61-453: Maryul ( Ladakhi : མར་ཡུལ། ), also called mar-yul of mnga'-ris , was the western-most Tibetan kingdom based in modern-day Ladakh and some parts of Tibet . The kingdom had its capital at Shey . The kingdom was founded by Lhachen Palgyigon , during the rule of his father Kyide Nyimagon , in c. 930 . It stretched from the Zoji La at the border of Kashmir to Demchok in
122-529: A "wealthy country of Tibet", with a tribe named Mayul . These facts suggest that Mar-yul ("land of Mar ") might have been a proper name of the country. The name was in use at least until the 16th century. Mirza Haidar Dughlat referred to it as Maryul and named a region called "Ladaks" that was apparently distinct from Maryul. It was also used by the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Francisco de Azevedo when he visited Ladakh in 1631, but his usage of
183-581: A provincial autonomous region with Gilgit as its capital and Skardu its largest city. Skardu has several tourist resorts and many natural features, including plains, mountains and mountain-valley lakes. The Deosai plain , Satpara Lake and Basho also host tourists. North of Skardu, the Shigar Valley offers plains, hiking tracks, peaks and campsites. Other valleys in Baltistan region are Khaplu , Rondu , Kachura Lake and Kharmang . Baltistan
244-518: Is a mountainous region in the Pakistani -administered territory of Gilgit-Baltistan and constitutes a northern portion of the larger Kashmir region that has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. It is located near the Karakoram (south of K2 ) and borders Gilgit to the west, China 's Xinjiang to the north, Indian -administered Ladakh to the southeast, and
305-712: Is a rocky wilderness of around 70,000 square kilometres (27,000 sq mi), with the largest cluster of mountains in the world and the biggest glaciers outside the polar regions. The Himalayas advance into this region from India, Tibet and Nepal, and north of them are the Karakoram range. Both ranges run northwest, separated by the Indus River . Along the Indus and its tributaries are many valleys. Glaciers include Baltoro Glacier , Biafo Glacier , Siachen Glacier , Trango Glacier and Godwin-Austen Glacier . Baltistan
366-558: Is customary to add the suffix 'le' at the end of sentences as a sign of respect towards the individual being spoken to. This linguistic convention is a way to express politeness and honor towards the listener, emphasizing the cultural values of respect and courtesy. Written Ladakhi is most often romanised using modified Wylie transliteration , with th denoting an aspirated dental t , for example. Baltistan Baltistan ( Urdu : بلتستان ; Balti : སྦལ་ཏི་སྟཱན་། ) also known as Baltiyul or Little Tibet (Balti: སྦལ་ཏི་ཡུལ་། ),
427-661: Is home to more than 20 peaks of over 6,100 metres (20,000 ft), including K2 (the second-highest mountain on earth. Other well-known peaks include Masherbrum (also known as K1), Broad Peak , Hidden Peak , Gasherbrum II , Gasherbrum IV and Chogolisa (in the Khaplu Valley ). The following peaks have been scaled: The region has a population of about 303,214 as of 2017. It is a blend of ethnic groups, predominantly Baltis , and Tibetans . A few Kashmiris settled in Skardu, practicing agriculture and woodcraft. Before
488-775: Is spoken, Shamskat , spoken northwest of Leh, Stotskat, spoken in the Indus valley and which unlike the others is tonal, Nubra, spoken north of Leh, the Changthang language , spoken in the Changtang region by the Changpa people, and the Zangskari language , spoken in the Zanskar region of Ladakh. The Ladakhi language ( Tibetan : ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་ , Wylie : La-dwags skad ) is also referred to as Bhoti or Bodhi . Supporters of
549-644: Is spoken. 2: Shamskat, spoken northwest of Leh in the sham region of ladakh. 3 :Stotskat, spoken in the upper Indus valley of ladakh and which unlike the others is tonal. 4 :Nubraskat , spoken north of Leh in the nubra region of Ladakh. 5 :The Changthang language, spoken in the Changtang region by the Changpa people . 6: The Zangskari language, spoken in the Zanskar region of Ladakh. Nicolas Tournadre considers Ladakhi, Balti , and Purgi to be distinct languages on
610-804: The 1st Dalai Lama , patronized the Gelug scholar gSan-p'u-ba Lha dban-blo-gros , and raided the Kingdom of Guge. The final years of his reign were disastrous, and he was eventually deposed in 1460, ending his dynasty. In 1460, the Namgyal dynasty was established. According to the Ladakh Chronicles , the warlike Lhachen Bhagan formed an alliance with the people of Leh and dethroned the Maryul king Blo-gros-mc-og-ldan and his brothers drun-pa A-li and Slab-bstan-dar-rgyas. Sengge Namgyal (r. 1616–1642),
671-544: The Arabic script by Muslim and Christian Ladakhis. Ladakhi has a regular five vowel system, but with [a] being replaced with [ə] , making it unusual, as most languages have [a] . Ladakhi is usually written using Tibetan script , and the pronunciation of Ladakhi is much closer to written Classical Tibetan than that of most other Tibetic languages . Ladakhis pronounce many of the prefix, suffix and head letters that are silent in many other Tibetic languages, in particular
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#1732780334615732-685: The Central Tibetan . This tendency is more pronounced to the west of Leh, and on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control , in Baltistan . For example, a Tibetan would pronounce sta ('axe') as [tá], but a Lehpa would say [sta], and a Purgi would pronounce [stare]. While a Tibetan would pronounce འབྲས་ ’bras ('rice') as [ɳʈɛ́ʔ], Lehpa say [ɖas], and the Purgi pronounce it as [bras]. Although
793-575: The Dogra dynasty of Jammu and Kashmir . A historical claim was again made in the 19th century, after the Dogra general Zorawar Singh conquered Ladakh. Singh claimed all of western Tibet up to the Mayum Pass as Ladakhi territory and occupied it. Once again, Lhasa dispatched troops that defeated Zorawar Singh and laid siege to Leh. After the Dogras received reinforcements, a stalemate was obtained and
854-733: The Gilgit Agency and Baltistan have since been under Pakistani governance while the Kashmir Valley and the Kargil and Leh tehsils remain under Indian governance. However, four mountainous communities, including the village of Turtuk in the Nubra Valley , have been under Indian control since 1971, when they were all incorporated into the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir (now in Ladakh) after being captured by India during
915-693: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . The region is inhabited primarily by the Balti people , a largely Muslim ethnic group of Tibetan descent. Baltistan is strategically significant to both Pakistan and India; the Siachen conflict and the Kargil War took place in this region alongside others. Like other Islamic regions near the Indian subcontinent, the name Baltistan is likely created by adding
976-494: The Mayum La in the east to the Zoji La in the west. Upon his death c. 930 , his vast kingdom was divided among his three sons: the eldest son, Lhachen Palgyigon, receiving Maryul, the second son, Trashigon, receiving Guge and Purang , and the third son, Detsukgon, receiving Zanskar (mountainous area between Ladakh and Kashmir). Thus, the Kingdom of Maryul was founded by Lhachen Palgyigon ( dPal-gyi-mgon ) when he
1037-523: The Persian suffix -istan to the name of the Balti people , who lived here before the Islamic conquests. The 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica characterises Baltistan as the western extremity of Tibet , whose natural limits are the Indus River from its abrupt southward bend around the map point 35°52′N 74°43′E / 35.86°N 74.72°E / 35.86; 74.72 ( Bend in
1098-592: The Sacred Rock of Hunza . Nearby are former sites of Buddhist shelters. Islam was brought to Baltistan by Sufi missionaries during the 16th and 17th centuries, and most of the population converted to Noorbakshia Islam . The scholars were followers of the Kubrawiya Sufi order. Most Noorbakhshi Muslims live in Ghanche. Baltistan has been called a living museum for wildlife. Deosai National Park , in
1159-847: The Treaty of Chushul reconfirmed the "old, established frontiers". Ladakhi language The Ladakhi language is a Tibetic language spoken in the Indian union territory of Ladakh . It is the predominant language in the Buddhist -dominated district of Leh , and a minority language in the district of Kargil . Though a member of the Tibetic family, Ladakhi is not mutually intelligible with Standard Tibetan . Ladakhis and Tibetans usually communicate with each other in Hindi or English as they do not understand each other's languages clearly. Ladakhi has several dialects: Lehskat, named after Leh where it
1220-527: The "Lion" King, made efforts to restore Ladakh to its old glory by an ambitious and energetic building program including the Leh Palace and the rebuilding of several gompas , the most famous of which are Hemis and Hanle . Guge was annexed by Ladakh in the second quarter of the 17th century. This invited retaliation from Lhasa, whose forces drove out the Ladakhis and laid siege to Ladakh itself. Ladakh
1281-773: The Balti people. Today, the people of Kharmang and Western Khaplu have Tibetan features and those in Skardu, Shigar and the eastern villages of Khaplu are Dards . It was believed that the Balti people were in the sphere of influence of Zhangzhung . Baltistan was controlled by the Tibetan king in 686. Culturally influenced by Tibet, the Bon and animist Baltis began to adopt Tibetan Buddhism . Religious artifacts such as gompas and stupas were built, and lamas played an important role in Balti life. For centuries, Baltistan consisted of small, independent valley states connected by
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#17327803346151342-781: The Bhoti name hold a "lumper" view of the language: they use the term "Bhoti" to refer to Classical Tibetan and treat as the one, proper form of Tibetic languages across the Himalayas. This section of Ladakhi society has demanded inclusion Bhoti to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution . They say that Bhoti is spoken by Ladakhis, Baltis, Tibetans, and throughout the Himalayas from Baltistan to Arunachal Pradesh . No other Tibetic-speaking group in India has agreed to
1403-616: The Buddhist imprint left on the region. Buddhist-style wall paintings can be seen in forts and Noorbakhshi khanqahs , including Chaqchan Mosque in Khaplu , Amburik Mosque in Shigar, Khanqah e Muallah Shigar, Khaplu Fort , Shigar Fort and Skardu Fort . Polo is popular in Baltistan, and indigenous to the Karakoram region, having been played there since at least the 15th–16th century. The Maqpon ruler Ali Sher Khan Anchan introduced
1464-461: The Dogra commander Zorāwar Singh conquered it. During the 14th century, Muslim scholars from Kashmir crossed Baltistan's mountainous terrain to spread Islam. The Noorbakshia Sufi order further propagated the faith in Baltistan and Islam became dominant by the end of the 17th century. With the passage of time a large number also converted to Shia Islam and a few converted to Sunni Islam. In
1525-618: The Indian-administered Kashmir Valley to the southwest. The average altitude of the region is over 3,350 metres (10,990 ft). Baltistan is largely administered under the Baltistan Division . Prior to the partition of British India in 1947, Baltistan was part of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , having been conquered by Gulab Singh 's armies in 1840. Baltistan and Ladakh were administered jointly under one wazarat (district) of
1586-463: The Indus course ) and the mountains to the north and west. These features separate a comparatively peaceful Tibetan population from the Indo-Aryan tribes to the west. Muslim writers around the 16th century speak of Baltistan as the "Little Tibet", and of Ladakh as the "Great Tibet", emphasising their ethnological similarity. According to Ahmad Hassan Dani, Baltistan spreads upwards from
1647-595: The Indus river and is separated from Ladakh by the Siachen Glacier . It includes the Indus valley and the lower valley of the Shyok river . Baltistan is a rocky mass of lofty mountains, the prevailing formation being gneiss . In the north is the Baltoro Glacier , one of the longest glaciers outside of the polar regions, 56 kilometres (35 mi) long, contained between two ridges whose highest peaks to
1708-476: The Mughal emperor Jahāngīr while Anchan was still alive. In 1637, Adam accompanied a Mughal expedition into Baltistan led by Zafar Khān . Adam's elder brother (and rival) Abdāl was captured, and Zafar Khān announced Mughal suzerainty over Baltistan. However, with winter coming, Zafar hastily withdrew his troops from Baltistan and appointed one of Abdāl's partisans to govern the territory on his behalf, which upset
1769-470: The Mughal emperor Shāh Jahān . Ultimately, though, Adam Khān ended up taking control of Baltistan. Both he and his successor, Murād Khān, acknowledged Mughal suzerainty. The official Mughal historian Abdul Hamid Lahori left an account of Baltistan in his entry for the year 1638. He wrote that Baltistan had 22 pargana s and 37 forts. Its narrow mountain valleys could support limited cultivation, primarily of wheat and barley; certain fruits also thrived in
1830-463: The Tibetan empire became fragmented over a succession dispute that would linger for centuries. By the late ninth century, one of his grandsons, Depal Khortsen, was controlling most of Central Tibet. Upon his assassination, one of his sons, Kyide Nyimagon ( Wylie : sKyid-lde Nyi-ma-mgon ), made it to West Tibet — the causes are disputed. Nyimagon entered into a marital alliance with a high-nobility of Purang and established his kingdom, stretching from
1891-470: The Tibetan script. Most Buddhist Ladakhis can sound out the Tibetan script but do not understand Classical Tibetan, yet many Ladakhi Buddhist scholars insist that Ladakhi must be written only in a form of Classical Tibetan, seeing the vernacular-based orthography only as deviation from the "proper" language. A limited number of books and magazines have been published in colloquial Ladakhi, one example being Ladags Melong from SECMOL . In Ladakhi language, it
Kingdom of Maryul - Misplaced Pages Continue
1952-559: The Yabgu dynasty, after the Turkish title of yabghu . The local population was Buddhist up until around the 14th century, when Sayyid Alī Hamadānī is credited with spreading Islam to the region. Khaplu was conquered by Skardu under Alī Sher Khān Anchan in the early 1600s. From then on, it was administered by a governor, or kharpon , appointed by the ruler in Skardu. The last kharpon was Yulehing Karīm, who governed Khaplu from 1820 to 1840, when
2013-540: The actual conquest of the territories was carried out by Palgyigon himself, whom Petech identifies as "the founder and organiser of the Ladakhi kingdom". It appears that the second son Trashigon, who inherited Guge, died without issue. His kingdom was acquired by Detsukgon of Zanskar. The latter's son, Yeshe-Ö became a prominent ruler that reestablished Buddhism in West Tibet and Tibet in general. Maryul, belonging to
2074-599: The arrival of Islam, Tibetan Buddhism and Bön (to a lesser extent) were the main religions in Baltistan. Buddhism can be traced back to before the formation of the Tibetan Empire in the region during the seventh century. The region has a number of surviving Buddhist archaeological sites. These include the Manthal Buddha Rock , a rock relief of the Buddha at the edge of the village (near Skardu ) and
2135-476: The basis of mutual intelligibility (Zangskari is not as distinct). As a group they are termed Ladakhi–Balti or Western Archaic Tibetan . Zangskari is a dialect of Ladakhi spoken in Zanskar and also spoken by Buddhists in the upper reaches of Lahaul ( Himachal Pradesh ) and Paddar (Paldar). It has four subdialects, Stod, Zhung, Sham, and Lungna. It is written using the Tibetan script by Buddhists and
2196-488: The beginning", the extensive dominions granted in the original inheritance were not retained by Maryul. The treaty itself makes clear that Rudok was no more a part of Maryul and various restrictions were placed on trade with Rudok. Scholar Gerhard Emmer states that Ladakh was reduced to approximately its current extent. It was henceforth treated as being outside Ngari Khorsum, as a buffer state against Mughal India. The territories of Guge, Purang and Rudok were annexed to Tibet and
2257-578: The blood relationships of its rulers ( rajas ), trade, common beliefs and cultural and linguistic bonds. Baltistan was known as Little Tibet, and the name was extended to include Ladakh. Ladakh later became known as Great Tibet. Locally, Baltistan is known as Baltiyul and Ladakh and Baltistan are known as Maryul ("red country"). Medieval Baltistan was divided into three main kingdoms: Skardu, Shigar, and Khaplu. The Maqpon dynasty , which ruled from Skardu, also later established side branches at Kartaksho and Rondu . In 1190, Maqpon dynasty of Skardu
2318-586: The classification, instead adopting their own names for their languages for legal recognition: Bhutia , Lepcha and Limboo . In addition, an 2008–2009 survey by Central Institute of Indian Languages found only a negligable number of Leh families calling their mother tongue "Bhoti". The name Bhoti or Bodhi has connotations with Tibetan Buddhism, a major religion in the area. Many Ladakhi people contest this classification as there are also Muslim, Christian, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Ladakhi. Ladakhi has several dialects: 1 :Lehskat, named after Leh where it
2379-512: The drum ( dang ) plays for a long time. A Maqpon princess would occasionally dance to this tune. Gasho-Pa , also known as Ghbus-La-Khorba , is a sword dance associated with the Gasho Dynasty of Purik ( Kargil ). Sneopa , the marriage-procession dance by pachones (twelve wazirs who accompany the bride), is performed at the marriage of a raja . Balti architecture has Tibetan and Mughul influences, and its monastic architecture reflects
2440-526: The frontier with Tibet was fixed at the Lha-ri stream near Demchok. The reason for this exclusion was apparently Ladakh's syncretism and its willingness to ally with Mughal India. Ladakh was instructed in the treaty: to keep watch at the frontier of Buddhist and non-Buddhist peoples, and out of regard for the doctrine of Buddha ... not allow any army from India to proceed to an attack [upon Tibet]. The Namgyal dynasty ended in 1842 after an invasion of Ladakh from
2501-446: The game to other valleys during his conquests beyond Gilgit and Chitral. The English word polo derives from the Balti word polo , meaning "the ball used in the game of polo". The game of polo itself is called Hrthapolo means horse riding game in Balti. The Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation has radio and television stations in Khaplu that broadcast local programs, and there are a handful of private news outlets. The Daily K2
Kingdom of Maryul - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-581: The late 1500s/early 1600s, the Maqpon rulers of Skardu expanded their kingdom to include Shigar, Astor, Rondu, and Karataksha. The greatest ruler during this period was Alī Sher Khān, known as "Anchan", or "the Great". After the Mughal conquest of Kashmir in 1586, during the reign of Anchan's grandfather Ghāzī Mīr, diplomatic relations developed between the Mughals and the Maqpon rulers of Baltistan. A Balti princess
2623-427: The local climate. Rather poor-quality gold was collected from river sands in small amounts – only about 2,000 tola s (about 9.5 kg) was collected per year. The Kharmang came under the control of the Namgyal royal family and developed a close relationship with Ladakh when the raja of Ladakh, Jamyang Mangyal, attacked the principalities in Kargil. Mangyal annihilated the Skardu garrison at Kharbu and put to
2684-406: The name has been described by Luciano Petech as referring to neither the Kingdom of Ladakh nor Rudok. The newer name La-dwags ལ་དྭགས (historically transliterated as La-dvags ) means "land of high passes". Ladak is its pronunciation in several Tibetan districts, and Ladakh is a transliteration of the Persian spelling. Upon the assassination of emperor Langdarma in c. 842 ,
2745-479: The north was also not included in Maryul. The southern border of Maryul towards Guge is much harder to discern. A. H. Francke believed that the second heir Tashigon received "a long and narrow strip of country along the northern slope of the Himalayas, of which Purang and Guge are the best-known provinces". Maryul encompassed all the areas to the north of this narrow strip. This view is not favoured by other scholars. Luciano Petech opined that Palgyigon received
2806-463: The pronunciation is relatively conservative, the Ladakhi language has accumulated significant grammatical differences from the classical, written language. The question of whether to write colloquial Ladakhi ( phalskat ) in the Tibetan script or to write an only slightly Ladakhified version of Classical Tibetan ( choskat ) is controversial in Ladakh. Muslim Ladakhis speak Ladakhi but most do not read
2867-452: The region and they propagated Mughal music and art under her patronage. Musical instruments such as the surnai , karnai , dhol and chang were introduced into Baltistan. Classical and other dances are classified as sword dances, broqchhos and Yakkha and ghazal dances. Chhogho Prasul commemorates a victory by the Maqpon rajas . As a mark of respect, the musician who plays
2928-699: The routes of these rivers. Download coordinates as: The Baltistan is one of three divisions of Gilgit-Baltistan . The Division of Baltistan is administrative under a Commissioner of BPS-20 belonging to Pakistan Administrative Service group of Central Superior Services of Pakistan . The Current Commissioner Baltistan Division is Mr Shula Alam (PAS). °*Although part of Baltistan, Turtuk has been Indian-administered following territorial exchanges in 1972 Simla treaty. Tibetan Khampa entered in Khaplu through Chorbat Valley and Dardic tribes came to Baltistan through Roundu Valley from Gilgit prior to civilization, and these groups eventually settled down, creating
2989-536: The senior branch, is believed to have extended some form of suzerainty over the other branches. By 1100 AD, the kingdom of Guge was sufficiently weakened that the king Lhachen Utpala of Maryul brought it under his control. From this time onward, Guge was generally subsidiary to Maryul. After a period of Kashmiri invasions in the mid-15th century, the last king of the west Tibetan dynasty, Blo-gros-mc-og-Idan , reigned from c. 1435 to c. 1460 . During his reign, Blo-gros-mc-og-Idan sent presents to
3050-523: The south are 7,600 m (25,000 ft) and to the north 8,615 m (28,265 ft). The Indus river runs in a narrow gorge, widening after receiving the Shyok river at 35°14′N 75°55′E / 35.23°N 75.92°E / 35.23; 75.92 ( Shyok joins Indus ) . It then forms a 32-kilometre (20 mi) crescent-shaped plain varying between 2 and 8 kilometres (1 and 5 mi) in width. The main inhabitable valleys of Kharmang , Khaplu , Skardu and Roundu are along
3111-498: The southeast, and included Rudok and other areas presently in Tibet. The kingdom came under the control of the Namgyal dynasty in 1460, eventually acquiring the name "Ladakh", and lasted until 1842. In that year, the Dogra general Zorawar Singh , having conquered it, made it part of the would-be princely state of Jammu and Kashmir . Mar-yul has been interpreted in Tibetan sources as lowland (of Ngari),. Scholars suspect that it
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#17327803346153172-508: The southern part of the region, is habitat for predators since it has an abundant prey population. Domestic animals include yaks (including hybrid yaks ), cattle , sheep , goats , horses and donkeys . Wild animals include ibex , markhor , musk deer , snow leopards , brown and black bears , jackals , foxes , wolves and marmots . According to Balti folklore, Mughal princess Gul Khatoon (known in Baltistan as Mindoq Gialmo—Flower Queen) brought musicians and artisans with her into
3233-644: The state. The region retained its identity in this setup as the Skardu tehsil , with Kargil and Leh being the other two tehsils of the district. After Hari Singh , the last maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, acceded to the Dominion of India in 1947, his local governor in Gilgit was overthrown by the Gilgit Scouts , who then took the entire region for Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 ;
3294-502: The sword a number of petty Muslim rulers in the principalities of Purik (Kargil). Ali Sher Khan Anchan , raja of Khaplu and Shigar , left with a strong army via Marol . Passing the Laddakhi army, he occupied Leh (the capital of Ladakh) and the raja of Ladakh was taken prisoner. Ali Sher Khan Anchan included Gilgit and Chitral in his kingdom of Baltistan, reportedly a flourishing country. The valley from Khepchne to Kachura
3355-495: The territories that he himself conquered, whereas the paternal territory was divided among the other two sons. He also favoured Zahidurddin Ahmad's revised translation of the text from Ladakh Chronicles, which states that all the places mentioned in the description lie on the frontier of Maryul, including Demchok Karpo and Raba Marpo. Scholar Luciano Petech says that even though Palgyigon's father theoretically bequeathed Maryul to him,
3416-497: Was a proper name that was in use earlier, even before Ladakh was Tibetanised. For instance, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang referred to it as Mo-lo-so , which would lead to a reconstructed name such as *Malasa , *Marāsa , or *Mrāsa . The Annals of Tun‐Huang state that the Tibetan government carried out a census of Zan-zun and Mar(d) in 719 CE. The Persian text Hudud al-Alam ( c. 982 ) refers to
3477-487: Was flat and fertile, with abundant fruit trees; the sandy desert now extending from Sundus to Skardu Airport was a prosperous town. Skardu had hardly recovered from the shock of the death of Anchan when it was flooded. In 1840, the region was subjugated by the Dogra rulers of Jammu under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire . On 29 August 2009 the government of Pakistan announced the creation of Gilgit–Baltistan,
3538-590: Was forced to seek help from the Mughal Empire in Kashmir, leading to the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War . At the end of the conflict, in 1684, the Treaty of Tingmosgang was agreed, affirming that: The boundaries fixed, in the beginning, when king Skyed-lda-ngeema-gon [Nyimagon] gave a kingdom to each of his three sons shall still be maintained. Despite the apparent invocation of the "boundaries fixed in
3599-407: Was founded by Ibrahim Shah (1190-1220), who was born in Skardu . This royal family ruled over Baltistan for approximately 700 years. The kings of the Maqpon dynasty extended the frontiers of Baltistan to Gilgit Agency , Chitral , and Ladakh . The kingdom of Khaplu probably came into existence around the 10th century following the breakup of the Tibetan Empire . Its ruling dynasty was known as
3660-479: Was sent to the Mughal court, and according to local tradition, a Mughal princess was also sent to Skardu and built a Mughal-style fort at Mandok . Around 1595, the Mughal historian Abu'l-Fazl wrote that Kashmir was then importing silkworm eggs (for sericulture ) from Gilgit and Baltistan. After the death of Anchan in 1633, the Maqpon polity declined as his three sons fought among themselves. One of them, Adam Khān, had fled to Kashmir and then sought refuge with
3721-444: Was still a prince. The kingdom of Maryul is described in the Ladakh Chronicles ( Francke 's translation) to consist of: The description makes clear that Purig (the Suru River basin near present-day Kargil ) was included in Maryul, but Zanskar to the west was not. The latter went to the third son Detsukgon along with Lahul and Spiti . The Rupshu highland was regarded as the frontier between Maryul and Zanskar. Baltistan to
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