congress outlined the Second International's opposition to the war and its commitment to a speedy and peaceful resolution: If
3264-431: The promotion of representative democracy. Following an entire morning of debate the General Assembly passed a resolution which simply stated that it "looks forward to continued close cooperation". The following year (1999) the Secretary-General reported on an increased number of areas of cooperation, the issue was debated for an entire afternoon (interrupted by a minute of silence held for tribute to Vazgen Sargsyan ,
SECTION 50
#17327837273263328-458: The socialist understanding of internationalism is closely related to the concept of international solidarity . Socialist thinkers such as Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels , and Vladimir Lenin argue that economic class, rather than (or interrelated with) nationality, race, or culture, is the main force which divides people in society, and that nationalist ideology is a propaganda tool of a society's dominant economic class. From this perspective, it
3392-621: The stage for the emergence of the world's first modern communist parties and the formation of the Third International in 1919. The Communist International, also known as the Comintern or the Third International, was formed in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution , the end of the first World War, and the dissolution of the Second International. It was an association of communist political parties from throughout
3456-548: The very economic forces which drive world conflict. In socialist theory, world peace can only come once economic competition has been ended and class divisions within society have ceased to exist. This idea was expressed in 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto : In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another will also be put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to. In proportion as
3520-566: The war effort, betraying their internationalist values and leading to the dissolution of the Second International. This betrayal led the few anti-war delegates left within the Second International to organize the International Socialist Conference at Zimmerwald, Switzerland in 1915. Known as the Zimmerwald Conference, its purpose was to formulate a platform of opposition to the war. The conference
3584-591: The work of the United Nations. The final declaration of the Second World Conference of Speakers of Parliament, hosted at United Nations headquarters, took place in September 2005, was entitled Bridging the democracy gap in international relations: A stronger role for parliament . In the Resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly, 61/6, Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union , on 27 November 2006, it calls for
3648-400: The world by interdependence , an idea also expressed by Adam Smith in his The Wealth of Nations and common to many liberals of the time. A belief in the idea of the moral law and an inherent goodness in human nature also inspired their faith in internationalism. Those liberal conceptions of internationalism were harshly criticized by socialists and radicals at the time, who pointed out
3712-483: The world dedicated to proletarian internationalism and the revolutionary overthrow of the world bourgeoisie. The Manifesto of the Communist International , written by Leon Trotsky , describes the political orientation of the Comintern as "against imperialist barbarism, against monarchy, against the privileged estates, against the bourgeois state and bourgeois property, against all kinds and forms of class or national oppression". The fourth and last socialist international
3776-693: Was a socialist and believed in a world government, and classified the follies of nationalism as "an infantile sickness". Conversely, other internationalists such as Christian Lange and Rebecca West saw little conflict between holding nationalist and internationalist positions. For both intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations to emerge, nations and peoples had to be strongly aware that they shared certain interests and objectives across national boundaries and they could best solve their many problems by pooling their resources and effecting transnational cooperation, rather than through individual countries' unilateral efforts. Such
3840-591: Was an internationalist and an imperialist who in December 1914 looked forward to "the voluntary federation of the free civilised nations which will eventually exorcise the spectre of competitive armaments and give lasting peace to mankind." In September 1915, he thought the British Empire was "the perfect example of the eventual world Commonwealth ." Internationalism expressed itself in Britain through
3904-461: Was borne out of the rise of nationalism, and rejects attempts to counterpose the two. He writes: "An outward-looking element of internationalism is part of nationalism and has accompanied the rise of nationalism historically. When US presidents, today, claim to speak simultaneously on behalf of their nation and a new world order, they are not placing, side by side in the same utterance, elements from two, clearly separate ideologies; nor are they creating
SECTION 60
#17327837273263968-517: Was dedicated to the advancement of working class political interests across national boundaries, and was in direct ideological opposition to strains of liberal internationalism which advocated free trade and capitalism as means of achieving world peace and interdependence. Other international organizations included the Inter-Parliamentary Union , established in 1889 by Frédéric Passy from France and William Randal Cremer from
4032-463: Was founded by Leon Trotsky and his followers in 1938 in opposition to the Third International and the direction taken by the USSR under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. The Fourth International declared itself to be the true ideological successor of the original Comintern under Lenin, carrying on the banner of proletarian internationalism which had been abandoned by Stalin's Comintern. A variety of still active left-wing political organizations claim to be
4096-631: Was unable to reach agreement on all points, but ultimately was able to publish the Zimmerwald Manifesto, which was drafted by Leon Trotsky. The most left-wing and stringently internationalist delegates at the conference were organized around Lenin and the Russian Social Democrats, and known as the Zimmerwald Left . They bitterly condemned the war and what they described as the hypocritical "social-chauvinists" of
#325674