Misplaced Pages

#338661

70-449: The Maryland State Archives serves as the central depository for government records of permanent value. Its holdings date from Maryland's founding in 1634 , and include colonial and state executive, legislative, and judicial records; county probate , land, and court records; church records; business records; state publications and reports; and special collections of private papers, maps, photographs, and newspapers. These records are kept in

140-634: A Catholic, from power in Maryland. That power was restored to the Baltimore family in 1715 after Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore , declared in public that he was a Protestant . Despite early competition with the colony of Virginia to its south, and the Holland Dutch colony of New Netherland to its north, the province of Maryland developed along similar lines to Virginia. Its early settlements and population centers tended to cluster around

210-566: A building called the Hall of Records on St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) campus with a capacity of 18,000 cubic feet. In 1986, construction was completed and the collections were moved into a new building, named the Dr. Edward C. Papenfuse State Archives Building, with a capacity of 160,000 cubic feet. This Maryland -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Province of Maryland The Province of Maryland

280-459: A conflict between settlers from Pennsylvania and Maryland fought in the 1730s. Hostilities erupted in 1730 with a series of violent incidents prompted by disputes over property rights and law enforcement, and escalated through the first half of the decade, culminating in the deployment of military forces by Maryland in 1736 and by Pennsylvania in 1737. The armed phase of the conflict ended in May 1738 with

350-515: A decade, the free men of Maryland passed an act to the effect that "assemblies were to be called once in every three years at the least," ensuring that their voices would be regularly heard. Due to immigration, by 1660 the population of the Province had gradually become predominantly Protestant. Political power remained concentrated in the hands of the largely Catholic elite. Most councilors were Catholics and many were related by blood or marriage to

420-584: A humidity and temperature controlled environment and any necessary preservation measures are conducted in the Archives' conservation laboratory. The Hall of Records, predecessor of the Maryland State Archives, was created as an independent agency in 1935, charged with the collection, custody, and preservation of the official records, documents, and publications of the state (Chapter 18, Acts of 1935). Impetus for its development can be traced to

490-461: A large cross, and led by Jesuit Father Andrew White celebrated Mass. The new settlement was called " St. Mary's City " and it became the first capital of Maryland. It remained so for sixty years until 1695 when the colony's capital was moved north to the more central, newly established "Anne Arundel's Town (also briefly known as "Providence") and later renamed as " Annapolis ". More settlers soon followed. The tobacco crops that they had planted from

560-399: A minister briefly in the colony, but soon renounced his priesthood in order to marry Susannah Slye. Susannah’s father, Thomas Gerrard, was an important figure in the colony, but had his grievances towards the ruling Calvert family. This relationship helped influence Coode's growing disfavor towards the Maryland government. After his marriage to Susannah, Coode became involved in the affairs of

630-428: A new government that outlawed Catholicism , and Darnall was deprived of all his official roles. Coode's government was, however, unpopular; and William III installed a Crown-appointed governor in 1692. This was Lionel Copley who governed Maryland until his death in 1694 and was replaced by Francis Nicholson. After this " Protestant Revolution " in Maryland, Darnall was forced, like many other Catholics, to maintain

700-412: A new government that outlawed both Catholicism and Anglicanism , and Darnall was deprived of all his official positions. Coode was now in control of the colony, and on August 1, 1689, assumed the responsibility of the government under the title 'Commander-in-Chief'. He remained in power until the new royal governor, Nehemiah Blakiston was appointed on July 27, 1691. For a while, Coode participated in

770-928: A peninsula in the Chesapeake Bay bordered by four tidal rivers. The province began in 1632 as the Maryland Palatinate , a proprietary palatinate granted to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore , whose father, George, had long sought to found a colony in the New World to serve as a refuge for Catholics at the time of the European wars of religion . Palatines from the Holy Roman Empire also immigrated to Maryland, with many settling in Fredrick County , with Maryland Palatines ( Palatine German : Marylandisch Pälzer ) reaching

SECTION 10

#1732772760339

840-517: A policy of religious toleration. To try to gain settlers, Maryland used what is known as the headright system , which originated in Jamestown . Settlers were given 50 acres (20 ha) of land for each person they brought into the colony, whether as settler, indentured servant , or slave . Of the 200 or so initial settlers who traveled to Maryland on the ships Ark and Dove, the majority were Protestant. On November 22, 1633, Lord Baltimore sent

910-626: A population of 50,000 by 1774. Provincial Maryland served as an early pioneer of religious toleration in the English colonies. However, religious strife among Anglicans , Puritans , Catholics, and Quakers was common in the early years and Puritan rebels briefly seized control of the province. Later, in 1689, the year following the Glorious Revolution in Great Britain, John Coode led a rebellion that removed Lord Baltimore,

980-565: A rapid expansion of indentured servitude and, later, forcible immigration and enslavement of Africans . John Coode (Governor of Maryland) Coode was born in Penryn , Cornwall, Kingdom of England about 1648, to a wealthy Cornish family. He attended Oxford University when he was 16 years old. Coode and his father had a falling out the year before, as young Coode was said to be behaving "sinfully." In 1668 Coode became an Anglican priest. In 1672, he journeyed to Maryland. Coode served as

1050-545: A secret chapel in his home in order to celebrate the Catholic Mass . In 1704, an Act was passed "to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province", preventing Catholics from holding political office. Full religious toleration would not be restored in Maryland until the American Revolution , when Darnall's great-grandson Charles Carroll of Carrollton , arguably the wealthiest Catholic in Maryland, signed

1120-654: A smallpox epidemic in 1661, the Susquehannock easily withstood a siege in 1663, and destroyed a Haudenosaunee war party in 1666. By 1675, epidemics and years of war had taken their toll on the Susquehannock. They abandoned their village on the Susquehanna River and moved south into Maryland. Governor Charles Calvert invited them to settle on the Potomac River above the Great Falls , however,

1190-518: A substantial majority in the colony, revolted against the proprietary government , in part because of the apparent preferment of Catholics like Colonel Henry Darnall to official positions of power. Led by Colonel John Coode , an army of 700 Puritans defeated a proprietarial army led by Colonel Darnall. Darnall later wrote: "Wee being in this condition and no hope left of quieting the people thus enraged, to prevent effusion of blood, capitulated and surrendered." The victorious Coode and his Puritans set up

1260-628: A time. When dissidents pressed for an established church, Caecilius Calvert's noted that Maryland settlers were " Presbyterians , Independents , Anabaptists , and Quakers , those of the Church of England as well as the Romish being the fewest ... it would be a most difficult task to draw such persons to consent unto a Law which shall compel them to maintaine ministers of a contrary perswasion to themselves." In 1650, Maryland had 10 churches with regular services which included all 5 Catholic churches in

1330-489: A trading relationship with the English. A Haudenosaunee raid in 1660 led Maryland to expand its treaty with the Susquehannock into an alliance. The Maryland assembly authorized armed assistance, and described the Susquehannock as "a Bullwarke and Security of the Northern Parts of this Province." A detachment of 50 soldiers was sent to help defend the Susquehannock town against Haudenosaunee attacks. Despite suffering

1400-468: The 40th degree of north latitude from the aequinoctial, where New England is terminated." The boundary line would then continue westward along the fortieth parallel "unto the true meridian of the first fountain of the river Pattowmack ". From there, the boundary continued south to the southern bank of the Potomac River, continue along the southern river bank to the Chesapeake Bay, and "thence by

1470-588: The Act Concerning Religion in matters of religion. The 1st Lord Baltimore was himself a convert to Catholicism , a considerable political setback for a nobleman in 17th-century England, where Catholics could easily be considered enemies of the crown and potential traitors to their country. Like other aristocratic proprietors, he also hoped to turn a profit on the new colony. The Calvert family recruited Catholic aristocrats and Protestant settlers for Maryland, luring them with generous land grants and

SECTION 20

#1732772760339

1540-573: The American Declaration of Independence . Early settlements and population centers tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into Chesapeake Bay . In the 17th century, most Marylanders lived in rough conditions on small farms. While they raised a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, and livestock, the main cash crop was tobacco , which soon dominated the province's economy. The Province of Maryland developed along lines very similar to those of Virginia. Tobacco

1610-684: The English Civil War , Claiborne led an uprising of Protestants in what came to be called the Plundering Time , also known as "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion", and retook Kent Island. Meanwhile, privateer Captain Richard Ingle (Claiborne's co-commander) seized control of St. Mary's City , the capital of the Maryland colony. Catholic Governor Calvert escaped to the Virginia Colony which remained nominally loyal to

1680-788: The Maryland Toleration Act , also known as the Act Concerning Religion, a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians. Passed on September 21, 1649, by the assembly of the Maryland Colony, it was the first law requiring religious tolerance in the English North American colonies. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War (1649–1651), Parliamentary ( Puritan ) forces assumed control of Maryland for

1750-657: The Meherrin River near the village of the Siouan-speaking Occaneechi . In January 1676, the Susquehannock raided plantations in Virginia, killing 36 colonists. Nathaniel Bacon , unhappy with Governor Sir William Berkeley 's response to the raids, organized a volunteer militia to hunt down the Susquehannock. Bacon persuaded the Occaneechi to attack the closest Susquehannock encampment. After

1820-525: The Susquehannock , an Iroquoian-speaking tribe that lived in the lower Susquehanna River valley. Following a raid on a Jesuit mission in 1641, the Governor of Maryland declared the Susquehannock "enemies of the province." A few attempts were made to organize a military campaign, however, it was not until 1643 that an ill-fated expedition was mounted. The Susquehannock inflicted numerous casualties on

1890-665: The United Provinces , specifically claimed the Delaware River valley and was vague about its border with Virginia. Charles rejected all the Dutch claims on the Atlantic seaboard, but was anxious to bolster English claims by formally occupying the territory. The new colony was named after the devoutly Catholic Queen Henrietta Maria , by an agreement between the 1st Lord Baltimore and King Charles I. Colonial Maryland

1960-580: The 2nd Baron Baltimore. Some historians view this grant as a form of compensation for the 2nd Lord Baltimore's father's having been stripped of his title of Secretary of State upon announcing his Catholicism in 1625. Whatever the reason for granting the colony specifically to Lord Baltimore, however, the King had practical reasons to create a colony north of the Potomac in 1632. The colony of New Netherland begun by England's great imperial rival in this era,

2030-570: The Calverts, enjoying political patronage and often lucrative offices such as commands in the militia or sinecures in the Land Office. Although Maryland was an early pioneer of religious toleration in the British colonies, religious strife among Anglicans , Puritans , Catholics , and Quakers was common in the early years, and Puritan rebels briefly seized control of the province. In 1644

2100-579: The Colony. Over the next few years, he was appointed a captain of the militia, a justice in Saint Mary's County, and elected to the Maryland Assembly. In 1681, Coode took part in a rebellion against the government. It is not known exactly what role he played in this plot, but after its ensuing failure, he was arrested along with former Maryland governor, Josias Fendall (ca. 1628-1687). Coode

2170-601: The English and captured two cannon. 15 prisoners were taken and afterwards tortured to death. Raids on Maryland continued intermittently until 1652. In the winter of 1652, the Susquehannock were attacked by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), and although the attack was repulsed, it led to the Susquehannock negotiating the Articles of Peace and Friendship with Maryland. The Susquehannock relinquished their claim to territory on either side of Chesapeake Bay, and reestablished

Maryland State Archives - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-519: The Honorable Leonard Calvert , whom Baltimore had delegated to serve as governor of the new colony. The Native Americans in Maryland were a peaceful people who welcomed the English. At the time of the founding of the Maryland colony, approximately forty tribes consisting of 8,000 – 10,000 people lived in the area. They were fearful of the colonists' guns, but welcomed trade for metal tools. The Native Americans who were living in

2310-401: The King for the payment of "two Indian arrowheads annually and one fifth of all gold and silver found in the colony." Maryland's foundation charter was drafted in feudal terms and based on the practices of the ancient County Palatine of Durham , which existed until 1646. He was given the rights and privileges of a Palatine lord , and the extensive authority that went with it. The Proprietor had

2380-708: The Maryland-Pennsylvania border in 1767, setting out the Mason–Dixon line . In 1672, Lord Baltimore declared that Maryland included the settlement of Whorekills on the west shore of the Delaware Bay, an area under the jurisdiction of the Province of New York (as the British had renamed New Netherland after taking possession in 1664). A force was dispatched which attacked and captured this settlement. New York could not immediately respond because New York

2450-528: The Occaneechi returned with Susquehannock prisoners, Bacon turned on his allies and indiscriminately massacred Occaneechi men, women and children. Other Susquehannock refugees fled to hunting camps on the North Branch of the Potomac or took refuge with the Lenape. Some refugees returned to the Susquehanna River in 1676 and established a palisaded village near the site of their previous village. This village

2520-680: The Privy Council persuaded Lord Baltimore to accept instead a charter for lands north of the Virginia colony, in order to put pressure on the Dutch settlements further north along the Delaware and Hudson Rivers . Calvert agreed, but died in 1632 before the charter was formally signed by King Charles I. The Royal Grant and Charter for the new colony of Maryland was then granted to his son, Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore , on June 20, 1632. This placed Claiborne on Calvert land. Claiborne refused to recognize Lord Baltimore's charter and rights, or

2590-496: The Susquehannock instead chose to occupy a site on Piscataway Creek where they erected a palisaded fort. In July 1675, a group of Virginians chasing Doeg raiders crossed the Potomac into Maryland and mistakenly killed several Susquehannock. Subsequent raids in Virginia and Maryland were blamed on the tribe. In September 1675, a thousand-man expedition against the Susquehannock was mounted by militia from Virginia and Maryland led by John Washington and Thomas Truman. After arriving at

2660-495: The Susquehannock town, Truman and Washington summoned five sachems to a parley, but then had them summarily executed. Sorties during the ensuing six-week siege resulted in 50 English deaths. In early November, the Susquehannock escaped the siege under cover of darkness, killing ten of the militia as they slept. Most of Susquehannock crossed the Potomac and took refuge in the Piedmont of Virginia. Two encampments were established on

2730-539: The authority of his brother Leonard as governor. Following the arrest of one of his agents for trading in Maryland waters without a license in 1635, Claiborne fitted out an armed ship. There ensued a naval battle on April 23, 1635, by the mouth of the Pocomoke River during which three Virginians were killed. Following this battle, Leonard Calvert captured Kent Island by force in February 1638. In 1644, during

2800-711: The colonies at the time, 4 Anglican churches, and 1 Congregational church. Following the First Great Awakening (1730–1755), the number of regular places of worship in Maryland grew to 94 in 1750 (50 Anglican, 18 Presbyterian , 15 Catholic, 4 Baptist , 4 Dutch Reformed , and 3 Lutheran ), with the colony gaining an additional 110 regular places of worship to a total of 204 by 1776 (51 Episcopal, 30 Catholic, 29 Presbyterian, 26 Friends , 21 Methodism , 16 German Reformed , 16 Lutheran, 5 Baptist, 5 German Baptist Brethren , 2 Dutch Reformed , 2 Moravian , and 1 Mennonite ). In 1689, Maryland Puritans , by now

2870-734: The colonies, and the Maryland General Assembly fulfilled much the same function as the House of Commons of England . An act was passed providing that: In addition, the Lord Proprietor could summon any delegates whom he was pleased to select. In some ways the General Assembly was an improvement upon the institutions of the mother country. In 1639, noting that Parliament had not been summoned in England for

Maryland State Archives - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-648: The command of William Stone , met Puritans loyal to the Commonwealth of England from Providence under the command of Captain William Fuller. 17 of Stone's men and two Puritans were killed, resulting in victory for the Puritans. The issue of the ongoing Claiborne grievance was finally settled by an agreement reached in 1657. Lord Baltimore gave Claiborne amnesty for all of his offenses, Virginia laid aside any claim it had to Maryland territory, and Claiborne

3010-574: The crown until 1652. The Protestant pirates began plundering the property of anyone who did not swear allegiance to the Parliament of England , mainly Catholics. The rebellion was put down in 1647 by Governor Calvert. The victory of Parliament in England renewed old tensions. This led to the 1655 Battle of the Severn , at the settlement of "Providence" (present-day Annapolis, Maryland ). Moderate Protestants and Catholics loyal to Lord Baltimore, under

3080-585: The defence of the Protestant religion, and for asserting the right of King William and Queen Mary to the Province of Maryland and all the English dominions." Coode raised an army against Maryland's Catholic leaders, which was helped by a rumor he spread warning that the Catholics had invited the native tribes to come and kill the Protestants. Coode's army of 700 men attacked the state house, a symbol of

3150-510: The dispute with William Claiborne led to armed conflict. Claiborne seized Kent Island while his associate, the pro-Parliament Puritan Richard Ingle, took over St. Mary's. Both used religion as a tool to gain popular support. From 1644 to 1646, the so-called " Plundering Time " was a period of civil unrest aggravated by the tensions of the English Civil War (1641–1651). Leonard Calvert returned from exile with troops, recaptured St. Mary's City, and eventually restored order. In 1649 Maryland passed

3220-446: The exception of several periods of rebellion by early Protestants and later colonists, the colony/province remained under the control of the several Lords Baltimore until 1775–1776, when it joined with other colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and eventually became the independent and sovereign U.S. State of Maryland . The establishment of the Province of Maryland disrupted the trade relationship between Virginia colonists and

3290-511: The expansion of indentured servitude and British penal transportation . Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province. Maryland was an active participant in the events leading up to the American Revolution , echoing events in New England by establishing committees of correspondence and hosting its own tea party similar to the one that took place in Boston . By 1776

3360-499: The fact that most political offices were held by Catholics or other close friends of the Calverts. Many Protestants were also upset because Maryland's government had not yet recognized the new Protestant king and queen of England, William III and Mary II , who had seized power from the Catholic King James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In April 1689, John Coode helped lead "An association in arms , for

3430-525: The financial losses he had sustained in his earlier colonial venture in Newfoundland. In 1631, William Claiborne , a Puritan from Virginia, received a royal trading commission granting him the right to trade with the natives in all lands in the mid-Atlantic where there was not already a patent in effect. Claiborne established a trading post on Kent Island on May 28, 1631. Meanwhile, back in London,

3500-670: The first settlers to the new colony, and after a long voyage with a stopover to resupply in Barbados , the Ark and the Dove landed on March 25, 1634 (thereafter celebrated as " Maryland Day "), at Blackistone Island , thereafter known as St. Clement's Island , off the northern shore of the Potomac River , upstream from its confluence with the Chesapeake Bay and Point Lookout . The new settlers were led by Lord Baltimore's younger brother

3570-414: The future Canadian province of Newfoundland called " Avalon ", he convinced the King to grant him a second territory in more southern, temperate climes. Upon Baltimore's death in 1632 the grant was transferred to his eldest son Cecil , the 2nd Baron Baltimore. On June 20, 1632, Charles granted the original charter for Maryland , a proprietary colony of about twelve million acres (49,000 km ), to

SECTION 50

#1732772760339

3640-600: The intervention of King George II, who compelled the negotiation of a cease-fire. A provisional agreement had been established in 1732. Maryland lost some of its original territory to Pennsylvania in the 1660s when King Charles II granted the Penn family, owners of Pennsylvania, a tract that overlapped the Calvert family's Maryland grant. For 80 years the powerful Penn and Calvert families had feuded over overlapping Royal grants . Surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon mapped

3710-559: The location where the colonists first settled were called the Yaocomico Indians. The colonists gave the Yaocomico Indians cloth, hatchets, and hoes in exchange for the right to settle on the land. The Yaocomico Indians allowed the English settlers to live in their houses, a type of longhouse called a witchott. The Indians also taught the colonists how to plant corn, beans, and squash, as well as where to find food such as clams and oysters. Here at St. Clement's Island they raised

3780-526: The new government, but he again became dissatisfied and would participate in two more uprisings against the colonial leadership. In 1699, he was accused of speaking out against the Christian faith and was put on trial for blasphemy. A jury found him guilty and sentenced him to pay a 20-pound sterling fine and to be bored through the tongue with a red hot iron. However, the governor at the time, Nathanial Blakiston, pardoned him in respect for his past service in

3850-409: The old order had been overthrown as Maryland's colonial representatives signed the Declaration of Independence , presaging the end of British colonial rule. The Catholic George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (1579–1632), former Secretary of State to King Charles I of England , wished to create a haven for English Catholics in the New World. After having visited the Americas and founded a colony in

3920-458: The outset were very successful and quickly made the new colony profitable. However, given the incidence of malaria and typhoid, life expectancy in Maryland was about 10 years less than in New England. "Historic St. Mary's City" (a historic preservationist/tourism agency) has been established to protect what is left of the ruins of the original 17th-century village, and several reconstructed, government buildings, little of which remained intact. With

3990-443: The proprietary government's authority and home to the colony's records. His army then marched into Saint Mary's City and forced the council to surrender power to them, defeating a proprietarial army led by Colonel Henry Darnall . Darnall later wrote: "Wee being in this condition and no hope left of quieting the people thus enraged, to prevent effusion of blood, capitulated and surrendered." The victorious Coode and his Puritans set up

4060-405: The right and power to establish courts and appoint judges and magistrates, to enforce all laws, to grant titles, to erect towns, to pardon all offenses, to found churches, to call out the fighting population and wage war, to impose martial law, to convey or lease the land, and to levy duties and tolls. However, as elsewhere in English North America, English political institutions were re-created in

4130-426: The rivers and other waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay, and, like Virginia, Maryland's economy quickly became centered on the cultivation of tobacco for sale in Europe. However, after tobacco prices collapsed, the need for cheap labor to accommodate the mixed farming economy that followed led to a rapid expansion of the Atlantic slave trade and the concomitant American enslavement of Africans —as well as

4200-421: The shortest line unto the aforesaid promontory, or place, called Watkin's Point." Based on this deceptively imprecise description of the boundary, the land may have comprised up to 18,750 square miles (48,600 km ), 50% larger than today's State. In Maryland, Baltimore sought to create a haven for English Catholics and to demonstrate that Catholics and Protestants could live together peacefully, even issuing

4270-411: The state's tercentenary celebrations of 1934. The Maryland Tercentenary Commission made a modern, centralized archives a key feature of the commemoration of the state's 300th anniversary. A "Memorial Hall of Records" was proposed as early as 1928, and in 1931, the Maryland General Assembly appropriated funds to erect an archives building which was opened to the public in 1935. A Hall of Records Commission

SECTION 60

#1732772760339

4340-414: The will was challenged by the family of Frederick's sister, Louisa Calvert Browning, who did not recognize Harford's inheritance. Before the case could grind its way through the Court of Chancery , Maryland had become engulfed by the American Revolution and by 1776 was at war with Britain. Henry Harford would ultimately lose almost all his colonial possessions. Lord Baltimore held all the land directly from

4410-404: Was also abandoned when the inhabitants merged with the Haudenosaunee a few years later. In 1629, George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore , "driven by 'the sacred duty of finding a refuge for his Catholic brethren'", applied to Charles I for a royal charter to establish a colony south of Virginia. He also wanted a share of the fortunes being made in tobacco in Virginia, and hoped to recoup some of

4480-411: Was also created in 1935 to serve as management for the Archives; it took on an advisory role in 1984. The Hall of Records was incorporated into the Maryland Department of General Services in 1970 (Chapter 97, Acts of 1970). In 1984, it was renamed the State Archives and became an independent agency within the office of the Governor (Chapter 286, Acts of 1984). From 1935-1986 the collection was housed in

4550-414: Was an English and later British colony in North America from 1634 until 1776, when the province was one of the Thirteen Colonies that joined in supporting the American Revolution against Great Britain . In 1781, Maryland was the 13th signatory to the Articles of Confederation . The province's first settlement and capital was in St. Mary's City , located at the southern end of St. Mary's County ,

4620-426: Was considerably larger than the present-day State of Maryland . The original charter granted the Calverts a province with a boundary line that started "from the promontory or headland, called Watkin's Point, situate upon the bay aforesaid near the river Wighco on the West, unto the main ocean on the east; and between that boundary on the south, unto that part of the bay of Delaware on the north, which lyeth under

4690-556: Was indemnified with extensive land grants in Virginia for his loss of Kent Island. "Multiple colonial charters, two negotiated settlements by the states in 1785 and 1958, an arbitrated agreement in 1877, and several Supreme Court decisions have defined how Maryland and Virginia would deal with the Potomac River as a boundary line, and shaped the boundary on the Eastern Shore (separating Accomack County, Virginia , from Worcester and Somerset counties in Maryland)." The border dispute with Pennsylvania continued and led to Cresap's War ,

4760-475: Was later freed on bail, but he was removed from office and viewed as a dissident of the Calverts. Charles Calvert described both Fendall and Coode as "rank Baconists ", comparing both men with the 1676 rebellion which had caused great disruption in neighbouring Virginia . Fendall was banished from Maryland, but Coode escaped punishment. In 1689, Coode planned another rebellion. An increasing number of Protestants had been moving to Maryland and they began to resent

4830-514: Was soon recaptured by the Dutch. This settlement was restored to the Province of New York when New York was recaptured from the Dutch in November, 1674. Frederick died in 1771, by which time relations between Britain and her American colonies were fast deteriorating. In his will, Frederick left his proprietary Palatinate of Maryland to his eldest illegitimate son, Henry Harford , then aged just 13. The colony, perhaps grateful to be rid of Frederick at last, recognized Harford as Calvert's heir. However,

4900-467: Was used as money, and the colonial legislature was obliged to pass a law requiring tobacco planters to raise a certain amount of corn as well, in order to ensure that the colonists would not go hungry. Like Virginia, Maryland's economy quickly became centered around the farming of tobacco for sale in Europe. The need for cheap labor to help with the growth of tobacco, and later with the mixed farming economy that developed when tobacco prices collapsed, led to

#338661