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66-598: Its roots are in the School of Grammar, Humanities and Christian Doctrine, a small school set up in Via Nuova Capitolina (now Via dell'Aracœli) by Ignatius Loyola in 1551. That school proved a success and so pope Gregory XIII ordered the construction of a larger institution, which opened on 28 October 1584 as the Roman College . In this and other Jesuit colleges was written the 1559 Ratio Studiorum ,

132-847: A Magisterium from the University of Paris at the age of forty-three in 1535. In later life, he would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this. In 1539, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus, which was approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III . He was chosen as the first Superior General of the order and invested with the title of "Father General" by the Jesuits. Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega , then ambassador of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, met Ignatius there and having formed

198-408: A cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism , praying for seven hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises . Íñigo also experienced a series of visions in full daylight while at the hospital. These repeated visions appeared as "a form in the air near him and this form gave him much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have

264-474: A 16th-century Spanish Catholic priest, theologian , and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Divided into four thematic "weeks" of variable length, they are designed to be carried out over a period of 28 to 30 days. They were composed with the intention of helping participants in religious retreats to discern the will of God in their lives, leading to a personal commitment to follow Jesus whatever

330-679: A classic work of spiritual literature. Many Jesuits are ready to direct the general public in retreats based on the Exercises . Since the 1980s there has been a growing interest in the Spiritual Exercises among people from other Christian traditions. The Exercises are also popular among lay people both in the Catholic Church and in other denominations, and lay organizations like the Christian life community place

396-413: A dead body", meaning that a Jesuit should be as empty of ego as is a corpse. However the overarching Jesuit principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater glory of God"). Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of the " Roman Fever ", a severe variant of malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval history. An autopsy revealed that he also had kidney and bladder stones,

462-608: A degree in theology. As a result, he was singled out for interrogation by the Inquisition but was later released. Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he had changed his name to Ignatius, probably to make it more acceptable to other Europeans) adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born. moved to France to study at the University of Paris . He attended first

528-743: A document which is still the basis of the teaching methods in Jesuit schools. Those methods were followed in the Roman College until the Jesuits' suppression in 1773 and were restored with the order in 1814 by Pope Pius VII . In 1870 the Italian government confiscated the building for the Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio , with the College's professors and students moving to the nearby palazzo Borromeo until

594-522: A good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel with him to his new appointment as Viceroy of Sicily . As a result, a Jesuit college was opened in Messina , which proved a success, so that its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges. In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure to India in 1541, Ignatius famously used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, set

660-487: A group linked in their zeal and spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the street, three of these devout women began to experience ecstatic states. "One fell senseless, another sometimes rolled about on the ground, another had been seen in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating in anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without

726-414: A longer period without the need of seclusion. The Exercises were designed to be carried out while under the guidance of a spiritual director , but they were never meant only for monks or priests: Ignatius gave the Exercises for 15 years before he was ordained, and years before the Society of Jesus was founded. He saw them as an instrument for bringing about a conversion or change of heart, especially in

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792-490: A name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, for use in France and Italy where it was better understood. Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born. Soon after the birth of Íñigo, his mother died. Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the wife of the local blacksmith. In 1498, his second eldest brother, Martin, heir to the estate, took his new wife to live in

858-401: A probable cause of the abdominal pains he suffered from in later life. The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present at the necropsy of St. Ignatius. He describes the results in his De re anatomica libre XV : I have taken out innumerable stones with my own hands, with various colors found in the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, and in the portal vein. For I saw stones in the ureters, in

924-405: A remark of St. Ignatius in the 19th "introductory observation" in his book, the retreat in daily life does not require an extended stay in a retreat house and the learned methods of discernment can be tried out on day-to-day experiences over time. Also, some break the 30 days into two or three sections over a two-year period. Most retreat centers offer shorter retreats with some of the elements of

990-451: A review of how the period went. The exercitant reports back to the spiritual director who helps interpret the exercitant's experiences and proposes material for the next day. Ignatius observes that God "deals directly" with the well-disposed person and the director should not give advice to the retreatant that might interfere with God's workings. After the first week Ignatius recommends a form of contemplation which he calls "application of

1056-429: A sword and dagger at his waist". According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an expert dancer, a womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged status to escape prosecution for violent crimes committed with his priest brother at carnival time." In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera . His diplomacy and leadership qualities earned him

1122-460: A tally of the frequency of sins or defects during each day. In it, the letter 'g' will indicate days, with 'G' for Sunday. Three kinds of thoughts: "my own" and two from outside, one from the "good spirit" and the other from the "bad spirit". Ignatius' book is not meant to be used by the retreatant but by a director or spiritual guide. Each day the exercitant uses the material proposed by the director for four or five hour-long periods, each followed by

1188-417: A way of understanding and living one's relationship with God in the world as practiced by members of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Although he originally designed them to take place in the setting of a secluded retreat , during which those undergoing the exercises would be focused on nothing other than the Exercises , Ignatius also provided a model in his introductory notes for completing the Exercises over

1254-540: Is also the headquarters of the Student Missionary League , a Jesuit movement for the spiritual training of secondary students, organising meetings and work camps in preparation for confirmation of those in and above their third year at secondary school. Each year the school's Alumni Association awards a prize to an alumnus who has shown particular distinction in their professional, cultural, or social life and maintained their relationship with

1320-523: Is named for him. In India , Loyola College, Chennai is named after him. This college was founded in 1925 by the French Jesuit priest Francis Bertram (originally known as Père François Bertrand), along with other European Jesuits. The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used by many Jesuit institutions around the world. As the official colours of

1386-400: Is often seen as the goal of Ignatian spirituality, to find God in all things. The "weeks" represent stages in a process of wholehearted commitment to the service of God. Morning, afternoon, and evening will be times of the examinations. The morning is to guard against a particular sin or fault, the afternoon is a fuller examination of the same sin or defect. There will be a visual record with

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1452-427: The Exercises at the center of their spirituality . The Exercises are seen variously as an occasion for a change of life and as a school of contemplative prayer. The most common way for laypersons to go through the Exercises now is a "retreat in daily life", which involves a five- to seven-month programme of daily prayer and meetings with a spiritual director. Also called the "19th annotation exercises" based on

1518-600: The Holy Land to "kiss the earth where our Lord had walked", and to do stricter penances . He thought that his plan was confirmed by a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus he experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him. In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat . There, he carefully examined his past sins , confessed , gave his fine clothes to

1584-683: The Military Ordinariate of the Philippines , the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore , in his native Basque Country, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp , Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome. Numerous institutions across the world are named for him, including many educational institutions and Ateneo University institutions in the Philippines. In 1852, Loyola University Maryland was

1650-634: The Pontifical Gregorian University was built to take its university students. However, in 1873, Father Massimiliano Massimo (after whom the institute is named) inherited the Palazzo Peretti and, in 1879, made it available to the Jesuits for the re-foundation of a school to continue the Roman College's work in secondary education. In 1960, due to a rise in student numbers, the Institute was transferred from Terme (near

1716-597: The Stazione Termini ) to EUR , where it now stands. It stands out from the skyline at EUR thanks to the odd shape of its church and its position on the highest point of the EUR pentagon. In 1973 it was allowed to enrol its first set of female students and in 1987 all its classes were made co-ed . The institute participates in many sports, both in the schools league and the sports associations, such as hockey, long jump, athletics, weightlifting, racing, and basketball. It

1782-603: The Institute and the Society of Jesus , or to a staff member of the Society or Institute distinguished for their activity in teaching. 41°49′47.03″N 12°27′26.38″E  /  41.8297306°N 12.4573278°E  / 41.8297306; 12.4573278 Ignatius Loyola Ignatius of Loyola SJ ( / ɪ ɡ ˈ n eɪ ʃ ə s / ig- NAY -shəs ; Basque : Ignazio Loiolakoa ; Spanish : Ignacio de Loyola ; Latin : Ignatius de Loyola ; born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola ; c.  23 October 1491 – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola ,

1848-524: The Lord's vineyard. He also spent much of his time praying in a cave nearby , where he practiced rigorous asceticism. During this time Ignatius experienced a series of visions, and formulated the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises . He would later refine and complete the Exercises when he was a student in Paris. The Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius form the cornerstone of Ignatian Spirituality :

1914-573: The Loyola family are maroon and gold , the Oñaz shield consists of seven maroon bars going diagonally from the upper left to the lower right on a gold field. The bands were granted by the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery in battle. The Loyola shield features a pair of rampant grey wolves flanking each side of a cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of nobility, while

1980-587: The Maria della Strada Church on 1 August 1556. In 1568 the church was demolished and replaced with the Church of the Gesù . Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church in a new coffin. Ignatius was beatified by Pope Paul V on 27 July 1609, and canonized by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated annually on 31 July, the day he died. He is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers,

2046-521: The Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber , a Savoyard , the latter two becoming his first companions, and his closest associates in the foundation of the future Jesuit order. "On the morning of the 15th of August, 1534, in the chapel of church of Saint Peter , at Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom only one was a priest, met and took upon themselves the solemn vows of their lifelong work." Ignatius gained

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2112-497: The Reformation times in which he lived. After the Society of Jesus was formed, the Exercises became the central component of its training program. They usually take place during the first year of a two-year novitiate and during a final year of spiritual studies after ordination to the priesthood. The Exercises have also impacted the founders of other religious orders, even becoming central to their work. Ignatius considered

2178-587: The ascetic Collège de Montaigu , moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for a master's degree. He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Calvin to flee France. Very soon after, Ignatius had gathered around him six companions, all of them fellow students at the university. They were the Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron , Diego Laynez , Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla , with

2244-455: The bladder, in the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as in the umbilicus. Also in the gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors. From the facts presented, the exact cause of death cannot be established. The stones mentioned in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder appear to indicate nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis . The so-called stones in the veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in

2310-516: The castle, and instead, his beloved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of Christ and of the saints. The religious work which most particularly struck him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony . This book would influence his whole life, inspiring him to devote himself to God and follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other great monks. It also inspired his method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that

2376-437: The castle, and she became mistress of the household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating his possible ecclesiastic career, Don Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured . Instead, Íñigo became a page in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer ( contador mayor ) of the kingdom of Castile . During his time in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up dancing, fencing, gambling,

2442-615: The church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff. Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation . As a former soldier, Ignatius paid particular attention to the spiritual formation of his recruits and recorded his method in the Spiritual Exercises (1548). In time, the method has become known as Ignatian spirituality . He

2508-400: The colon, liver, and lungs suggest the possibility of a malignant gastro-intestinal growth with metastases to the liver and lungs. Because of the inadequacy of the protocols of the sixteenth century, the exact final anatomical diagnosis on the autopsy of Ignatius cannot be established beyond doubt. His body was dressed in his priestly robes, placed in a wooden coffin and buried in the crypt of

2574-439: The conquest of self and the regulation of one’s life in such a way that no decision is made under the influence of any inordinate attachment." "Discernment" is very important to Ignatian thought. Through the process of discernment, the believer is led toward a direct connection between one's thought and action and the grace of God. As such, discernment can be considered a movement toward mystical union with God, and it emphasizes

2640-509: The cost. Their underlying theology has been found agreeable to other Christian denominations who make use of them and also for addressing problems facing society in the 21st century. The first printed edition of the Spiritual Exercises was published in Latin in 1548, after being given papal approval by Pope Paul III . However, Ignatius's manuscripts were in Spanish, so this first edition

2706-575: The entire design represented the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were combined as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261. Former coat of arms of the Argentine city, Junín, Buenos Aires used until 1941 bore Loyola shield under the Sun of May and surrounded by laurel wreath. Villoslada  [ es ; eu ] established

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2772-474: The evil in one's present life. An evil spirit usually brings confusion and doubt, but may also prompt complacency to discourage change. The human soul is continually drawn in two directions: towards goodness but at the same time towards sinfulness. According to the theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar , "choice" is the center of the Exercises , and they are directed to choosing God's will, a deepening self-abandonment to God. The Exercises "have as their purpose

2838-480: The examen , or spiritual self-review, to be the most important way to continue to live out the experience of the Exercises after their completion. Ignatius identified the various motives that lead a person to choose one course of action over another as "spirits". A major aim of the Exercises is the development of discernment ( discretio ), the ability to discern between good and evil spirits. A good spirit can bring love, joy, peace, but also desolation to reveal

2904-754: The first university in the United States to bear his name. In 1949 he was the subject of a Spanish biographical film Loyola, the Soldier Saint starring Rafael Durán in the role of Ignatius. In 2016, he was the subject of a Filipino film, Ignacio de Loyola , in which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz . Ignatius of Loyola is honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 31 July. The Saint Ignatius de Loyola Catholic Church , built in 1905 in El Paso, Texas ,

2970-476: The following detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola: Martín García Óñez de Loyola , soldier and Governor of Chile killed by Mapuches at the Battle of Curalaba , is likely Ignatius's nephew. Spiritual Exercises The Spiritual Exercises ( Latin : Exercitia spiritualia ), composed 1522–1524, are a set of Christian meditations , contemplations , and prayers written by Ignatius of Loyola ,

3036-437: The leg, with his bones set and rebroken. In the end, the operations left his right leg shorter than the other. He would limp for the rest of his life, with his military career over. While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a call to the religious life. In order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, he asked for the romances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but there were none in

3102-590: The municipality of Azpeitia , Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region of Spain . His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the minor nobility, from the clan of Loyola, were involved in the Basque war of the bands . Their manor house was demolished on the orders of the King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather being expelled to Andalusia by Henry IV . Íñigo

3168-482: The mystical experience of the believer. This aspect of the Spiritual Exercises reflects the trend toward mysticism in Catholic thought which flourished during the time of the Counter-Reformation (e.g., with Teresa of Ávila , Francis de Sales , and Pierre de Bérulle ). However, while discernment can be understood as a mystical path, it is also more prosaically a method of subjective ethical thought, emphasizing

3234-556: The original manuscripts of St. Ignatius. The culmination of this work was a "critical edition" of the Exercises published by the Jesuit order in 1919, in the Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu series. A critical edition from 1847 that incorporates Roothaan's studies can be found online. An authoritative Spanish-Latin text, based on the critical edition, was published in Turin by Marietti, in 1928. This

3300-641: The original manuscripts. After recovering from a leg wound incurred during the Siege of Pamplona in 1521, Ignatius made a retreat with the Benedictine monks at their abbey high on Montserrat in Catalonia , northern Spain , where he hung up his sword before the statue of the Virgin of Montserrat . The monks introduced him to the spiritual exercises of Garcias de Cisneros , which were based in large part on

3366-474: The poor he met, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword and dagger at the Virgin 's altar during an overnight vigil at the shrine. From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby town of Manresa ( Catalonia ), where he lived for about a year, begging for his keep, and then eventually doing chores at a local hospital in exchange for food and lodging. For several months he spent much of his time praying in

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3432-419: The pursuit of the young ladies, and duelling. Íñigo was keen on military exercises and was driven by a desire for fame. He patterned his life after the stories of El Cid , the knights of Camelot , The Song of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry. He joined the army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots;

3498-534: The reader place himself mentally at the scene of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc. This type of meditation, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the method that Ignatius outlined in his Spiritual Exercises . Aside from dreaming about imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was still wandering off in his mind about what "he would do in service to his king and in honour of

3564-421: The role of one's own mental faculties in deciding right and wrong. The original, complete form of the Exercises is a retreat of about 30 days in silence and solitude. The Exercises are divided into four "weeks" of varying length with four major themes: sin and God's mercy, episodes in the life of Jesus, the passion of Jesus, and the resurrection of Jesus together with a contemplation on God's love. This last

3630-403: The royal lady he was in love with". Cautiously he came to realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. He experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the romantic heroism dream was over, but, the saintly dream ended with much joy and peace. It was the first time he learned about discernment . After he had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolved to begin a pilgrimage to

3696-600: The senses." For this you “place yourself in a scene from the Gospels. Ask yourself, "What do I see? What do I hear? What do I feel, taste and smell?” The purpose of these Exercises is that we might gain the empathy to "follow and imitate more closely our Lord." From this comes the widespread use of the magis concept in Ignatian circles, pursuing spiritual growth and progress rather than sudden transformation. The Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola are considered

3762-468: The shape of a serpent and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ... but when the object vanished he became disconsolate". He came to interpret this vision as diabolical in nature. In September 1523, Íñigo made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with the aim of settling there. He remained there from 3 to 23 September but

3828-685: The teachings of the Brothers of the Common Life , the promoters of the " devotio moderna ". From Montserrat, he left for Barcelona but took a detour through the town of Manresa , where he eventually remained for several months, continuing his convalescence at a local hospital. During this time he discovered The Imitation of Christ of Thomas à Kempis , the crown jewel of the "devotio moderna", which however gave little grounding for an apostolic spirituality, an omission Ignatius later tried to supply in his Constitutions with its focus on labor in

3894-572: The title "servant of the court", and made him very useful to the Duke. Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in many battles without injury. However at the Battle of Pamplona on 20 May 1521 he was gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the fortress of Pamplona, and a cannonball ricocheting off a nearby wall fractured his right leg. Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, in an era before anesthetics , he underwent several surgical operations to repair

3960-549: The world on fire", a phrase used in the Jesuit order to this day. With the assistance of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco , Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553. They created a centralised organisation of the order, and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Pope and to superiors in the Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if

4026-403: Was beatified in 1609 and was canonized as a saint on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well as of the Society of Jesus. He was declared the patron saint of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922. Ignatius of Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola in the castle at Loyola, in

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4092-399: Was a Basque Spaniard Catholic priest and theologian , who, with six companions, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and became its first Superior General , in Paris in 1541. Ignatius envisioned the purpose of the Society of Jesus to be missionary work and teaching . In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty of other religious orders in

4158-484: Was edited by the editor of the critical edition, and included convenient marginal numbers for every section, which can be found in all contemporary editions (and inline in this article). An English translation by Louis J. Puhl, S.J., published in 1951, has been widely used by Jesuits, spiritual directors, retreat leaders, and others in the English-speaking world. Puhl translated directly from studies based on

4224-425: Was in fact a translation, although it was made during Ignatius's lifetime and with his approval. Many subsequent editions in Latin and in various other languages were printed early on with widely differing texts. Archival work on the authentic text of the Spiritual Exercises was undertaken at the initiative of the 19th century Jesuit Superior General Jan Roothaan , who himself published a translation and notes from

4290-531: Was sent back to Europe by the Franciscans . He returned to Barcelona and at the age of 33 attended a free public grammar school in preparation for university entrance. He went on to the University of Alcalá, where he studied theology and Latin from 1526 to 1527. There he encountered a number of devout women who had been called before the Inquisition . These women were considered alumbrados –

4356-598: Was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, had soldiered in forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , but died fighting in the Italian Wars (1494–1559). He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña , Abbot of Oña ; the name also is a medieval Basque diminutive for "My little one". It is not clear when he began using the Latin name "Ignatius" instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo". Historian Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend to change his name, but rather adopted

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