Altenstadt is a municipality in the district Wetteraukreis , in Hesse , Germany . It is situated in the Nidder valley, approx. 27 kilometers north-east of Frankfurt am Main .
55-506: Leopold Ritter von Sacher-Masoch ( German: [ˈleːopɔlt fɔn ˈzaxɐ ˈmaːzɔx] ; 27 January 1836 – 9 March 1895) was an Austrian nobleman, writer and journalist, who gained renown for his romantic stories of Galician life. The term masochism is derived from his name, invented by his contemporary, the Austrian psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing . Masoch did not approve of this use of his name. During his lifetime, Sacher-Masoch
110-629: A Ukrainian noblewoman . The father later combined his surname with his wife's von Masoch , at the request of her family (she was the last of the line). Von Sacher served as a Commissioner of the Imperial Police Forces in Lemberg, and he was recognised with a new title of Austrian nobility as Sacher-Masoch awarded by the Austrian Emperor . Leopold studied law, history and mathematics at Graz University (where he obtained
165-587: A cross-border region (centred on Carpathian Ruthenia ) inhabited by various nationalities and religious groups. The name of the region in the local languages is: Some historians speculated that the name had to do with a group of people of Thracian origin (i.e. Getae ) who during the Iron Age moved into the area after the Roman conquest of Dacia in 106 CE and may have formed the Lypytsia culture with
220-587: A doctorate in history in 1856), and after graduating he became a lecturer there. His early, non-fictional publications dealt mostly with Austrian history. At the same time, Masoch turned to the folklore and culture of his homeland, Galicia. Soon he abandoned lecturing and became a free man of letters. Within a decade his short stories and novels prevailed over his historical non-fiction works, though historical themes continued to imbue his fiction. Panslavist ideas were prevalent in Masoch's literary work, and he found
275-824: A part of the restored Republic of Poland , which absorbed the Lemko-Rusyn Republic . The local Ukrainian population declared the independence of Eastern Galicia as the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic . During the Polish-Soviet War , the Soviets tried to establish the puppet-state of the Galician SSR in East Galicia , but the territory was then conquered by the Poles. The 1921 Peace of Riga confirmed Galicia's status as part of
330-436: A particular interest in depicting picturesque types among the various ethnicities that inhabited Galicia . From the 1860s to the 1880s he published a number of volumes of Jewish Short Stories , Polish Short Stories , Galician Short Stories , German Court Stories and Russian Court Stories . In 1869, Sacher-Masoch conceived a grandiose series of short stories under the collective title Legacy of Cain that would represent
385-764: A peace treaty with the Kingdom of Hungary and established diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire . In 1205, Roman turned against his Polish allies, leading to a conflict with Leszek the White and Konrad of Masovia . Roman was killed in the Battle of Zawichost (1205), and Galicia–Volhynia entered a period of rebellion and chaos, becoming an arena of rivalry between Poland and Hungary. King Andrew II of Hungary styled himself rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ , Latin for "king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]",
440-476: A single province. The duchies of Auschwitz ( Oświęcim ) and Zator were small historical principalities west of Kraków , on the border with Prussian Silesia . Lodomeria , under the name Volhynia, remained under the rule of the Russian Empire – see Volhynian Governorate . In Roman times, the region was populated by various tribes of Celto-Germanic admixture, including Celtic -based tribes,
495-657: A supplier of food products and raw materials to other Habsburg provinces. New taxes were instituted, investments were discouraged, and cities and towns were neglected. The result was significant poverty in Austrian Galicia . Galicia was the poorest province of Austro-Hungary, and according to Norman Davies , could be considered "the poorest province in Europe". Near Drohobych and Boryslav in Galicia, significant oil reserves were discovered and developed during
550-648: A title that later was adopted in the House of Habsburg . In a compromise agreement made in 1214 between Hungary and Poland, the throne of Galicia–Volhynia was given to Andrew's son, Coloman of Lodomeria . In 1352, when the principality was divided between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the territory became subject to the Polish Crown . With the Union of Lublin in 1569, Poland and Lithuania merged to form
605-486: A whole, the population in 1910 was estimated to be 45.4% Polish, 42.9% Ruthenian, 10.9% Jewish, and 0.8% German. This population was not evenly distributed. The Poles lived mainly in the west, with the Ruthenians predominant in the eastern region ("Ruthenia"). At the turn of the twentieth century, Poles constituted 88% of the whole population of Western Galicia and Jews 7.5%. The respective data for Eastern Galicia show
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#1732801892627660-548: Is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine , long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . It covers much of the other historic regions of Red Ruthenia (centered on Lviv ) and Lesser Poland (centered on Kraków ). The name of the region derives from the medieval city of Halych , and was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in
715-455: Is a remarkable example of the powerful influence exercised by the vita sexualis be it in the good or evil sense over the formation and direction of man's mind. Sacher-Masoch was not pleased with Krafft-Ebing's assertions. Nevertheless, details of Masoch's private life were obscure until Aurora von Rümelin's memoirs, Meine Lebensbeichte (My Life Confession; 1906), were published in Berlin under
770-496: Is the most famous today. The novella expressed Sacher-Masoch's fantasies and fetishes (especially for dominant women wearing fur). He did his best to live out his fantasies with his mistresses and wives. In 1873 he married Angelika Aurora von Rümelin. Fanny Pistor was an emerging literary writer. She met Sacher-Masoch after she contacted him, under the assumed name and fictitious title of Baroness Bogdanoff, for suggestions on improving her writing to make it suitable for publication. She
825-651: The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Galicia was the Central Powers ' only major domestic source of oil during the Great War . 49°49′48″N 24°00′51″E / 49.8300°N 24.0142°E / 49.8300; 24.0142 Altenstadt, Hesse Altenstadt was part of the limes , the former border of the Roman Empire , that passes through the town. According to excavations, Altenstadt
880-637: The Lugians , Cotini , Vandals and Goths (the Przeworsk and Púchov cultures). During the Migration Period , a variety of nomadic groups invaded the area. The East Slavic tribes White Croats and Tivertsi dominated the area since the 6th century until it was annexed to Kievan Rus' in the 10th century. In the 12th century, the Principality of Galicia was formed, which merged at
935-565: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , which lasted for 200 years until conquered and divided up by Russia, Prussia , and Austria in the 1772 partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The south-eastern part of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was awarded to the Habsburg Empress Maria-Theresa , whose bureaucrats named it the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , after one of the titles of
990-746: The Ruthenian Voivodeship . In 1526, after the death of Louis II of Hungary , the Habsburgs inherited the Hungarian claims to the titles of the Kingship of Galicia and Lodomeria, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772 the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa , Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, used those historical claims to justify her participation in the First Partition of Poland . In fact,
1045-671: The Second Polish Republic . Although never accepted as legitimate by some Ukrainian nationalists , this was ratified by the Conference of Ambassadors on 14 March 1923 and internationally recognized on 15 May 1923. The Ukrainians of Eastern Galicia and the neighbouring province of Volhynia made up about 12% of the Polish Republic's population, and were its largest minority. As Polish government policies were discriminatory towards minorities, tensions between
1100-583: The Venedi people who moved into the region at the end of La Tène period . The Lypytsia culture supposedly replaced the existing Thracian Hallstatt (see Thraco-Cimmerian ) and Vysotske cultures. A connection with Celtic peoples supposedly explains the relation of the name "Galicia" to many similar place names found across Europe and Asia Minor , such as ancient Gallia or Gaul (modern France, Belgium, and northern Italy), Galatia (in Asia Minor ),
1155-544: The "Polish Baku", the oil fields of Borysław and nearby Tustanowice accounted for over 90% of the national oil output of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From 500 residents in the 1860s, Borysław had swollen to 12,000 by 1898. At the turn of the century, Galicia was ranked fourth in the world as an oil producer. This significant increase in oil production also caused a slump in oil prices. A very rapid decrease in oil production in Galicia occurred just before
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#17328018926271210-501: The 20th century. He was a personal general practitioner to Albert Einstein who helped him to emigrate to the USA in 1939. In 1945 he became a US citizen. One of the inhabitants of Altenstadt was the justice inspector Friedrich Kellner , who alternated his work-week between Laubach and Altenstadt during World War II . Kellner recorded the misdeeds of the Nazis in a ten-volume diary which
1265-720: The Galician-Karpathian Petroleum Company ( German : Galizisch-Karpathische Petroleum Aktien-Gesellschaft ), headquartered in Vienna, with McGarvey as the chief administrator and Bergheim as a field engineer, and built a huge refinery at Maryampole near Gorlice , south of Tarnow. Considered the biggest, most efficient enterprise in Austro-Hungary, Maryampole was built in six months and employed 1,000 men. Subsequently, investors from Britain, Belgium, and Germany established companies to develop
1320-629: The Hungarians from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add Galicia et Lodomeria to their official titles. In 1349, in the course of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars , King Casimir III the Great of Poland conquered the major part of Galicia and put an end to the independence of this territory. Upon the conquest Casimir adopted the following title: Casimir by the grace of God king of Poland and Rus (Ruthenia), lord and heir of
1375-554: The Iberian Peninsula's Galicia , and Romanian Galați . Some other scholars assert that the name Halych has Slavic origins – from halytsa , meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or from halka which means " jackdaw ". (The jackdaw featured as a charge in the city's coat of arms and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria. The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent canting or simply folk etymology ). Although Ruthenians drove out
1430-525: The Polish government and the Ukrainian population grew, eventually giving rise to the militant underground Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists . In 1773, Galicia had about 2.6 million inhabitants in 280 cities and market towns and approximately 5,500 villages. There were nearly 19,000 noble families, with 95,000 members (about 3% of the population). The serfs accounted for 1.86 million, more than 70% of
1485-451: The Polish sphere, resulting in stagnation of economic life and decline of Galician towns. Lviv lost its status as a significant trade center. After a short period of limited investments, the Austrian government started the fiscal exploitation of Galicia and drained the region of manpower through conscription to the imperial army. The Austrians decided that Galicia should not develop industrially but remain an agricultural area that would serve as
1540-417: The author Sacher-Masoch frequently made this perversion, which up to his time was quite unknown to the scientific world as such, the substratum of his writings. I followed thereby the scientific formation of the term " Daltonism ", from Dalton , the discoverer of colour-blindness. During recent years facts have been advanced which prove that Sacher-Masoch was not only the poet of Masochism, but that he himself
1595-547: The author's aesthetic Weltanschauung . The cycle opened with the manifesto The Wanderer that brought out misogynist themes that became peculiar to Masoch's writings. Of the six planned volumes, only the first two were ever completed. By the middle of the 1880s, Masoch abandoned the Legacy of Cain . Nevertheless, the published volumes of the series included Masoch's best-known stories, and of them, Venus in Furs (published 1870)
1650-536: The end of the century with neighbouring Volhynia into the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Galicia and Volhynia had originally been two separate Rurikid principalities, assigned on a rotating basis to younger members of the Kievan dynasty. The line of Prince Roman the Great of Volodymyr had held the Principality of Volhynia, while the line of Yaroslav Osmomysl held the Principality of Galicia. Galicia–Volhynia
1705-446: The estimation of his cultured fellow-beings simply because he was afflicted with an anomaly of his sexual feelings. As an author, he suffered severe injury so far as the influence and intrinsic merit of his work is concerned, for so long and whenever he eliminated his perversion from his literary efforts he was a gifted writer, and as such would have achieved real greatness had he been actuated by normally sexual feelings. In this respect he
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1760-676: The fact that Austria's claim derived from the historical Hungarian crown, "Galicia and Lodomeria" were not officially assigned to Hungary, and after the Ausgleich of 1867, the territory found itself in Cisleithania , or the Austrian-administered part of Austria-Hungary . The full official name of the new Austrian territory was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator . After
1815-404: The following numbers: Ruthenians 64.5%, Poles 22.0%, Jews 12%. Of the 44 administrative divisions of Austrian eastern Galicia, Lviv ( Polish : Lwów , German : Lemberg ) was the only one in which Poles made up a majority of the population. Anthropologist Marianna Dushar has argued that this diversity led to a development of a distinctive food culture in the region. The Polish language
1870-598: The forces of the Russian Empire and the Central Powers , on the Eastern Front of World War I . The Russian forces overran most of the region in 1914 after defeating the Austro-Hungarian army in a chaotic frontier battle in the opening months of the war. They were in turn pushed out in the spring and summer of 1915 by a combined German/Austro-Hungarian offensive. In 1918, Western Galicia became
1925-619: The incorporation of the Free City of Kraków in 1846, it was extended to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Kraków with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator ( German : Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator ). Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in the Austrian emperor's titles , each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed
1980-546: The land of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kuyavia, Pomerania (Pomerelia). Latin : Kazimirus, Dei gratia rex Polonie et Rusie, nec non-Cracovie, Sandomirie, Siradie, Lancicie, Cuiavie, et Pomeranieque Terrarum et Ducatuum Dominus et Heres . Under the Jagiellonian dynasty (Kings of Poland from 1386 to 1572), the Kingdom of Poland revived and reconstituted its territories. In place of historic Galicia there appeared
2035-721: The mid 19th and early 20th centuries. The first European attempt to drill for oil was in Bóbrka in western Galicia in 1854. By 1867, a well at Kleczany, in Western Galicia, was drilled using steam to about 200 meters. On 31 December 1872, a railway line linking Borysław (now Boryslav) with the nearby city of Drohobycz (now Drohobych) was opened. British engineer John Simeon Bergheim and Canadian William Henry McGarvey came to Galicia in 1882. In 1883, their company bored holes of 700 to 1,000 meters and found large oil deposits. In 1885, they renamed their oil developing enterprise
2090-591: The modern regions of western Ukraine : the Lviv , Ternopil , and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts near Halych. In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship , Subcarpathian Voivodeship , and Silesian Voivodeship were added to Galicia after the collapse of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Eastern Galicia became contested ground between Poland and Ruthenia in medieval times and
2145-696: The oil and natural gas industries in Galicia. This influx of capital caused the number of petroleum enterprises to shrink from 900 to 484 by 1884, and to 285 companies manned by 3,700 workers by 1890. However, the number of oil refineries increased from thirty-one in 1880 to fifty-four in 1904. By 1904, there were thirty boreholes in Borysław of over 1,000 meters. Production increased by 50% between 1905 and 1906 and then trebled between 1906 and 1909 because of unexpected discoveries of vast oil reserves of which many were gushers. By 1909, production reached its peak at 2,076,000 tons or 4% of worldwide production. Often called
2200-467: The population. A small number were full-time farmers, but by far the overwhelming number (84%) had only smallholdings or no possessions. Galicia had arguably the most ethnically diverse population of all the countries in the Austrian monarchy, consisting mainly of Poles and " Ruthenians "; the peoples known later as Ukrainians and Rusyns , as well as ethnic Jews , Germans , Armenians , Czechs , Slovaks , Hungarians , Roma and others. In Galicia as
2255-572: The princes of Hungary, although its borders coincided but roughly with those of the former medieval principality. Known informally as Galicia, it became the largest, most populous, and northernmost province of the Austrian Empire . After 1867 it was part of the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary , until the dissolution of the monarchy at the end of World War I in 1918. During the First World War , Galicia saw heavy fighting between
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2310-833: The pseudonym Wanda v. Dunajew (the name of a leading character in his Venus in Furs ). The following year, a French translation, Confession de ma vie (1907) by " Wanda von Sacher-Masoch ", was printed in Paris by Mercure de France. An English translation of the French edition was published as The Confessions of Wanda von Sacher-Masoch (1991) by RE/Search Publications . Galicia (Eastern Europe) Galicia ( / ɡ ə ˈ l ɪ ʃ ( i ) ə / gə- LISH -(ee-)ə ; Polish : Galicja , IPA: [ɡaˈlit͡sja] ; Ukrainian : Галичина , romanized : Halychyna , IPA: [ɦɐlɪtʃɪˈnɑ] ; Yiddish : גאַליציע , romanized : Galitsye ; see below )
2365-509: The territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia – the Russian Empire took control of Volhynia to the north-east, including the city of Volodymyr-Volynskyi ( Włodzimierz Wołyński ) – after which Lodomeria was named. On the other hand, much of Lesser Poland – Nowy Sącz and Przemyśl (1772–1918), Zamość (1772–1809), Lublin (1795–1809), and Kraków (1846–1918) – became part of Austrian Galicia . Moreover, despite
2420-701: The widespread multilingualism blurred ethnic divisions. Religiously, Galicia is predominantly Catholic, and Catholicism is practiced in two rites. Poles are Roman Catholic , while Ukrainians belong to the Greek Catholic Church . Other Christians belong to one of the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches . Until the Holocaust , Judaism was widespread, and Galicia was the center of Hasidism . The new state borders cut Galicia off from many of its traditional trade routes and markets of
2475-414: The year 1206 as Galiciæ . The eastern part of the region was controlled by the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia before it was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland in 1352 and became part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship . During the partitions of Poland , it was incorporated into a crown land of the Austrian Empire – the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within
2530-600: Was a Roman garrison in the first half of the second century. The first documented mention of Altenstadt took place only in the year 767, which makes Altenstadt the oldest municipality of Upper Hesse. The municipality consists of 8 districts: Rudolf Ehrmann was born in Altenstadt in 1879. He became Professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin for Inner Medicine and one of the most prominent German Physician of first half of
2585-399: Was afflicted with the anomaly. Although these proofs were communicated to me without restriction, I refrain from giving them to the public. I refute the accusation that "I have coupled the name of a revered author with a perversion of the sexual instinct", which has been made against me by some admirers of the author and by some critics of my book. As a man, Sacher-Masoch cannot lose anything in
2640-484: Was created following the death in 1198 or 1199 (and without a recognised heir in the paternal line) of the last Prince of Galicia, Vladimir II Yaroslavich ; Roman acquired the Principality of Galicia and united his lands into one state. Roman's successors would mostly use Halych (Galicia) as the designation of their combined kingdom. In Roman's time Galicia–Volhynia's principal cities were Halych and Volodymyr. In 1204, Roman captured Kyiv in alliance with Poland , signed
2695-486: Was fought over by Austria-Hungary and Russia during World War I and also Poland and Ukraine in the 20th century. In the 10th century, several cities were founded there, such as Volodymyr and Jaroslaw , whose names mark their connections with the Grand Princes of Kiev . There is considerable overlap between Galicia and Podolia (to the east) as well as between Galicia and south-west Ruthenia , especially in
2750-566: Was incorporated into the municipality of Altenstadt in 1971.) It is also claimed that Masoch died in an asylum in Mannheim in 1905. Sacher-Masoch is the great-uncle of Eva von Sacher-Masoch , Baroness Erisso, mother of British singer and actress Marianne Faithfull . The term masochism was coined in 1886 by the Austrian psychiatrist Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902) in his book Psychopathia Sexualis : ...I feel justified in calling this sexual anomaly "Masochism", because
2805-812: Was on display in 2005 at the George Bush Presidential Library . A Canadian documentary, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner , was produced in 2006. The Lutheran missionary Georg Heinrich Schwarz was born in Höchst an der Nidder in 1868. He laboured in the Cape Bedford Mission , North Queensland, Australia, for 55 years. The anniversary of his arrival is still celebrated there each year in September and known as Muni Day. On 5 September 2019, Stefan Jagsch from
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#17328018926272860-564: Was the inspiration for Venus im Pelz ( Venus in Furs ). The erotic novel spawned the word masochism . In 1874, Masoch wrote the novel Die Ideale unserer Zeit ( The Ideals of Our Time ), an attempt to give a portrait of German society during its Gründerzeit period. In his late fifties, his mental health began to deteriorate, and he spent the last years of his life under psychiatric care. According to official reports, he died in Lindheim in 1895. (Lindheim, at that time near Altenstadt ,
2915-473: Was the most diverse part of the region, and one of the most diverse areas in Europe at the time. The Galician Jews immigrated in the Middle Ages from Germany. German-speaking people were more commonly referred to by the region of Germany where they originated (such as Saxony or Swabia ). For those who spoke different native languages, e.g. Poles and Ruthenians, identification was less problematic, and
2970-410: Was the most spoken language in Galicia as a whole, although the eastern part of the region was predominantly Ruthenian-speaking. According to the 1910 census, 58.6% of Galicia spoke Polish as its mother tongue, compared to 40.2% who spoke a Ruthenian language. The number of Polish-speakers may have been inflated because Jews were not given the option of listing Yiddish as their language. Eastern Galicia
3025-540: Was well known as a man of letters , in particular a utopian thinker who espoused socialist and humanist ideals in his fiction and non-fiction. Most of his works remain untranslated into English. Von Sacher-Masoch was born in the city of Lemberg , the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , at the time a province of the Austrian Empire , into the Roman Catholic family. His parents were an Austrian civil servant, Leopold Johann Nepomuk Ritter von Sacher (1797–1874), and Charlotte Josepha von Masoch (1802–1870),
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