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56-634: Long proposed and supported by the NEDA-Regional Development Council-Cordillera , it was previously defined between 2007 and 2017 as one of twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines . The original "BLIST" long existed as a concept since its inception in August 1990, a month after the 1990 earthquake which devastated the city of Baguio and other surrounding areas, and only existed as an informal reference to

112-643: A deviation from the original plan. After the road was completed, some of the foreign road workers, such as those from British Hong Kong and Japan , decided to remain in Baguio to live permanently, such as some Cantonese Chinese Filipinos or in the case of some Japanese Filipinos , move to work in Abaca plantations in Mintal or Calinan in Davao City . The original road was a Macadam Telford -type road which

168-539: A government reorganization plan which included a National Economic Development Authority and submitted it to Congress for their approval. In 1972, the National Economic Development Authority (without the conjunction “and”) was created as the government's central planning body. The first major thrust of the government-wide reorganization effected through Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 1 issued on September 24, 1972, otherwise known as

224-462: A much higher fare, though some minibuses offer cheaper fares. Bus services that operate in Baguio include Philippine Rabbit , Dangwa Tranco , Dagupan Bus , Pangasinan Solid North Transit. Victory Liner , Partas , Genesis , and Saulog Transit . Loakan Airport is the lone airport serving the general area. The airport is classified as a trunkline airport, or a major commercial domestic airport, by

280-532: A one-year term. Most of the metropolitan area, like Baguio, is located some 1,500 meters above sea level, nestled within the Cordillera Central mountain range in northern Luzon. It covers a total area of 1094.79 square kilometers. BLISTT features a subtropical highland climate under the Köppen climate classification. The area is known for its mild climate. Owing to its high elevation, the temperature

336-748: A smarter and more innovative Philippines. The primary functions of the NIC are in the formulation and development of the National Innovation Agenda and Strategy Document (NIASD), the management of the Innovation Fund, the oversight over Innovation Credit and Financing programs through the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas , and in monitoring the Global Innovation Index (GII) ranking of the country. Moreover,

392-702: A unicameral National Assembly as the Legislature. One of the first acts of Quezon administration was to call for a special session of Congress to enact certain laws needed by the government. Under Commonwealth Act No. 2, enacted on December 23, 1935, an advisory body for economic concerns of the Philippines called the National Economic Council was tasked with advising the government on economic and financial matters, and formulate an economic program based on national independence. The president

448-401: Is 8 degrees Celsius lower compared to the average temperature of the rest of the country. Average temperature ranges from 15 to 23 degrees Celsius. It is usually lower during the late and early months of the year. The lowest recorded temperature in Baguio was 6.3 degrees Celsius on January 18, 1961. This is in contrast to the all-time high of 30.4 degrees Celsius recorded on March 15, 1988, during

504-566: Is about 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) south of Baguio near the Lion's Head and Camp 6, in Tuba. As the American colonial government wanted to make Baguio a summer retreat to solidify Manila’s position, they decided to build a sturdy and reliable road to go there. They first tapped Charles W. Mead, who was a civil engineer, but he was subsequently replaced by Colonel N.M. Holmes. Two years after in 1903,

560-966: Is headed by the president of the Philippines as chairman of the NEDA board, with the Secretary of Socioeconomic Planning as vice-chairman. A number of Cabinet members, the Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas , the Chairperson of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority , the Chief Minister of Bangsamoro , the Secretary of Information and Communications Technology , the Chairman of

616-410: Is restricted to commuter size aircraft. This perhaps contributed to the city's declining competitiveness against other medium-sized cities around the country. The airport is used primarily by helicopters, turbo-prop and piston engine aircraft, although on rare occasion light business jets (LBJ) have flown into the airport. Loakan Airport reopened on December 16, 2022, with Philippine Airlines launching

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672-547: The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines , a body of the Department of Transportation and Communications that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines except the major international airports. It is about 10 minutes by car from the city center going south. Due to the limited length of the runway which is 1,802 meters or 5,912 feet, it

728-572: The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) with usage limited only to light vehicles and only to residents living around the area. The rehabilitation and improvement of Kennon Road is currently being considered to be put under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scheme with the DPWH starting consultations with an international firm for a pre-feasibility study regarding the project. In December 2021, Republic Act No. 11604

784-706: The Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) is attached to the NEDA for policy and program coordination or integration. Kennon Road Kennon Road , also known as the Rosario–Baguio Road , is a two lane 33.53-kilometer (20.83 mi) roadway in Benguet province in the Philippines connecting the mountain city of Baguio in Benguet to the lowland town of Rosario in La Union province. Originally called Benguet Road , it

840-486: The Philippine highway network . As one of the four major access roads from the lowlands that lead to the highland city of Baguio, most of Kennon Road's stretch encompasses the municipality of Tuba in the province of Benguet . Settlements along the highway, known as Camps 1 to 8, were originally established for the pioneer builders of the road, but have since been occupied by local residents. The steepest portion of

896-722: The Subic–Clark Area Development Corporation , and the National President of the Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines are members of the NEDA Board. The agency is currently headed by Secretary Arsenio Balisacan since June 30, 2022. On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated with Manuel L. Quezon as president, Sergio Osmeña as vice president, and

952-524: The 1988 El Niño season. Baguio seldom exceeds 26 degrees Celsius even during the warmest part of the year. Like many other cities with a subtropical highland climate, BLISTT sees noticeably less precipitation during its “low-sun” months. The metropolitan area though sees an extraordinary amount of precipitation during its wetter months, with the months of July and August seeing on average more than 1,000 mm of rain. BLISTT averages over 4500 mm of precipitation annually. Unlike Metro Manila, BLISTT, before

1008-492: The February 1986 revolution, Executive Order (EO) No. 5 was issued by President Corazon C. Aquino, directing a government-wide reorganization to promote economy, efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery of public services. On July 22, 1987, EO 230 was issued reorganizing the NEDA. The implementation of this EO was completed on February 16, 1988, when NEDA commenced operations under its reorganized setup. The present form of

1064-663: The First Congress of the Philippines enacted Republic Act No. 51, which allowed the President of the Philippines to reorganize the Executive Branch of Government as he sees fit within one year of its enactment. President Manuel Roxas, subsequently, amended the Administration Code of 1917 by issuing Executive Order No. 94, s. 1947. The Executive Order made the President of the Philippines the head of

1120-512: The Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (per Section 124 of Republic Act No. 7653, approved June 14, 1993) have since been included in the Board. On April 22, 2006, the NEDA Board was reconstituted through Administrative Order (AO) No. 148, adding eight new members and replacing five original members. Under EO No. 230, s. 1987 (Reorganizing NEDA), the President may revise the membership of

1176-502: The Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP), was the provision for an integrated organizational complex for development planning and program implementation to correct the deficiencies of the system then existing. The IRP identified these deficiencies as: (1) the dispersal of planning functions among several economic planning bodies and ad hoc councils; (2) the lack of effective coordination among economic bodies; (3)

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1232-690: The NEDA Board Executive Committee (ExCom), and reconstituting the ICC. As stated in the said AO, the NEDA Board ExCom shall have the following powers and functions: The Board is assisted by seven (7) Cabinet-level Inter-agency Committees: Further, Section 34, Article VII of Republic Act 11054: Bangsamoro Organic Law, provides that the Chief Minister of the Bangsamoro Region shall be an Ex-Officio Member of

1288-529: The NEDA Board on matters concerning the Bangsamoro Region. The National Innovation Council (NIC; Filipino : Pambansang Konseho sa Inobasyon ) is the Philippine government's highest policy-making body for national innovation development. It was established to develop the country's innovation goals, priorities, and long-term national strategy established by virtue of Republic Act No. 11293 or

1344-499: The NEDA Board whenever necessary through an administrative or memorandum order for the Board to effectively perform its functions. Pursuant to said EO and to streamline the decision-making process in the bureaucracy, including the NEDA Board and the Investment Coordination Committee (ICC), the President issued Administrative Order (AO) 8, s. 2017 reconstituting the NEDA Board, reactivating and reorganizing

1400-532: The NEDA Board. Previous members of the Board included: the Secretaries of Health, Foreign Affairs, and Agrarian Reform (per Memorandum Order No. 164, dated March 21, 1988); the Secretary of Science and Technology (per Memorandum Order No. 235, dated May 19, 1989); and the Secretary of Transportation and Communications (per Memorandum Order No. 321, dated September 26, 1990). However, the Secretary of Energy (per Republic Act No. 7638, approved December 9, 1992) and

1456-516: The NEDA was organized by President Corazon C. Aquino on July 22, 1987, through EO 230. It defined the composition of the NEDA Board and the Secretariat and its powers and functions, the powers and functions of the Authority and its committees. On July 26, 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos signed Memorandum Order No. 222 which reactivated the NEDA Board Executive Committee and mandating that

1512-630: The National Economic Council. During his administration, President Carlos P. Garcia saw the need to create a new office in charge of the supervision of government corporations, which he called the National Development Authority. President Garcia asked Congress to enact such a law during his 1958 State of the Nation Address. When Congress finally passed the law creating the National Development Authority, President Garcia disagreed with its limited powers, thus vetoing

1568-707: The Philippine Innovation Act of 2018. It is headed by the president of the Philippines as chairman of the NIC, with the Secretary of Socioeconomic Planning as vice-chairman. The NIC is operationalized by an Executive Director who also leads the National Innovation Council Secretariat which is housed under the National Economic and Development Authority. It provides strategic foresight, funding, capacity building, and policy coordination initiatives for

1624-599: The Philippine Islands over US$ 2.7 million. The Americans were inimical and irked, as evident in their stance that it was the "Christian Feast Holidays" celebrated by the Filipinos that caused the delays in the completion of the road. More than 2,300 foreign and local workers worked on the road. Aside from Filipino engineers and construction workers and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers headed by Col. Lyman Kennon, foreigners from 36 countries were recruited to work on

1680-869: The Philippine National Bank, the President of the National Development Company, the President of the Manila Railroad Company, Mr. Joaquin M. Elizalde, Hon. R.J. Fernandez, Mr. Wenceslao Trinidad, Mr. Vicente Madrigal, Hon. Francisco Varona, Mr. Ramon Soriano, Hon. Vicente Singson Encarnacion, Hon. Rafael R. Alunan and Hon. Manuel Roxas. The council was organized into eight committees: (1) Committee on agriculture and natural resources, (2) industry, (3) foreign trade and tariff, (4) domestic trade, (5) transportation and communication, (6) taxation, (7) labor and immigration, and (8) banking and finance. The first act of

1736-668: The Road will be closed for 2 months due to the prefabricated shed installation after having completed the Bued River columns . Kennon Road is one of the most hazardous roads in the Philippines, especially during rainy seasons, when road accidents are common. The road is closed during heavy rains or typhoon conditions to avoid casualties from landslides . Portions of the highway are also prone to land-sinking , particularly along Barangay Camp 3 in Tuba. It usually takes an experienced commuter from 45 minutes to an hour to negotiate

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1792-485: The Third Republic until the declaration of Martial Law on September 23, 1972. The need for an office in charge of national development was revived during the administration of President Ferdinand E. Marcos. In his 1970 State of the Nation Address, Marcos said the administrative machinery of government must be restructured and revitalized to meet the challenge of change and development. Marcos, thereafter, crafted

1848-728: The Vice-Chair, and the following as members: the Executive Secretary of the Office of the President, and the Secretaries of the Departments of Budget and Management, Finance, Energy, Human Settlements and Urban Development, Public Works and Highways, and Transportation. The Chairperson of the Mindanao Development Authority and Deputy Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas are also members of

1904-444: The area. The concept was later amended into "BLISTT" in 2009, which included the municipality of Tublay, despite not being adjacent to the city of Baguio. It was officially established after a signing of a memorandum of agreement by the mayors of the component local government units. BLISTT, like Metro Manila and Metro Cebu , is not an administrative political unit but an agglomeration of independent local government units (LGUs),

1960-556: The bill sent to him as he mentioned in his 1959 State of the Nation Address In 1960, Congress passed a law, which changed the composition of the National Economic Council through Republic Act No. 2699 enacted on June 18, 1960. The law increased the council's membership by including the Secretary of Commerce and Industry and granting the minority party representation in the membership of the National Economic Council. The council would continue to perform its functions throughout

2016-629: The city government of Baguio, for the prime purpose of alleviating the city's overpopulation and decongestion problems. It was criticized by other government officials as heavily geared towards the alleviating of the problems of Baguio. It was officially established after a signing of a memorandum of agreement by the mayors of the component LGUs. The first set of council officials were elected on February 27, 2014, with Baguio Mayor Mauricio Domogan as chairman, Sablan Mayor Arthur Baldo as co-chairman, La Trinidad Mayor Edna Tabanda as Treasurer, and Tublay Mayor Ruben Paoad as Secretary, all of whom would serve for

2072-727: The city of Baguio from the lowlands; Kennon Road , Aspiras-Palispis Highway (formerly Marcos Highway), and Naguilian Road (also known as Quirino Highway). Kennon Road starts from Rosario in La Union province, and winds through a narrow, steep valley. Although perilous and being prone to landslides during rainy season, it is the fastest route to Baguio from the lowlands, and offers a scenic view. Aspiras Highway, which starts from Agoo, La Union and connects to Palispis Highway at Benguet-La Union highway border, and Naguilian Road, which starts from Bauang, La Union , are longer but safer routes than Kennon Road. For this, they are preferred by coaches, buses and lorries. All three major highways traverse

2128-425: The composition of the National Economic Development Authority. In 1973, the National Economic Development Authority was dissolved by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 107, s. 1973. The Presidential Decree created the National Economic and Development Authority (now, with the conjunction “and”), which absorbed the National Economic Development Authority as mandated in the 1973 Constitution. On March 12, 1986, after

2184-489: The council was to survey and adopt plans for an effective utilization and conservation of our natural resources. The council also undertook a study, in cooperation with the National Development Company and Metropolitan Water District, on the potential of waterpower resources which eventually led to the enactment of Commonwealth Act No. 120, creating the National Power Corporation. After World War II,

2240-545: The decisions of the NEDA Board Executive Committee shall be final, executory and binding upon the NEDA Board. On July 27, 1992, President Ramos signed Republic Act No. 7640, which constituted the Legislative-Executive Development Advisory Committee (LEDAC). The LEDAC serves as a consultative and advisory body to the President as the head of the NEDA and gives advice on certain programs and policies, which are essential to

2296-450: The first regular commercial flight to the airport in decades to and from Mactan–Cebu International Airport on the day of the reopening. National Economic and Development Authority The National Economic and Development Authority ( NEDA ; Filipino : Pambansang Pangasiwaan sa Kabuhayan at Pagpapaunlad ) is an independent cabinet-level agency of the Philippine government responsible for economic development and planning. It

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2352-746: The municipality of Tuba , also known as the " Gateway to Baguio ". A significant portion of Naguilian Road covers the municipality of Sablan . From Itogon , Baguio is connected by the Baguio-Bua-Itogon Road , while La Trinidad 's main access route to the city is via the Halsema Highway (also known as the "Mountain Trail"), which leads north through the mountainous portion of the Cordillera Administrative Region . The municipality of Tublay , situated at

2408-565: The north of La Trinidad, is likewise traversed by the Halsema Highway. Another access to Baguio from Aritao in the Nueva Vizcaya province passes through Itogon, but is less traveled. The road is not well-maintained, and public transportation through this route is not as regular. Several bus lines link Baguio with Manila and the rest of the lowlands. Most transportation companies also offer express and air-conditioned buses at

2464-435: The project was turned over to the administration of Lyman Kennon . The construction of the road commenced in 1903 by cutting across the mountains of Benguet with the combined efforts of various Filipinos , Americans , Chinese Filipinos and Japanese nationals. It was considered one of the most difficult and expensive civil engineering projects of its day, with expenditures by the newly established Insular Government of

2520-515: The realization of the goals of national development. The powers and functions of NEDA reside within the NEDA Board. The NEDA Board is the country's premier socioeconomic development planning and policy coordinating body, responsible for developing the social and economic policies, plans, and programs of the government. The Board is composed of the President as the Chair, the NEDA Secretary as

2576-419: The road between Camp 6 and Camp 7 is commonly known as "Zigzag Road" because of the numerous switchbacks required. The Bued River , which flows along a rocky canyon from lofty heights, and following this course the road was cut above the river bed . The highway is a toll road , with the lower tollgate located about 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) from the junction at Pugo near Camp 1. The upper tollgate

2632-403: The road; the majority, at about 1,500 or 22%, were Japanese, and about 1,000 were Chinese. The road proved to be a more challenging and dangerous than the original plan of Mead. Hundreds of workers died from malaria and dysentery while more plunged to their deaths while building the road. They are also affected when intense rainpour dredged their positions. The eventual result was in reality,

2688-627: The signing of the MOA , didn't have a government that directly administered the area. However, on February 27, 2014, the first set of council officials were elected, with Baguio Mayor Mauricio Domogan as chairman, Sablan Mayor Arthur Baldo as co-chairman, La Trinidad Mayor Edna Tabanda as Treasurer, and Tublay Mayor Ruben Paoad as Secretary, all of whom would serve for a one-year term. All Metro Baguio's Radio and Television stations, Cable and Satellite TV providers and broadcast transmitters and Local Newspapers. Newspapers Three main access roads lead to

2744-477: The third level government in the Philippine political system. The original BLIST concept was visualized by the key stakeholders in August 1990 after the 1990 Luzon earthquake devastated Baguio. Supported by a European Union grant in 1992, the BLIST Urban Plan was completed in 1994, which aimed to reconstruct the city following the earthquake and to reduce overcrowding in the city. The concept

2800-412: The way to the lowlands of San Manuel , but was met with criticism from the inhabitants of Baguio. Kennon Road was reopened for public use on September 1, 1991, after rehabilitation efforts were completed. Throughout the years, however, the road has been subjected to temporary closures due to landslides that occurred during heavy storms or earthquakes. The road is currently being repaired and maintained by

2856-482: The weak link between plan formulation and program execution; (4) the need to improve the capacity for sectoral and regional planning. The decree merged the National Economic Council and the Presidential Economic staff, created by Executive Order No. 8, s. 1966, and renamed it to the National Economic Development Authority. President Marcos subsequently issued Presidential Decree No. 1-A which delineated

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2912-527: Was authorized to appoint its respective members with the consent of the Commission on Appointments of the National Assembly. The year following its creation, the National Economic Council was organized on February 14, 1936, composed of its inaugural members – the Secretary of Finance (who served as chairman), the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce, the chairman of the Board of Directors of

2968-406: Was later improved into an all-weather asphalt roadway. More recently, some portions of Kennon Road have been replaced with concrete pavement . The highway was severely damaged by the 1990 Luzon earthquake that the Department of Public Works and Highways decided for the permanent closure of the road. The highway was proposed to be replaced by a road traversing through the town of Itogon on

3024-433: Was later renamed in honor of its builder, Col. Lyman Walter Vere Kennon of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The construction began in 1903 and opened for travel on January 29, 1905. It is the second oldest road that leads to Baguio, after Quirino Highway , and the shortest route to Baguio for travelers from Manila and provinces in central and southern Luzon . The entire road forms part of National Route 54 (N54) of

3080-559: Was not supported by the component Benguet municipalities of La Trinidad , Itogon , Sablan , and Tuba such that it was prepared with little consultation, and was primarily developed for the sole convenience of Baguio. In 2009, the municipality of Tublay in the province of Benguet was included in the new BLISTT plan as revived by the Regional Development Council of the Cordillera Administrative Region (RDC-CAR). The concept had long been pushed through by

3136-598: Was signed into law which mandates the Department of Public Works and Highways to undertake the full rehabilitation and maintenance of Kennon Road. The DPWH-CAR Director Khadaffy Tanggol announced that the P264 million rock shed construction along Camp 6, Tuba, Benguet is 64.37 percent complete. The 152-meter shed, which will be the catchment area for slope debris is expected to be finished in September. However,

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