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51-525: McCulloch Motors Corporation is an American manufacturer of chainsaws and other outdoor power tools . The company was founded in Milwaukee , Wisconsin, in 1943 by Robert Paxton McCulloch as a manufacturer of small two-stroke gasoline engines and introduced its first chainsaw in 1948, the Model 5-49. McCulloch and its brand are owned by Husqvarna . McCulloch moved its operation to California in 1946. In

102-418: A bicycle chain , but without rollers ) features small, sharp, cutting teeth. Each tooth takes the form of a folded tab of chromium-plated steel with a sharp angular or curved corner and two beveled cutting edges, one on the top plate and one on the side plate. Left-handed and right-handed teeth are alternated in the chain. Chains are made in varying pitch and gauge; the pitch of a chain is defined as half of

153-537: A two-stroke single-cylinder gasoline (petrol) internal combustion engine (usually with a cylinder volume of 30 to 120 cm ) or an electric motor driven by a battery or electric power cord. In a petrol chainsaw, fuel is generally supplied to the engine by a carburetor at the intake. Two-stroke engines have been preferred for chainsaws due to their higher power-to-weight ratio and simplicity. Hydraulic power may be used for chainsaws for underwater use. To allow use in any orientation, modern gas chainsaws use

204-464: A cut is complete. The chainsaw operator may be trapped or crushed. Similarly, timber falling in an unplanned direction may harm the operator or other workers, or an operator working at a height may fall or be injured by falling timber. Like other hand-held machinery, the operation of chainsaws can cause vibration white finger , tinnitus , or industrial deafness . These symptoms were very common before vibration dampening using rubber or steel spring

255-443: A diaphragm carburetor, which draws fuel from the tank using the alternating pressure differential within the crankcase. Early engines used carburetors with gravity fed float chambers , which caused the engine to stall when tilted. The carburetor may need to be adjusted to maintain an appropriate idle speed and air-fuel ratio , such as when moving to a higher/lower altitude or as the air filter clogs. Carburetors are adjusted either by

306-474: A drum. On this drum sits either a fixed sprocket or an exchangeable one. The clutch has three jobs: When the engine runs idle (typically 2500–2700 rpm) the chain does not move. When the clutch is engaged and the chain stops in the wood for another reason, it protects the engine. Most importantly, it protects the operator in case of a kickback. Here, the chain brake stops the drum, and the clutch releases immediately. A guide bar, typically an elongated bar with

357-573: A factory and housing for its workers. The company founder Robert McCulloch was involved in buying the London Bridge at auction in the 1960s. It was then reassembled in Lake Havasu City and opened in 1971. In 1967, McCulloch discontinued its line of outboard boat engines which it began after the 1956 purchase of Scott-Atwater Manufacturing Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota - the manufacturer of Scott-Atwater outboard boat engines. In

408-515: A guide frame was granted to Samuel J. Bens of San Francisco on January 17, 1905, his intent being to fell giant redwoods. The first portable chainsaw was developed and patented in 1918 by Canadian millwright James Shand. After he allowed his rights to lapse in 1930, his invention was further developed by what became the German company Festo in 1933. The company, now operating as Festool , produces portable power tools. Other important contributors to

459-411: A round end of wear-resistant alloy steel typically 40 to 90 cm (16 to 36 in) in length, is used. An edge slot guides the cutting chain. Specialized, loop-style bars, called bow bars, were also used at one time for bucking logs and clearing brush, although they are now rarely encountered due to increased hazards of operation. All guide bars have some elements for operation: The lower part of

510-472: A smaller wound and protect the adjacent muscles, nerves, and veins. While symphysiotomy had too many complications for most obstetricians, Jeffray's ideas about the excision of the ends of bones became more accepted, especially after the widespread adoption of anaesthetics. For much of the 19th century the chainsaw was a useful surgical instrument, but it was superseded in 1894 by the Gigli twisted-wire saw , which

561-762: A wheeled power unit to drive the cutting bar. After World War II, improvements in aluminum and engine design lightened chainsaws to the point where one person could carry them. In some areas, the chainsaw and skidder crews have been replaced by the feller buncher and harvester . Chainsaws have almost entirely replaced simple man-powered saws in forestry. They are made in many sizes, from small electric saws intended for home and garden use, to large "lumberjack" saws. Members of military engineer units are trained to use chainsaws, as are firefighters to fight forest fires and to ventilate structure fires. Three main types of chainsaw sharpeners are used: handheld file, electric chainsaw, and bar-mounted. The first electric chainsaw

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612-399: Is a common source of damage to chainsaws, and tends to lead to rapid wear of the bar, or the chain seizing or coming off the bar. In addition to being quite thick, chain oil is particularly sticky (due to " tackifier " additives) to reduce the amount thrown off the chain. Although motor oil is a common emergency substitute, it is lost even faster, so leaves the chain under-lubricated. The oil

663-411: Is adjusted so that it neither binds on nor comes loose from the guide bar. The tensioner for doing so is either operated by turning a screw or a manual wheel. The tensioner is either in a lateral position underneath the exhaust or integrated into the clutch cover. Lateral tensioners have the advantage that the clutch cover is easier to mount, but the disadvantage that it is more difficult to reach nearby

714-430: Is normally lubricated for life. Most modern gasoline-operated saws today require a fuel mix of 2% (1:50). Gasoline that contains ethanol can result in problems for the equipment because ethanol dissolves plastic, rubber, and other material. This leads to problems, especially on older equipment. A workaround for this problem is to run fresh fuel only and run the saw dry at the end of the work. Separate chain oil or bar oil

765-515: Is pumped from a small pump to a hole in the bar. From there, the lower ends of each chain drive link take a portion of the oil into the gauge towards the bar nose. The pump outlet and bar hole must be aligned. Since the bar is moving out and inwards depending on the chain length, the oil outlet on the saw side has a banana-style long shape. Chains must be kept sharp to perform well. They become blunt rapidly if they touch soil, metal, or stones. When blunt, they tend to produce powdery sawdust, rather than

816-407: Is pumped, typically each tank filling to keep the nose sprocket well lubricated. Here, one or two bolts from the saw run through. The clutch cover is put on top of the bar and it is secured through these bolts. The number of bolts is determined by the size of the saw. Different bar types are available: Usually, each segment in a chain (which is constructed from riveted metal sections similar to

867-459: Is used for the lubrication of the bar and chain on all types of chainsaws. The chain oil is depleted quickly because it tends to be thrown off by chain centrifugal force , and it is soaked up by sawdust. On two-stroke chainsaws, the chain oil reservoir is usually filled up at the same time as refueling. The reservoir is normally large enough to provide sufficient chain oil between refueling. Lack of chain oil, or using an oil of incorrect viscosity ,

918-696: The Kaiser Manhattan, the 1957 Studebaker Golden Hawk , and Ford Thunderbird . In 1959, they produced their first kart engine, the McCulloch MC-10, an adapted chainsaw two-stroke engine. Bill Van Tichelt of VanTech Engineering designed and produced one of the first specialized and most successful intake manifolds for the McCulloch kart engine, along with mufflers, conversion kits, throttle linkages, air stacks and bottom slopers. In 1964, McCulloch founded Lake Havasu City , Arizona , with

969-547: The Ramshorn Cemetery in central Glasgow. In 1817 he was joint founder of the Glasgow Botanic Gardens . On 4 November 1818 (assisted by Andrew Ure ) he dissected the body of executed murderer Matthew Clydesdale. Clydesdale was hanged for the murder of Alexander Love with a pick-axe. But his fate was somewhat more bizarre. His body was subjected to galvanism (passing of an electric current) in

1020-462: The 1950s, McCulloch manufactured target drone engines, which were sold to RadioPlane in the 1970s. These McCulloch 4318 small four cylinder horizontally opposed two-stroke engines were also popular for use in various small autogyros , such as the Bensen B-8 M and Wallis WA-116 . McCulloch also started Paxton Automotive , manufacturing McCulloch-labeled superchargers like the one fitted to

1071-553: The 1970s their range was expanded to add generators, hedge trimmers, string trimmers, and leaf blowers , but started a narrow focus on lawn and garden equipment. By 1978, Charles Hurwitz had 13% holdings in the company. Black and Decker bought McCulloch on 4 October 1974, and sold the company to a private group in November 1984. In January 1999, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and sold its European division to Husqvarna AB . In October 1999, its North American operation

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1122-661: The McCulloch brand in the North American market. McCulloch is since a brand within the Husqvarna Group . Chainsaw Modern chainsaws are typically gasoline or electric and are used in activities such as tree felling , limbing , bucking , pruning , cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression , harvesting of firewood , for use in chainsaw art and chainsaw mills , for cutting concrete, and cutting ice. Precursors to modern chainsaws were first used in surgery, with patents for wood chainsaws beginning in

1173-595: The U.S. Keeping both hands on the saw for stability is essential for safe chainsaw use. James Jeffray James Jeffray (1759–1848) was a Scottish academic. He was professor of anatomy and botany at the University of Glasgow from 1790 until 1848. This 58 years of professorship is one of the longest in Scottish history. In around 1830 he is credited with invention of the surgical chainsaw, used to remove damaged sections of bone in an accurate manner. He

1224-588: The anatomy rooms, in an experiment to study the impact on the human nervous system. The body was connected to a voltaic pile and the hand and fingers moved. The whole gruesome event took place in the Anatomy Theatre at Old College. In 1821 he was ordered to close a shop selling cheese and ham in the College Court which he had opened without permission. Not until the Anatomy Act 1832 did

1275-401: The bar. Tensioners through the clutch cover are easier to operate, but the clutch cover is more difficult to attach. When turning the screw, a hook in a bar hole moves the bar either out (tensioning) or in, making the chain loose. Tension is right when it can be moved easily by hand and not hanging loose from the bar. When tensioning, hold the bar nose up and pull the bar nuts tight. Otherwise,

1326-404: The chain breaks during operation due to poor maintenance or attempting to cut inappropriate materials. Gasoline-powered chainsaws expose operators to harmful carbon monoxide gas, especially indoors or in partially enclosed outdoor areas. Drop starting, or turning on a chainsaw by dropping it with one hand while pulling the starting cord with the other, is a safety violation in most states in

1377-422: The chain might derail. The underside of each link features a small, metal finger called a "drive link", which locates the chain on the bar, helps to carry lubricating oil around the bar, and engages with the engine's drive sprocket inside the body of the saw. The engine drives the chain around the track by a centrifugal clutch, engaging the chain as engine speed increases under power, but allowing it to stop as

1428-447: The chain runs in the gauge. Here, the lubrication oil is pulled by the chain to the nose. This is basically the thickness of the drive links. The end of the saw power head has two oil holes, one on each side. These holes must match with the outlet of the oil pump. The pump sends the oil through the hole in the lower part of the gauge. Saw bar producers provide a large variety of bars matching different saws. Through this hole, grease

1479-457: The edges set at an angle; the chain was moved around a guiding blade by turning the handle of a sprocket wheel. As the name implies, this was used to cut bone. One of the earliest patents for an "endless chain saw" comprising a chain of links carrying saw teeth was granted to Frederick L. Magaw of Flatlands, New York in 1883, apparently for the purpose of producing boards by stretching the chain between grooved drums. A later patent incorporating

1530-480: The engine speed slows to idle speed. Consistent improvement to overall chainsaw design, including adding safety features , has taken place over the years. These include chain-brake systems, better chain design, and lighter, more ergonomic saws, including fatigue-reducing antivibration systems. As chainsaw carving has become more popular, manufacturers are making special short, narrow-tipped bars (called "quarter-tipped" "nickel-tipped", or "dime-tipped" bars, based on

1581-755: The forerunner of Pioneer Saws Ltd and part of Outboard Marine Corporation , the oldest manufacturer of chainsaws in North America. In 1944, Claude Poulan was supervising German prisoners cutting pulpwood in East Texas. Poulan used an old truck fender and fashioned it into a curved piece used to guide the chain. The "bow guide" now allowed the chainsaw to be used by a single operator. McCulloch in North America started to produce chainsaws in 1948. The early models were heavy, two-person devices with long bars. Often, chainsaws were so heavy that they had wheels like dragsaws . Other outfits used driven lines from

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1632-413: The idea of a saw "with joints like the chain of a watch" independently very soon after Park's original 1782 publication, but that he was not able to have it produced until 1790, after which it was used in the anatomy lab and occasionally lent out to surgeons. Park and Moreau described successful excision of diseased joints, particularly the knee and elbow, and Jeffray explained that the chainsaw would allow

1683-469: The large forces involved in the work, from the fast-moving, sharp chain, or the vibration and noise of the machinery. A common accident arises from "kickback" when a chain tooth at the tip of the guide bar catches on wood without cutting through it. This throws the bar (with its moving chain) in an upward arc toward the operator, which can cause serious injury or even death. Another dangerous situation occurs when heavy timber begins to fall or shift before

1734-557: The late 19th century. A chainsaw comprises an engine, a drive mechanism, a guide bar, a cutting chain, a tensioning mechanism, and safety features. Various safety practices and working techniques are used with chainsaws. The origin of chainsaws in surgery is debated. A "flexible saw", consisting of a fine serrated link chain held between two wooden handles, was pioneered in the late 18th century ( c.  1783 –1785) by two Scottish doctors, John Aitken and James Jeffray , for symphysiotomy and excision of diseased bone, respectively. It

1785-422: The length spanned by any three consecutive rivets (e.g., 8 mm, 0.325 inch), while the gauge is the thickness of the drive link where it fits into the guide bar (e.g., 1.5 mm, 0.05 inch). The conventional "full complement" chain has one tooth for every two drive links. "Full skip" chain has one tooth for every three drive links. Built into each tooth is a depth gauge or "raker", which rides ahead of

1836-407: The longer, clean shavings characteristic of a sharp chain; a sharp saw also needs very little force from the operator to push it into the cut. Specially-hardened chains (made with tungsten carbide ) are used for applications where the soil is likely to contaminate the cut, such as for cutting through roots . A clear sign of a blunt chain is the vibrations of the saw. A sharp chain pulls itself into

1887-524: The modern chainsaw are Joseph Buford Cox and Andreas Stihl ; the latter patented and developed an electric chainsaw for use on bucking sites in 1926 and a gasoline-powered chainsaw in 1929, and founded a company to mass-produce them. In 1927, Emil Lerp , the founder of Dolmar , developed the world's first gasoline-powered chainsaw and mass-produced them. World War II interrupted the supply of German chainsaws to North America, so new manufacturers sprang up, including Industrial Engineering Ltd (IEL) in 1939,

1938-661: The most common type, but they faced competition from cordless lithium battery powered chainsaws from the late 2010s onwards. Although most cordless chainsaws are small and suitable only for hedge trimming and tree surgery , Husqvarna and Stihl began manufacturing full size chainsaws for cutting logs during the early 2020s. Battery powered chainsaws should eventually see increased market share in California due to state restrictions planned to take effect in 2024 on gas powered gardening equipment. A chainsaw consists of several parts: Chainsaw engines are traditionally either

1989-405: The operator or, in some saws, automatically by an electronic control unit . To prevent vibration induced injury and reduce user fatigue, saws generally have an anti-vibration system to physically decouple the handles from the engine and bar. This is achieved by constructing the saw in two pieces, connected by springs or rubber in the same way an automobile suspension isolates the chassis from

2040-639: The provisions of the Murder Act 1751 . This gave a very limited supply of bodies. This sort of experiment had been enacted a handful of times in England but was the first example in Scotland. Clydesdale was the first person hanged in Glasgow for ten years. In 1813 a mob smashed the windows of his house at College Court, wrongly believing that he was connected to the theft of the body of Janet McAlister from

2091-417: The size of their tips). Some chainsaws are built specifically for carving applications. Echo sponsors a carving series. Today's chainsaws have multiple safety features to protect the operator. These include: ‹The template How-to is being considered for merging .›   Two-stroke chainsaws require about 2–5% of oil in the fuel to lubricate the engine, while the motor in electrical chain-saws

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2142-470: The supply of bodies change; from the legal bodies of hanged criminals and illegal bodies supplied by graverobbers ; to bodies supplied by the parish - usually paupers. He died at his university accommodation in 1848. He is buried on the northern slope of the Glasgow Necropolis . Around 1810 he married Margaret Lockhart (1774-1863). Their eldest son, also James Jeffray (1811-1886) was also

2193-411: The tooth and limits the depth of cut, typically to around 0.5 mm (0.025"). Depth gauges are critical to safe chain operation. If left too high, they cause very slow cutting; if filed too low, the chain becomes more prone to kick back. Low depth gauges also cause the saw to vibrate excessively. Vibration is uncomfortable for the operator and is detrimental to the saw. The tension of the cutting chain

2244-482: The wheels and road. In cold weather, carburetor icing can occur, so many saws have a vent between the cylinders and carburetor which may be opened to allow hot air to pass. Cold temperature can also contribute to vibration-induced injury, and some saws have a small alternator connected to resistive heating elements in the handles and/or carburetor. Typically, a centrifugal clutch and sprocket are used. The centrifugal clutch expands with increasing speed, engaging

2295-485: The wood without pressing on the saw. Since the air intake filter tends to clog up with sawdust, it must be cleaned from time to time but is not a problem during normal operation. Protective clothing is designed to protect operators in the event of a moving chain touching their clothing by snarling the chain and sprocket, by using special synthetic fibers woven into the garment. Despite safety features and protective clothing, injuries can still arise from chainsaw use, from

2346-465: Was acquired by the Taiwanese company Jenn Feng Industrial Co. Jenn Feng added electric power tools and pressure washers to the product line. In March 2003, MTD Products signed a distribution and licensing agreement with Jenn Feng in which MTD would exclusively produce McCulloch products in North America. In March 2008, Husqvarna acquired the outdoor products division of Jenn Feng, gaining access to

2397-516: Was born in Kilsyth in 1759. He studied Sciences at the University of Glasgow graduating MA in 1778. He then went to Edinburgh University to study Medicine graduating MD in 1786. From 1790 he held the twin chairs of Anatomy and Botany at the University of Glasgow . In 1800 he was elected Vice Rector under Rector Ilay Campbell, Lord Succoth . At this time only the bodies of those executed for murder (and only for murder) could be dissected under

2448-491: Was illustrated in the second edition of Aitken's Principles of Midwifery, or Puerperal Medicine (1785) in the context of a pelviotomy . In 1806, Jeffray published Cases of the Excision of Carious Joints , which collected a paper previously published by H. Park in 1782 and a translation of an 1803 paper by French physician P. F. Moreau, with additional observations by Park and Jeffray. In it, Jeffray reported having conceived

2499-520: Was introduced. Heated handles are additional help. Newer, lighter, and easier to wield cordless electric chainsaws use brushless motors, which further decrease noise and vibration compared to traditional petroleum-powered models. The risks associated with chainsaw use mean that protective clothing such as chainsaw boots , chaps, and hearing protectors are normally worn while operating them, and many jurisdictions require that operators be certified or licensed to work with chainsaws. Injury can also result if

2550-415: Was invented by Stihl in 1926. Corded chainsaws became available for sale to the public from the 1960s onwards, but these were never as successful commercially as the older gas-powered type due to limited range, dependency upon the presence of an electrical socket , plus the health and safety risk of the blade's proximity to the cable. For most of the early 21st century petrol driven chainsaws remained

2601-415: Was substantially cheaper to manufacture, and gave a quicker, narrower cut, without risk of breaking and being entrapped in the bone. A precursor of the chainsaw familiar today in the timber industry was another medical instrument developed around 1830, by German precision mechanic and orthopaedist Bernhard Heine . This instrument, the osteotome , had links of a chain carrying small cutting teeth with

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