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52-495: On 1 January 2019, Meterik had 1,627 inhabitants. Meterik is the ancestral home of astronomer Peter Jenniskens . The village is known as a haven for temporary workers for seasonal work in the agricultural sector. Currently, many of the workers are from Bulgaria and Romania . Based on stone tools found, hunter gatherers of the mesolithic (10,000-5,300 BC) frequented the heathlands that formed in Northern Limburg after

104-421: A Senate and House of Representatives . From the start, the administrative system proved controversial. Representation in the 110-seat House of Representatives, for example, was divided equally between south and north, although the former had a larger population. This was resented in the south, which believed that the government was dominated by northerners. Additionally, the king had somewhat greater power than

156-631: A buffer state between the major European powers. The polity was a constitutional monarchy , ruled by William I of the House of Orange-Nassau . The polity collapsed in 1830 with the outbreak of the Belgian Revolution . With the de facto secession of Belgium , the Netherlands was left as a rump state and refused to recognise Belgian independence until 1839 when the Treaty of London

208-580: A French client state . In 1813, the Netherlands was liberated from French rule by Prussian and Russian troops during the Napoleonic Wars . It was taken for granted that any new regime would have to be headed by the son of the last Dutch stadhouder , William Frederik of Orange-Nassau . A provisional government was formed, most of whose members had helped drive out the House of Orange 18 years earlier. However, they realised that it would be better in

260-406: A Russian Academy of Sciences fact finding mission to Chelyabinsk Oblast. Over 50 villages were visited to map the extent of the glass damage. Traffic video records were collected to map the shock wave arrival times. In order to determine the meteoroid entry speed and angle, star background calibration images were taken and shadow obstacle dimensions were measured at sites where video cameras recorded

312-619: A church was established, a house for the priest, and a windmill was brought to the village to generate income for the priest. A school was already present in 1733 and enlarged in 1911 (now a gymnastics hall), while a farmer's union (LLTB) hall was built in 1919 and monastery "St. Theresia" in 1925. The Church of Meterik, the Saint John the Evangelist, was built in 1899 designed by the architect Caspar Roermond Franssen. The first priest arrived in 1904. In 1922 his son Joseph Franssen enlarged

364-504: A common form of amorphous ice in comets and icy satellites (during a post-doc study with David F. Blake) and he created the first broad detection-limited survey of Diffuse Interstellar Bands in his PhD thesis work with Xavier Désert. United Kingdom of the Netherlands The United Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Dutch : Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden ; French : Royaume uni des Pays-Bas )

416-459: A future observation of an impacting asteroid. In 2023, small asteroid 2023 CX1 was spotted in space and four hours prior to impact announced as a likely impactor. When the final trajectory showed that meteorites would have fallen over land in Normandy, France, Jenniskens joined Francois Colas of IMCCE/Paris Observatory and other researchers and citizen scientists of FRIPON/Vigie-Ciel and guided

468-655: A nearby settlement were found along the Crommentuynstraat. And the outline of a farm from the late Iron Age (about 200 BC) was discovered in Meterik's Field in 2006. It is likely that Meterik's Field was established in this age. If so, the name Meterik may have roots in the Celtic language, for example "mi ater ruc", meaning "my father's rick of hay". The region was part of the Roman empire (50 BC - 456 AD), located in

520-481: A number of family-owned farms. The names of the families who built those farms are given in the Tranchot map and are still transmitted to later generations in the form of an informal Limburgish name that many locals use, which refers to the name of a farm or place. In the heathlands north and east of the field, increased removal of sod heather created a barren landscape with sand dunes, which were planted by fir trees in

572-555: A single fall. The next biggest impact over land occurred in California's gold country on April 22, 2012. One of the fragments landed at Sutter's Mill, the very site where gold was first discovered in 1848 that led to the California Gold Rush. Jenniskens found one of three fragments of this CM chondrite on April 24, before rains hit the area. The rapid recovery was made possible because Doppler weather radar detected

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624-520: A year later, in the evening of October 17, 2012, a bright fireball was seen near San Francisco. The first Novato meteorite , an L6 type chondrite fragmental breccia, was found by Novato resident Lisa Webber following Jenniskens' publication of the trajectory of the fireball from video recorded by stations of his Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance project (CAMS). Three weeks after the February 15, 2013, Chelyabinsk meteor , Jenniskens participated in

676-640: Is a Dutch - American astronomer and a senior research scientist at the Carl Sagan Center of the SETI Institute and at NASA Ames Research Center. He is an expert on meteor showers , and wrote the book Meteor Showers and their Parent Comets, published in 2006 and Atlas of Earth’s Meteor Showers, published in 2023. He is past president of Commission 22 of the International Astronomical Union (2012–2015) and

728-630: Is the case for Dutch and Belgian monarchs today. Most notably, the ministers were responsible solely to him. The United Netherlands was divided into 17 provinces and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg which was constitutionally distinct. All of these provinces can trace their origin to a medieval lordship , county , duchy or bishopric , apart from Antwerp (previously part of Duchy of Brabant ) and Limburg (previously part of Prince-Bishopric of Liège and Duchy of Gelderland ). Their status changed when they came under French rule, when their administration

780-468: Is the unofficial name given to the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Dutch : Koninkrijk der Nederlanden ; French : Royaume des Belgiques ) as it existed between 1815 and 1830. The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars through the fusion of territories that had belonged to the former Dutch Republic , Austrian Netherlands , and Prince-Bishopric of Liège in order to form

832-666: The Civitas Tungrorum , with the influx of the Tungri and later Salian Franks Germanic tribes. A Roman coin was found on Meterik's Field, and it has been suggested that the name Meterik originated when a Roman soldier was given land here, but no Roman buildings have been found. After 515 AD, the area was part of Frankish Austrasia , the Carolingian empire and the Holy Roman Empire . A Carolingian settlement

884-655: The Duchy of Luxembourg , which was elevated to a grand duchy and placed in personal union with the Netherlands, though it remained part of the German Confederation . Though the United Netherlands was a constitutional monarchy , the king retained significant control as head of state and head of government . Beneath the king was a bicameral legislature known as the States General with

936-835: The Prince-Bishopric of Liège - the former being part of Habsburg monarchy , while both were part of the Holy Roman Empire . In the aftermath of the French Revolution , the War of the First Coalition broke out in 1792 and France was invaded by Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire . After two years of fighting, the Austrian Netherlands and Liège were captured by the French in 1794 and annexed into France. The Dutch Republic collapsed in 1795 and became

988-551: The Quadrantids parent body 2003 EH 1 , and several others, as new examples of how fragmenting comets are the dominant source of meteor showers . These objects are now recognized as the main source of our zodiacal dust cloud . Before that, he predicted and observed the 1995 Alpha Monocerotids meteor outburst (with members of the Dutch Meteor Society), proving that "stars fell like rain at midnight" because

1040-645: The Weichselian glaciation . Slash and burn farming came to the region at the start of the neolithic around 5500 BC, with Aegean Neolithic Farmers of the Bandkeramic ( linear pottery ) culture, mostly settling in the loss lands to the south. Around 2900 BC, the Bronze Age and increased mobility from the domestication of the horse and consumption of milk brought farmers of the Corded Ware culture and

1092-661: The steel industry in Wallonia . Antwerp emerged as major trading port. William I actively supported economic modernisation. Modern universities were established in Leuven , in Liège , and in Ghent in 1817. Lower education was also extended. The General Netherlands Society for Advancing National Industry ( Algemeene Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter Begunstiging van de Volksvlijt ) was created in 1822 to encourage industrialisation in

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1144-407: The 1850s and 1860s to create the 'Schadijker Bossen'. The invention of artificial fertilizer subsequently led to the agricultural development of the remaining heathlands south of the field. Meterik became a nucleated village at the end of the 19th century, when local farmers obtained permission to establish a church under the condition that they themselves provided income for the priest. Subsequently,

1196-673: The Aurigid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign (Aurigid MAC), which studied a rare September 1, 2007, outburst of Aurigids from long-period comet C/1911 N1 (Kiess), and the Quadrantid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign (Quadrantid MAC), which studied the January 3, 2008, Quadrantids . Jenniskens identified several important mechanisms of how our meteor showers originate. Since 2003, Jenniskens identified

1248-539: The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, French was the de facto official language while German was used in education. Differences between Southern and Northern Netherlands were never totally resolved. The two were divided by the issue of religion because the south was strongly Roman Catholic and the north largely Dutch Reformed . The Catholic Church in Belgium resented the state's encroachment on its traditional privileges, especially in education. In French-speaking parts of

1300-530: The Tranchot und v. Mueffling map of 1802–1804. It was probably located in a hidden, vegetated area near the brook at the Donkstraat where long the "Schans" family lived. Only with political changes after the French conquest in 1794, the abolishment of the noble "heerlijkheden" in 1798, and the later foundation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , did the feudal system of moving farms settle into

1352-672: The design of the Church, as the early chapel had become too small. After having been damaged during World War 2, the current church was built in 1946. The Polish, who have settled in large numbers in North Limburg and North Brabant , have their own parish since 2006. It is a so-called categorical parish, which is not bound to a region, but to a group of people. The Polish parish has a Polish priest. Peter Jenniskens Petrus Matheus Marie (Peter) Jenniskens (born 1962 in Meterik )

1404-468: The disintegrating main spacecraft. These airborne missions studied what physical conditions the protective heat shield endured during the reentry before being recovered. More recently, Jenniskens led a mission to study the destructive entry of ESA's Automated Transfer Vehicle Jules Verne on 29 September 2008, Orbital ATK's Cygnus OA6 reentry on 22 June 2016, and the spectacular daytime re-entry of space debris object WT1190F near Sri-Lanka to practice

1456-598: The dust trails of long-period comets wander on occasion in Earth's path. His research also includes artificial meteors. Jenniskens is the principal investigator of NASA's Genesis and Stardust Entry Observing Campaigns to study the fiery return from interplanetary space of the Genesis (September 2004), Stardust (January 2006), and Hayabusa (June 2010) sample return capsules. The beautiful reentry of JAXA's Hayabusa probe over Australia on 13 June 2010 also included

1508-401: The falling meteorites. A consortium study led by Jenniskens traced these meteorites back to a source region in the asteroid belt: a family of asteroids that move at low inclination and are close to the 3:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter. These were the first CM chondrites to be recovered from near the surface of the original parent body before it broke up, creating the asteroid family. Half

1560-472: The fireball and its shadows. Eyewitnesses were interviewed to learn about injuries, heat sensations, sunburn, smells and where meteorites were found. Meteorites found shortly after the fall by Chelyabinsk State University colleagues were analyzed and the results from this consortium study were published in Science . In earlier collaborations, he discovered that an unusual viscous form of liquid water can be

1612-422: The group to their first recovery of a 95g meteorite later that day. The next day, Jenniskens found the second meteorite, with a mass of 3 gram, the location of which verified the wind drift to which small meteorites were exposed. This established the location of the meteorite strewn field. In subsequent weeks, over 20 more meteorites were found with masses in the range 2g to 350g. In 2018, a second asteroid 2018 LA

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1664-621: The long term to offer leadership of the new government to William Frederik themselves rather than have him imposed by the allies. Accordingly, William Frederick was installed as the "sovereign prince" of a new Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands . The future of the Southern Netherlands, however, was less clear. In June 1814, the Great Powers secretly agreed to the Eight Articles of London which allocated

1716-609: The north. By the mid-1820s, a union of opposition had formed in Belgium, uniting liberals and Catholic conservatives against Dutch rule. The Belgian Revolution broke out on 25 August 1830, inspired by the recent July Revolution in France. A military intervention in September failed to defeat the rebels in Brussels , radicalising the movement. Belgium was declared an independent state on 4 October 1830. A constitutional monarchy

1768-503: The open field created by these settlements, as have the communities of Schadijk ( Limburgish : De Schaak ) to the north, and Middelijk ( Limburgish : Middelik ) and Veld-Oostenrijk ( Limburgish : Osterik ) in the east. The oldest written reference to 'Meterick' for the area dates to 1483. In the Middle Ages (after 1100 AD) the area became part of the county, the later Duchy, of Guelders . Initial power centers were along

1820-478: The owners of the Huys Ter Horst castle. In the Middle Ages, Meterik had its own defensive structure, called a "schans", about 0.5 hectares large and consisting of an earthen wall and a flooded ditch with a draw bridge. In 1622, the area is mentioned as the "schansweide". In 1755, a small house was located there, but taken down in 1793 prior to the oldest known modern topographic map of the area being drawn,

1872-507: The principal investigator of NASA's Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign (Leonid MAC), a series of four airborne missions that fielded modern instrumental techniques to study the 1998 - 2002 Leonids meteor storms. These missions helped develop meteor storm prediction models, detected the signature of organic matter in the wake of meteors as a potential precursor to origin-of-life chemistry, and discovered many new aspects of meteor radiation. More recent meteor shower missions include

1924-572: The proto-Indo European language to the area. Languages evolved from Italo/Celtic ( Tumulus culture 1600-1200 BC) to proto Celtic ( Urnfield culture 1300-750 BC). The Iron Age arrived with farmers of the proto Celtic Hallstatt culture (800-450 BC) and Celtic La Tène culture (450-50 BC). In 1983, parts of the grating and the cupola of a pottery oven were found along the St. Maartensweg in Schadijk and dated to about 500 BC. Traces of Iron Age pottery from

1976-458: The recovery of an 18 gram fragment on June 23, 2018. Twenty-two more meteorites were found in October that year. In 2021, the results from the international 2018 LA meteorite consortium study was published, tracing the fragments of asteroid 2018 LA to an impact crater on Vesta. The recovery of fragments of asteroid 2008 TC 3 marked the first time fragments had been found from an object that

2028-576: The region to the Dutch as William had advocated. That August, William Frederik was made Governor-General of the Southern Netherlands and the Prince-Bishop of Liège , which combined are almost all of what is now Belgium. For all intents and purposes, William Frederik had completed his family's three-century dream of uniting the Low Countries under a single rule. Discussions on the future of

2080-632: The region were still ongoing at the Congress of Vienna when Napoleon attempted to return to power in the " Hundred Days ". William used the occasion to declare himself king on 16 March 1815 as William I. After the Battle of Waterloo , discussions continued. In exchange for the Southern Netherlands, William agreed to cede the Principality of Orange-Nassau and parts of the Liège to Prussia on 31 May 1815. In exchange, William also gained control over

2132-573: The river Maas. In 1326, the nearby castle Huys Ter Horst was founded at the confluence of Kabroekse Beek and Groote Molenbeek. The medieval castle evolved into a home for nobility, but rights to the lands moved hands. At one point the northern part of the field near Schadijk was in hands of the Van Mirlaer family ( Meerlo , closer to the confluence of the Groote Molenbeek and river Maas), while the southern and eastern parts were in hands of

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2184-453: The south, attempts to enforce the use of Dutch language were particularly resented among the elite. Many Belgians believed that the United Netherlands' constitution discriminated against them. Though they represented 62 percent of the population, they were only allocated 50 percent of the seats in the House and less in the Senate while the state extracted money from the richer south to subsidise

2236-567: The south, while the Netherlands Trading Society ( Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij ) was created in 1825 to encourage trade with the colonies. William I also embarked on a program of canal building that saw the creation of the North Holland , Ghent–Terneuzen and Brussels–Charleroi canals . Willem I felt that one nation must have one language and began a policy of Dutchification in politics and education. In

2288-454: The southern provinces of Antwerp, East-, West-Flanders, Limburg (1819), and the bilingual South Brabant (1823); Dutch was made the sole official language. While in the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Liège, Namur; French was maintained as official language but Dutch was gradually introduced into education. Although French was still used to some degree in administration in both North and South. In

2340-545: Was centralised, reducing their powers. They included: The United Netherlands was also a colonial power with overseas colonies in the East Indies and elsewhere. Economically, the United Netherlands prospered. Supported by the state, the Industrial Revolution began to affect the Southern Netherlands where a number of modern industries emerged, encouraged by figures such as John Cockerill who created

2392-651: Was chair of the Working Group on Meteor Shower Nomenclature (2006–2012) after it was first established. Asteroid 42981 Jenniskens is named in his honor. In 2008, Jenniskens, together with Muawia Shaddad, led a team from the University of Khartoum in Sudan that recovered fragments of asteroid 2008 TC3 in the Nubian Desert , marking the first time meteorite fragments had been found from an object that

2444-608: Was established under King Leopold I . William I refused to accept the secession of Belgium. In August 1831, he launched the Ten Days' Campaign , a major military offensive into Belgium. Though initially successful, the French intervened to support the Belgians and the invasion had to be abandoned. After a period of tension, a settlement was agreed at the Treaty of London in 1839. The Dutch recognised Belgian independence, in exchange for territorial concessions. The frontier between

2496-447: Was found in the Meterik's Field with the floor plans of 23 large and 21 small buildings and four wells dated to 625-1000 AD. A feudal system of agriculture developed, with farming areas and moving farms in the service of nobility. Sod heather and dung was used to fertilize the land, raising the elevation of Meterik's Field by about 1.7 meters over time. Peat from the moor was used as fuel. Meterik originated from scattered farms surrounding

2548-399: Was previously tracked in outer space before hitting Earth. Since October 2010, Jenniskens has developed the global Cameras for All-Sky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS) project to map our meteor showers. Meteor showers are detected by triangulating the path of meteors recorded in a low-light video camera surveillance of the night sky displayed at meteorshowers .seti .org . Jenniskens is

2600-524: Was previously tracked in outer space before hitting Earth. This search was led by Peter Jenniskens and Muawia Shaddad of the University of Khartoum in Sudan , and carried out with help from students and staff of the University of Khartoum. The search of the impact zone began on December 6, 2008, and turned up 24 pounds (11 kg) of rocks in about 600 fragments. This also proved the first well documented recovery of many different meteorite types from

2652-765: Was signed, fixing the border between the two states and guaranteeing Belgian independence and neutrality as the Kingdom of Belgium . Before the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), the Low Countries was a patchwork of different polities created by the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). The Dutch Republic in the north was independent; the Southern Netherlands was split between the Austrian Netherlands and

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2704-651: Was spotted in space and tracked to an impact over land. Working with Oliver Moses of the Okavango Research Institute of the University of Maun, Jenniskens triangulated the fall from video records to an area in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Moses and Jenniskens then joined Alexander Proyer of BUIST and Mohutsiwa Gabadirwe of the Botswana Geoscience Institute in a search expedition, which led to

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