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25-455: Its site is tentatively located near the modern Koilada , northeast of Kranidi . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Mases". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. 37°25′04″N 23°08′32″E  /  37.417868°N 23.142191°E  / 37.417868; 23.142191 This article about

50-636: A dachsprache ("roof language"), in the way dialects of a national language within the same country usually are. There are three main groups of Arvanitic settlements in Greece. Most Arvanites live in the south of Greece, across Attica , Boeotia , the Peloponnese and some neighbouring areas and islands. A second, smaller group live in the northwest of Greece, in a zone contiguous with the Albanian-speaking lands proper. A third, outlying group

75-531: A common (spoken or written) Standard Arvanitika has taken place. At the same time, Arvanites do not use Standard Albanian as their standard language either, as they are generally not literate in the Latin-based standard Albanian orthography, and are not reported to use spoken-language media in Standard Albanian. In this sense, then, Arvanitika is not functionally subordinated to Standard Albanian as

100-467: A location in ancient Argolis is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kranidi Kranidi ( Greek : Κρανίδι , romanized :  Kranídi , Katharevousa: Κρανίδιον , romanized :  Cranidium is a town and a former municipality in Argolis , Peloponnese , Greece . Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Ermionida , of which it

125-535: A sample text in the three language forms. Trudgill (2004: 5) sums up that "[l]inguistically, there is no doubt that [Arvanitika] is a variety of Albanian". In terms of "ausbau" (sociolinguistic "upgrading" towards an autonomous standard language), the strongest indicator of autonomy is the existence of a separate writing system, the Greek-based Arvanitic alphabet . A very similar system was formerly in use also by other Tosk Albanian speakers between

150-612: A similar form of the Greek alphabet (e.g. [8] ). Texts in Arvanitika have survived in the private correspondence between Arvanites who used the dialect. Such is the correspondence of Ioannis Orlandos with Georgios Kountouriotis and other letters by members of the Kountouriotis family written in the Arvanitika of Hydra with Greek script. In public use, Arvanitika has been used in election pamphlets of Attica and Boeotia in

175-469: Is also closely related to Arbëresh , the dialect of Albanian in Italy , which largely goes back to Arvanite settlers from Greece. Italian Arbëresh has retained some words borrowed from Greek (for instance haristis 'thank you', from ευχαριστώ ; dhrom 'road', from δρόμος ; Ne 'yes', from ναι , in certain villages). Italo-Arbëresh and Graeco-Arvanitika have a mutually intelligible vocabulary base,

200-601: Is found in the northeast of Greece, in a few villages in Thrace . According to some authors, the term "Arvanitika" in its proper sense applies only to the southern group or to the southern and the Thracian groups together i.e. to those dialects that have been separated from the core of Albanian for several centuries. The dialects in the northwest are reported to be more similar to neighbouring Tosk dialects within Albania and to

225-454: Is known for being the location of second homes of several prominent celebrities, including Sean Connery and the Dutch head of state King Willem-Alexander and his wife Queen Máxima . The area around Kranidi consists of low hills, covered with olive groves and small forests. The town itself is about 4 km (2.5 mi) from the coast. Several villages of the municipal unit Kranidi are on

250-566: Is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 252.938 km (97.660 sq mi). Some say the name is derived from the word Koronida , while others claim it is from the word Kranaos , which means "rocky trough". It is situated in the eastern part of Argolis, on the easternmost "finger" of the Peloponnese peninsula. It is 8 km (5.0 mi) west of Ermioni , 28 km (17 mi) south of Epidaurus and 38 km (24 mi) southeast of Nafplio . Kranidi

275-563: Is the variety of Albanian traditionally spoken by the Arvanites , a population group in Greece . Arvanitika was brought to southern Greece during the late Middle Ages by Albanian settlers who moved south from their homeland in present-day Albania in several waves. The dialect preserves elements of medieval Albanian, while also being significantly influenced by the Greek language . Arvanitika

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300-511: Is today endangered, as its speakers have been shifting to the use of Greek and most younger members of the community no longer speak it. The name Arvanítika and its native equivalent Arbërisht are derived from the ethnonym Arvanites , which in turn comes from the toponym Arbën or Arbër (Greek: Άρβανον), which in the Middle Ages referred to a region in modern Albania . Its native equivalents ( Arbërorë, Arbëreshë and others) used to be

325-588: The Aegean Sea coast, including Koilada, Portocheli and the small beach settlement Doroufi. The place of Kranidi has been inhabited for thousands of years. Very close to town is located the Phrancthi Cave that was the dwelling of prehistoric man. During the Homeric era, in this place there were two cities, Hermion (in place of modern Ermioni ) and Masis (in place of the modern village of Koilada). In

350-767: The Tosk dialect spoken in Southern Albania. However, it has received a great deal of influence from Greek , mostly related to the vocabulary and the phonological system. At the same time, it is reported to have preserved some conservative features that were lost in mainstream Albanian Tosk. For example, it has preserved certain syllable-initial consonant clusters which have been simplified in Standard Albanian (cf. Arvanitika gljuhë /ˈɡʎuxə/ ('language/tongue'), vs. Standard Albanian gjuhë /ˈɟuhə/ ). In recent times, linguists have observed signs of accelerated structural convergence towards Greek and structural simplification of

375-545: The 16th and 18th century. However, this script is very rarely used in practice today, as Arvanitika is almost exclusively a spoken language confined to the private sphere. There is also some disagreement amongst Arvanites (as with the Aromanians ) as to whether the Latin alphabet should be used to write their language. Spoken Arvanitika is internally richly diversified into sub-dialects, and no further standardization towards

400-512: The Peloponnese, in Europe and Russia. Many also migrated to Cyprus. The modern name derives either from ancient the Greek name Kranaos or from the name of the nearby islet of Koronida. This name was corrupted to Kranida and later Kranidi . The residents of Kranidi took part in the Greek War of Independence . One local guerrilla was the priest Arsenios Krestas . In 1823, before the outbreak of

425-569: The classical era, a few kilometres south, the city of Halieis was built, in place of modern Porto Heli . Kranidi is first mentioned in the 16th century after the Turkish name Kato Nahagie, which means low province. Kranidi was one of the centers of the Greek uprising of 1777. After the failure of the rebellion, however, many locals abandoned the area in order to avoid persecution by the Muslim Ottomans. Many of them sought refuge away from

450-722: The first Greek Civil War , Kranidi became the seat of the legislature part of Greek government. After independence, Kranidi was appointed the seat of Ermionida province. Today, Kranidi is a flourishing small town with a rich nautical tradition and developed tourism services. In Kranidi and the surrounding villages, Arvanitika was spoken, with heavy Greek influence. The language has largely been abandoned, with today only elders speaking it, whereas young people only understand it. Arvanitika Arvanitika ( / ˌ ɑːr v ə ˈ n ɪ t ɪ k ə / ; Arvanitika: αρbε̰ρίσ̈τ , romanized : arbërisht ; Greek : αρβανίτικα , romanized : arvanítika ), also known as Arvanitic ,

475-458: The language, which have been interpreted as signs of "language attrition", i.e. effects of impoverishment leading towards language death . Arvanitika has rarely been written. Reportedly ( GHM 1995 ), it has been written in both the Greek alphabet (often with the addition of the letters b, d, e and j, or diacritics, e.g. [7] ) and the Latin alphabet. Orthodox Tosk Albanians also used to write with

500-527: The linguistic systems), linguists' assessment of the degree of mutual intelligibility between Arvanitika and Standard Tosk range from fairly high to only partial (Ethnologue). The Ethnologue also mentions that mutual intelligibility may even be problematic between different subdialects within Arvanitika. Mutual intelligibility between Standard Tosk and Arvanitika is higher than that between the two main dialect groups within Albanian, Tosk and Gheg. See below for

525-441: The self-designation of Albanians in general. In the past Arvanitika had sometimes been described as "Graeco-Albanian" and the like (e.g., Furikis, 1934); although today many Arvanites consider such names offensive, they generally identify nationally and ethnically as Greeks and not Albanians . Arvanitika is part of the Tosk dialect group of Albanian, and as such closely related to the varieties spoken across southern Albania. It

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550-418: The speech of the former Cham Albanians (Çamërishte) , who used to live in the same region. These dialects are classified by Ethnologue as part of core Tosk Albanian, as opposed to "Arvanitika Albanian" in the narrow sense, although Ethnologue notes that the term "Arvanitika" is also often applied indiscriminately to both forms in Greece. In their own language, some groups in the north-west are reported to use

575-706: The term Shqip ( Albanian language ) to refer to their own language as well as to that of Albanian nationals, and this has sometimes been interpreted as implying that they are ethnically Albanians. The Arvanitika of southern Greece is richly sub-divided into local dialects. Sasse (1991) distinguishes as many as eleven dialect groups within that area: West Attic, Southeast Attic, Northeast-Attic-Boeotian, West Boeotian, Central Boeotian, Northeast Peloponnesian, Northwest Peloponnesian, South Peloponnesian, West Peloponnesian, Euboean, and Andriote. Estimated numbers of speakers of Arvanitika vary widely, between 30,000 and 150,000. These figures include "terminal speakers" (Tsitsipis 1998) of

600-487: The unintelligible elements of the two dialects stem from the usage of Italian or Greek modernisms in the absence of native ones. While linguistic scholarship unanimously describes Arvanitika as a dialect of Albanian many Arvanites are reported to dislike the use of the name "Albanian" to designate it. Sociolinguistic work has described Arvanitika within the conceptual framework of "ausbausprachen" and " abstandssprachen " . In terms of "abstand" (objective difference of

625-474: The younger generation, who have only acquired an imperfect command of the language and are unlikely to pass it on to future generations. The number of villages with traditional Arvanite populations is estimated to more than 500. There are no monolingual Arvanitika-speakers, as all are today bilingual in Greek. Arvanitika is considered an endangered language due to the large-scale language shift towards Greek in recent decades. Arvanitika shares many features with

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