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52-533: The monkey ( 猴 ) is the ninth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar . The year of the monkey is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 申 . People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "year of the monkey", while bearing the following elemental sign: Chinese zodiac Identifying this scheme as

104-650: A nāga in place of the Dragon and begins, not at the Chinese New Year , but either on the first day of the fifth month in the Thai lunar calendar , or during the Songkran New Year festival (now celebrated every 13–15 April), depending on the purpose of the use. Historically, Lan Na (Kingdom around Northern Thailand) also replaces pig with elephant. While modern Thai have returned to pig, its name

156-561: A lexicostatistical comparison of 36 languages which are well known enough to exclude loanwords, finds little evidence for internal branching, though he did find an area of increased contact between the Bahnaric and Katuic languages, such that languages of all branches apart from the geographically distant Munda and Nicobarese show greater similarity to Bahnaric and Katuic the closer they are to those branches, without any noticeable innovations common to Bahnaric and Katuic. He therefore takes

208-496: A thump sound came from the distance, signaling the arrival of the Rabbit . It explained how it crossed the river: by jumping from one stone to another in a nimble fashion. Halfway through, it thought it might lose the race, but it was lucky enough to grab hold of a floating log that later washed it to shore. For that, it became the fourth animal in the zodiac cycle. In fifth place was the flying Dragon . The Jade Emperor wondered why

260-597: A " zodiac " reflects superficial similarities to the Western zodiac : both divide time cycles into twelve parts, label the majority of those parts with animals, and are used to ascribe a person's personality or events in their life to the person's particular relationship to the cycle. The 12 Chinese zodiac animals in a cycle are not only used to represent years in China but are also believed to influence people's personalities, careers, compatibility, marriages, and fortunes. For

312-619: A "Year of the ____" postage stamp each year to honor this Chinese heritage . The zodiac is widely used in commercial culture, for example, in the Chinese New Year market, and popular zodiac-related products, such as crafts, toys, books, accessories, and paintings and Chinese lunar coins . The coins depict zodiac animals, inspired the Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coins , as well as varieties from Australia , South Korea , and Mongolia . The Chinese zodiac

364-466: A cyclical timekeeping system, which is seen as a way to reflect personality traits and the broader society (Zhou, 2017). According to legend, the Jade Emperor held a contest to decide which animals would be lucky enough to be included in the calendar. The winner of the race – the rat – received the first year of the 12-year cycle, and so on. However, according to historical records and research,

416-588: A few specialized exceptions in other Austroasiatic branches. The Austroasiatic languages are further characterized as having unusually large vowel inventories and employing some sort of register contrast, either between modal (normal) voice and breathy (lax) voice or between modal voice and creaky voice . Languages in the Pearic branch and some in the Vietic branch can have a three- or even four-way voicing contrast. However, some Austroasiatic languages have lost

468-618: A hierarchical society. Just as Confucian beliefs persist in Asia today alongside more modern social views, so does zodiac use. In Chinese astrology the animal signs assigned by year represent self-presentation or perception by others. It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs, and many Western descriptions of Chinese astrology only reference this system. There are also animal signs assigned by month (called "inner animals"), by day (called "true animals"), and hours (called "secret animals"). The Earth

520-1004: A person born a Tiger is 12, 24, 36, (etc.) years old in the year of the Tiger (2022); in the year of the Rabbit (2023), that person is one year older. The following table shows the 60-year cycle matched up to the Gregorian calendar for 1924–2043. The sexagenary cycle begins at lichun about February 4 according to some astrological sources. The first Trine consists of the Rat , Dragon , and Monkey . These three signs are considered intense and powerful individuals capable of great good. They are seen as great leaders but are also known to be unpredictable. The three are intelligent, generous, charismatic, charming, authoritative, confident, eloquent, and artistic. However, they can also exhibit traits such as being manipulative, jealous, selfish, aggressive, vindictive, and deceitful. The second Trine consists of

572-607: A story tells that the cat was tricked by the Rat so it could not go to the banquet. This is why the Cat is ultimately not part of the Chinese zodiac. In Buddhist legend Gautama Buddha summoned all animals of the Earth to come before him before his departure from this Earth , but only twelve animals came to bid him farewell. To reward the these animals, he named a year after each of them in

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624-479: A stressed, full syllable. This reduction of presyllables has led to a variety of phonological shapes of the same original Proto-Austroasiatic prefixes, such as the causative prefix, ranging from CVC syllables to consonant clusters to single consonants among the modern languages. As for word formation, most Austroasiatic languages have a variety of derivational prefixes, many have infixes , but suffixes are almost completely non-existent in most branches except Munda, and

676-462: A swift, airborne creature such as the Dragon did not come in first place. The Dragon explained that it had to stop by a village and bring rain for all the people, and therefore it was held back. Then, on its way to the finish, it saw the helpless Rabbit clinging onto a log, so it did a good deed and gave a puff of breath in the poor creature's direction so that it could land on the shore. The Jade Emperor

728-769: A taxon altogether, making it synonymous with the larger family. Scholars generally date the ancestral language to c.  3000 BCE  – c.  2000 BCE with a homeland in southern China or the Mekong River valley. Sidwell (2022) proposes that the locus of Proto-Austroasiatic was in the Red River Delta area around c.  2500 BCE  – c.  2000 BCE . Genetic and linguistic research in 2015 about ancient people in East Asia suggest an origin and homeland of Austroasiatic in today southern China or even further north. The name Austroasiatic

780-555: Is all twelve signs, with five seasons. Michel Ferlus (2013) notes that the Old Chinese names of the earthly branches are of Austroasiatic origin. Some of Ferlus's comparisons are given below, with Old Chinese reconstructions cited from Baxter & Sagart (2014). There is also a lexical correspondence with Austronesian : The terms for the earthly branches are attested from Shang dynasty inscriptions and were likely also used before Shang times. Ferlus (2013) suggests that

832-569: Is also used in some Asian countries that were under the cultural influence of China . However, some of the animals in the zodiac may differ by country . The Korean zodiac includes the Sheep ( yang ) instead of the Goat (which would be yeomso ), although the Chinese source of the loanword yang may refer to any goat-antelope . The Japanese zodiac includes the Sheep ( hitsuji ) instead of

884-641: Is better preserved in the Katuic languages , which Sidwell has specialized in. Linguists traditionally recognize two primary divisions of Austroasiatic: the Mon–Khmer languages of Southeast Asia , Northeast India and the Nicobar Islands , and the Munda languages of East and Central India and parts of Bangladesh and Nepal . However, no evidence for this classification has ever been published. Each of

936-525: Is still กุน (gu̜n) , retaining the actual word for elephant in the zodiac. The Gurung zodiac in Nepal includes a Cow instead of an Ox, a Cat instead of Rabbit, an Eagle instead of a Dragon ( Loong ), a Bird instead of a Rooster, and a Deer instead of a Pig. The Bulgar calendar used from the 2nd century and that has been only partially reconstructed uses a similar sixty-year cycle of twelve animal-named years groups. The Old Mongol calendar uses

988-475: Is with a chart showing how each zodiac sign interacts other signs. For example, constellations that are considered compatible with each other may have similar values and interests, while incompatible constellations may have conflicting personalities and ways of communicating. Many stories and fables explain the beginning of the zodiac . Since the Han dynasty , the twelve Earthly Branches have been used to record

1040-765: The Goat (which would be yagi ), and the Wild boar ( inoshishi , i ) instead of the Pig ( buta ). Since 1873, the Japanese have celebrated the beginning of the new year on 1 January as per the Gregorian calendar . The Vietnamese zodiac varies from the Chinese zodiac with the second animal being the Water Buffalo instead of the Ox , and the fourth animal being the Cat instead of

1092-543: The Ox , Snake , and Rooster . These three signs are said to possess endurance and application, with a slow accumulation of energy. They are meticulous at planning but tend to hold fixed opinions. The three are described as intelligent, hard-working, modest, industrious, loyal, philosophical, patient, good-hearted, and morally upright. However, they can also exhibit traits such as being self-righteous, egotistical, vain, judgmental, narrow-minded, and petty. The third Trine consists of

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1144-548: The Rabbit , Goat , and Pig . These three signs are said to have a calm nature and a somewhat reasonable approach. They seek aesthetic beauty, are artistic, well-mannered, and compassionate, yet they can also be detached and resigned to their condition. The three are described as caring, self-sacrificing, obliging, sensible, creative, empathetic, tactful, and prudent. However, they can also exhibit traits such as being naive, pedantic, insecure, selfish, indecisive, and pessimistic. As

1196-489: The Tiger , Horse , and Dog . These three signs are said to seek true love, pursue humanitarian causes, and be idealistic and independent, but they tend to be impulsive. They are described as productive, enthusiastic, independent, engaging, dynamic, honorable, loyal, and protective. However, they can also display traits such as being rash, rebellious, quarrelsome, anxious, disagreeable, and stubborn. The fourth Trine consists of

1248-859: The Chamic languages of Vietnam, and the Land Dayak languages of Borneo (Adelaar 1995). Diffloth 's widely cited original classification, now abandoned by Diffloth himself, is used in Encyclopædia Britannica and—except for the breakup of Southern Mon–Khmer—in Ethnologue . Peiros is a lexicostatistic classification, based on percentages of shared vocabulary. This means that languages can appear to be more distantly related than they actually are due to language contact . Indeed, when Sidwell (2009) replicated Peiros's study with languages known well enough to account for loans, he did not find

1300-486: The Jade Emperor 's decree that the years on the calendar would be named for each animal in the order they reached him. To get there, the animals would have to cross a river. The Cat and the Rat were not good at swimming, but they were both quite intelligent. They decided that the best and fastest way to cross the river was to hop on the back of the Ox . The Ox, being kindhearted and naive, agreed to carry them both across. As

1352-681: The Monkey with the turtle (known locally as kra ). Similarly the Malay zodiac replaces the Rabbit with the mousedeer ( pelanduk ) and the Pig with the tortoise ( kura or kura-kura ). The Dragon ( Loong ) is normally equated with the nāga but it is sometimes called Big Snake ( ular besar ) while the Snake sign is called Second Snake ( ular sani ). This is also recorded in a 19th-century manuscript compiled by John Leyden . The Thai zodiac includes

1404-573: The Rabbit . The Cambodian zodiac is exactly identical to that of the Chinese although the dragon is interchangeable with the Neak ( nāga ) Cambodian sea snake. Sheep and Goat are interchangeable as well. The Cambodian New Year is celebrated in April, rather than in January or February as it is in China and most countries. The Cham zodiac uses the same order as the Chinese zodiac, but replaces

1456-637: The historical record. Only two are presently considered to be the national languages of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia. The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while the Wa language is a "recognized national language" in the de facto autonomous Wa State within Myanmar. Santali is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . The remainder of

1508-460: The Chinese zodiac appeared after the establishment of the "Ganji Chronicle Law", and each of the twelve animals corresponded one of the twelve branches. People born in any given year have animals belonging to that branch of the earth, and accordingly, twelve animals are used for chronology and the genus of each person. In the Eastern Han dynasty , Xu Shen said that the character si (巳) was

1560-609: The Chinese zodiac is derived according to the ancient Five Elements Theory , every Chinese sign is associated with five elements with relations, among those elements, of interpolation, interaction, over-action, and counter-action—believed to be the common law of motions and changes of creatures in the universe . Different people born under each animal sign supposedly have different personalities, and practitioners of Chinese astrology consult such traditional details and compatibilities to offer putative guidance in life or for love and marriage. A common way to explore zodiac compatibility

1612-1201: The Mouse, the Ox, the Leopard , the Hare , the Crocodile , the Serpent, the Horse, the Sheep, the Monkey, the Hen , the Dog and the Hog. The Tibetan calendar replaces the Rooster with the bird . Austroasiatic languages The Austroasiatic languages ( / ˌ ɒ s t r oʊ . eɪ ʒ i ˈ æ t ɪ k , ˌ ɔː -/ OSS -troh-ay-zhee- AT -ik, AWSS- ) are a large language family spoken throughout Mainland Southeast Asia , South Asia and East Asia . These languages are natively spoken by

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1664-528: The Ox that it could hear the Rat sing, before jumping off at the finish line and finishing first. Another variant says that the Rat cheated the Cat out its place at the finish line, by hiding on the back of the Dog, who was too focused to notice that he had a stow-away. The Cat tried to attack the rat in retaliation, but hurt the Dog by accident. This is said to account for the antagonistic dynamic between cats and rats, beyond normal predator and prey behavior, and also why dogs and cats fight. In Chinese mythology ,

1716-534: The Ox was about to reach the other side of the river, the Rat pushed the Cat into the water, and then jumped off the Ox and rushed to the Jade Emperor. It was named as the first animal of the zodiac calendar. The Ox had to settle for second place. The third animal to come was the Tiger . Even though it was strong and powerful, it admitted to the Jade Emperor that the currents were pushing it downstream. Suddenly,

1768-692: The Sino lunar calendar, include the Cat instead of the Rabbit as a zodiac animal. The most common explanation is that cats are worshipped by farmers in East Asia, believing that cats' luck and prosperity protects their crops. Another popular cultural reason is that the ancient word for rabbit (Mao) sounds like cat (Meo). The Chinese zodiac signs are also used by cultures other than Chinese . For example, they usually appear on Korean New Year and Japanese New Year 's cards and stamps. The United States Postal Service and several other countries' postal services issue

1820-535: The conservative view that the thirteen branches of Austroasiatic should be treated as equidistant on current evidence. Sidwell & Blench (2011) discuss this proposal in more detail, and note that there is good evidence for a Khasi–Palaungic node, which could also possibly be closely related to Khmuic. If this would the case, Sidwell & Blench suggest that Khasic may have been an early offshoot of Palaungic that had spread westward. Sidwell & Blench (2011) suggest Shompen as an additional branch, and believe that

1872-431: The explanation of the totem and celestial combinations is more scientific. The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the Rat . The following are the twelve zodiac signs in order, each with its associated characteristics ( Heavenly Stems , Earthly Branch , yin/yang force , Trine , and nature element ). The belief that everyone and every animal has a role to play in society conforms to Confucian beliefs in

1924-721: The families that is written in boldface type below is accepted as a valid clade. By contrast, the relationships between these families within Austroasiatic are debated. In addition to the traditional classification, two recent proposals are given, neither of which accepts traditional "Mon–Khmer" as a valid unit. However, little of the data used for competing classifications has ever been published, and therefore cannot be evaluated by peer review. In addition, there are suggestions that additional branches of Austroasiatic might be preserved in substrata of Acehnese in Sumatra (Diffloth),

1976-463: The family's languages are spoken by minority groups and have no official status. Ethnologue identifies 168 Austroasiatic languages. These form thirteen established families (plus perhaps Shompen , which is poorly attested, as a fourteenth), which have traditionally been grouped into two, as Mon–Khmer, and Munda . However, one recent classification posits three groups (Munda, Mon-Khmer, and Khasi–Khmuic ), while another has abandoned Mon–Khmer as

2028-520: The image of a snake, and the same was true for hai (亥) and shi (豕; 'pig'). Since the twelve Earthly Branches of the zodiac were easily confused, folks replaced them with animals and borrowed the ordinal symbols to match them with the Earthly Branches to form a chronological symbol system. "Totem and celestial combination theory", suggests the zodiac is ancient animal totem worship combined with astronomical images in astronomy. Among them,

2080-505: The internal (branching) structure below. Diffloth compares reconstructions of various clades, and attempts to classify them based on shared innovations, though like other classifications the evidence has not been published. As a schematic, we have: Remo Savara Kharia – Juang Korku Kherwarian Khmuic Pakanic Palaungic Khasian Vietic Katuic Bahnaric Khmer Pearic Nicobarese Aslian Monic Or in more detail, Paul Sidwell (2009), in

2132-501: The majority of the population in Vietnam and Cambodia , and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of Thailand , Laos , India , Myanmar , Malaysia , Bangladesh , Nepal , and southern China . Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are Vietnamese speakers. Of the Austroasiatic languages, only Vietnamese , Khmer , and Mon have lengthy, established presences in

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2184-533: The order they had arrived. The twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac were developed in the early stages of Chinese civilization , so therefore it is difficult to investigate its real origins. Most historians agree that the Cat is not included, as cats had not yet been introduced to China from India with the arrival of Buddhism . However until recently, the Vietnamese moved away from their traditional texts and literature and, unlike all other countries who follow

2236-431: The race in twelfth place, making it the last animal to arrive. The Cat eventually drowned and failed to become part of the zodiac. It is said that this is the reason why cats hate water. It is also the reason for the rivalry between the Cat and Rat, as it was the Rat's callous act to push the Cat into the river. Another version of the folktale tells that the Rat deceived the Ox into letting it jump on its back by promising

2288-494: The reconstruction of Proto-Mon–Khmer in Harry L. Shorto 's Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary . Little work has been done on the Munda languages , which are not well documented. With their demotion from a primary branch, Proto-Mon–Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto-Austroasiatic. Paul Sidwell (2005) reconstructs the consonant inventory of Proto-Mon–Khmer as follows: This is identical to earlier reconstructions except for *ʄ . *ʄ

2340-411: The register contrast by evolving more diphthongs or in a few cases, such as Vietnamese, tonogenesis . Vietnamese has been so heavily influenced by Chinese that its original Austroasiatic phonological quality is obscured and now resembles that of South Chinese languages, whereas Khmer, which had more influence from Sanskrit, has retained a more typically Austroasiatic structure. Much work has been done on

2392-519: The river blocking the heavenly gate. The Rooster found a raft, and the Monkey and the Goat tugged and pulled, trying to get all the weeds out of the way. With combined efforts, they managed to arrive to the other side. The Jade Emperor was pleased with their teamwork and decided to name the Goat as the eighth animal, followed by the Monkey and then the Rooster. The eleventh animal placed in the zodiac cycle

2444-499: The starting date of a zodiac year, there are two schools of thought in Chinese astrology : Chinese New Year or the start of spring . There are theories that suggest the twelve animals were chosen for their symbolic traits, based on their revered status in traditional Chinese culture. The selection process varied regionally before being standardized in the Han Dynasty (Cao, 2008). This standardization connected these animals into

2496-575: The terms were ancient pre-Shang borrowings from Austroasiatic languages spoken in the Yangtze River region. Within the Four Pillars , the year is the pillar representing information about the person's family background and society or relationship with their grandparents. The person's age can also be easily deduced from their sign, the current sign of the year, and the person's generational disposition (teens, mid-20s, and so on). For example,

2548-403: The time of day. However, for entertainment and convenience, they were replaced by the twelve animals, and a mnemonic refers to the behavior of the animals: Earthly Branches may refer to a double-hour period. In the latter case it is the center of the period; for instance, 马 ( Horse ) means noon as well as a period from 11:00 to 13:00. An ancient folktale called "The Great Race" tells of

2600-534: Was astonished by the Dragon's good nature, and it was named as the fifth animal of the zodiac. As soon as the Dragon arrived, there came a galloping sound, and the Horse appeared. Hidden on the Horse's hoof was the Snake , whose sudden appearance gave the Horse a fright, thus making it fall back and giving the Snake the sixth spot while the Horse placed seventh. After a while, the Goat , Monkey , and Rooster came to

2652-679: Was coined by Wilhelm Schmidt ( German : austroasiatisch ) based on auster , the Latin word for "South" (but idiosyncratically used by Schmidt to refer to the southeast), and "Asia". Despite the literal meaning of its name, only three Austroasiatic branches are actually spoken in South Asia: Khasic , Munda , and Nicobarese . Regarding word structure, Austroasiatic languages are well known for having an iambic "sesquisyllabic" pattern, with basic nouns and verbs consisting of an initial, unstressed, reduced minor syllable followed by

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2704-529: Was the Dog . Although it should have been the best swimmer and runner, it spent its time playing in the river water. Its explanation for being late was that it needed a good bath after a long journey, but it almost did not make it to the finish line. Right when the Jade Emperor was going to end the race, an oink sound was heard: it was the Pig . The Pig felt hungry in the middle of the race, so it stopped, ate something, and then fell asleep. After it awoke, it finished

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