Meyrin ( French pronunciation: [mɛʁɛ̃] ) is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva , Switzerland .
70-524: The main site of CERN , the European particle physics research organisation, is in Meyrin. Meyrin was originally a small agricultural village until the 1950s, when construction of CERN began just to the north. It is now a commuter town dominated with apartment high-rises, and many of its residents work at CERN or in central Geneva. Geneva International Airport is partially located within Meyrin. Meyrin
140-627: A bibliotheque municipale within the Forum Meyrin theatre complex . The municipality has two railway stations, Meyrin and Zimeysa . Both are on the Lyon–Geneva line and have regular service to La Plaine , Bellegarde , and Geneva . FC Meyrin is the municipality's football club. CERN The European Organization for Nuclear Research , known as CERN ( / s ɜːr n / ; French pronunciation: [sɛʁn] ; Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire ),
210-505: A population growth rate of 2.2%. The age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 66.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 11.3%. As of 2000, there were 7,660 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 9,707 married individuals, 748 widows or widowers and 1,433 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000, there were 7,938 private households in
280-517: A child or children. There were 102 households that were made up of unrelated people and 220 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing. In 2000 there were 579 single family homes (or 47.0% of the total) out of a total of 1,232 inhabited buildings. There were 410 multi-family buildings (33.3%), along with 174 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (14.1%) and 69 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.6%). Of
350-496: A document mandated by the CERN Council that forms the cornerstone of Europe's decision-making for the future of particle physics, was last updated in 2020 and affirmed the organisation's role within the open science landscape by stating: "The particle physics community should work with the relevant authorities to help shape the emerging consensus on open science to be adopted for publicly-funded research, and should then implement
420-691: A facility for the development of grid computing , hosting projects including the Enabling Grids for E-sciencE (EGEE) and LHC Computing Grid . It also hosts the CERN Internet Exchange Point (CIXP), one of the two main internet exchange points in Switzerland. As of 2022 , CERN employs ten times more engineers and technicians than research physicists. CERN operates a network of seven accelerators and two decelerators, and some additional small accelerators. Each machine in
490-462: A former director of CERN, when the name was changed, the abbreviation could have become the awkward OERN, and Werner Heisenberg said that this could "still be CERN even if the name is [not]". CERN's first president was Sir Benjamin Lockspeiser . Edoardo Amaldi was the general secretary of CERN at its early stages when operations were still provisional, and the first Director-General (1954)
560-591: A policy of open science for the field". Beyond the policy level, CERN has established a variety of services and tools to enable and guide open science at CERN, and in particle physics more generally. On the publishing side, CERN has initiated and operates a global cooperative project, the Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics , SCOAP3, to convert scientific articles in high-energy physics to open access. In 2018,
630-520: A population (as of December 2020) of 26,129. As of 2008, 41.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 13.7%. It has changed at a rate of 7.5% due to migration and at a rate of 6.3% due to births and deaths. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (14,320 or 73.3%), with German being second most common (817 or 4.2%) and Italian being third (809 or 4.1%). There are 12 people who speak Romansh . As of 2008,
700-521: A private car. Skyguide , the Swiss air traffic control company, has its main office in Meyrin, on the grounds of the airport. EasyJet Switzerland has its head office in Meyrin. Club Airways International has its head office on the grounds of Geneva Airport and in Meyrin. Hewlett-Packard operates its Europe, Middle East, and Africa office in Meyrin. The Swiss watch and jewellery designer and manufacture Chopard has its global headquarters in Meyrin. It
770-400: A total of 7,734 apartments (89.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 776 apartments (8.9%) were seasonally occupied and 182 apartments (2.1%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.16%. The historical population is given in the following chart: The Mani House and
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#1732772026757840-513: A total of 9,517 registered voters of which 3,437 (36.1%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the MCG with 21.0% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the third highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the Les Socialistes (with 11.4%), they were fourth in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party
910-896: Is a register of cultural property in Switzerland . It was established according to article 5 of the second protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict , which provides for the establishment of national registers of cultural property. The register contains both mobile and immobile items of cultural property including old towns, quarters, squares, villages, sacral buildings, houses, castles, bridges, monuments, archaeological sites and collections. Its entries are classified in two groups: those of national significance (class A) and those of regional significance (class B). The selection
980-484: Is also used to refer to the laboratory; in 2019, it had 2,660 scientific, technical, and administrative staff members, and hosted about 12,400 users from institutions in more than 70 countries. In 2016, CERN generated 49 petabytes of data. CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research – consequently, numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN through international collaborations. CERN
1050-777: Is also where most watches, including lines such as the Mille Miglia and Happy Sporty, are made, as well as jewellery the Palme d'Or for the Cannes Film Festival. The other site, based in Fleurier , produces a lot of the L.U.Chopard watches. From the 2000 census, 7,833 or 40.1% were Roman Catholic , while 2,867 or 14.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . Of the rest of the population, there were 281 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.44% of
1120-514: Is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in Meyrin , western suburb of Geneva , on the France–Switzerland border . It comprises 24 member states . Israel, admitted in 2013, is the only non-European full member. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer . The acronym CERN
1190-478: Is based on the significance of the items in the domains of history , aesthetics , art , typology , ethnography , social studies and in other scientific disciplines, as well as on their rarity value. Items of purely local significance are not included; these may be registered separately by the cantonal authorities. The register is prepared by the Federal Office of Civil Protection in cooperation with
1260-400: Is either rivers or lakes and 0.08 km (20 acres) or 0.8% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 11.1% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 17.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 25.8%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.5%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of
1330-419: Is first mentioned in 1153 as Mairin . Meyrin has an area, as of 2009, of 9.94 square kilometers (3.84 sq mi). Of this area, 3.54 km (1.37 sq mi) or 35.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.43 km (0.17 sq mi) or 4.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 5.87 km (2.27 sq mi) or 59.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km (2.5 acres) or 0.1%
1400-472: Is the site of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. The main site at Meyrin hosts a large computing facility, which is primarily used to store and analyze data from experiments, as well as simulate events . As researchers require remote access to these facilities, the lab has historically been a major wide area network hub. CERN is also
1470-511: The tertiary sector , with 860 businesses in this sector. There were 10,137 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.9% of the workforce. In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 16,303. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 40, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 4,078 of which 2,991 or (73.3%) were in manufacturing and 1,066 (26.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in
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#17327720267571540-509: The 2009–2010 school year there were a total of 4,126 students in the Meyrin school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten . During that school year, there were 285 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school , with some of
1610-439: The 5,043 votes, there were 24 blank votes, 68 null or unreadable votes and 333 votes with a name that was not on the list. As of 2010, Meyrin had an unemployment rate of 7%. As of 2008, there were 50 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 4,198 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 197 businesses in this sector. 13,422 people were employed in
1680-705: The CERN Archives are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance . In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 25.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (19.67%), the Green Party (14.62%) and the FDP (9.92%). In the federal election, a total of 4,041 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.6%. In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were
1750-1094: The CERN model: .cern is a top-level domain for CERN. It was registered on 13 August 2014. On 20 October 2015, CERN moved its main Website to https://home.cern . The Open Science movement focuses on making scientific research openly accessible and on creating knowledge through open tools and processes. Open access , open data , open source software and hardware , open licenses , digital preservation and reproducible research are primary components of open science and areas in which CERN has been working towards since its formation. CERN has developed policies and official documents that enable and promote open science, starting with CERN's founding convention in 1953 which indicated that all its results are to be published or made generally available. Since then, CERN published its open access policy in 2014, which ensures that all publications by CERN authors will be published with gold open access and most recently an open data policy that
1820-509: The LHC accelerator and: Many activities at CERN currently involve operating the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project. The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between Geneva International Airport and the nearby Jura mountains . The majority of its length is on the French side of
1890-411: The LHC. The first beam was circulated through the entire LHC on 10 September 2008, but the system failed 10 days later because of a faulty magnet connection, and it was stopped for repairs on 19 September 2008. The LHC resumed operation on 20 November 2009 by successfully circulating two beams, each with an energy of 3.5 teraelectronvolts (TeV). The challenge for the engineers was then to line up
1960-551: The LINAC 2 linear accelerator injector was decommissioned and replaced by a new injector accelerator, the LINAC4 . CERN, in collaboration with groups worldwide, is investigating two main concepts for future accelerators: A linear electron-positron collider with a new acceleration concept to increase the energy ( CLIC ) and a larger version of the LHC, a project currently named Future Circular Collider . The smaller accelerators are on
2030-634: The SCOAP3 partnership represented 3,000+ libraries from 44 countries and 3 intergovernmental organizations who have worked collectively to convert research articles in high-energy physics across 11 leading journals in the discipline to open access. Public-facing results can be served by various CERN-based services depending on their use case: the CERN Open Data portal , Zenodo , the CERN Document Server , INSPIRE and HEPData are
2100-639: The SPS accelerator. Most of the roads on the CERN Meyrin and Prévessin sites are named after famous physicists, such as Wolfgang Pauli , who pushed for CERN's creation. Other notable names are Richard Feynman , Albert Einstein , and Bohr . Since its foundation by 12 members in 1954, CERN regularly accepted new members. All new members have remained in the organization continuously since their accession, except Spain and Yugoslavia. Spain first joined CERN in 1961, withdrew in 1969, and rejoined in 1983. Yugoslavia
2170-581: The United Kingdom, and Yugoslavia . Several important achievements in particle physics have been made through experiments at CERN. They include: In September 2011, CERN attracted media attention when the OPERA Collaboration reported the detection of possibly faster-than-light neutrinos . Further tests showed that the results were flawed due to an incorrectly connected GPS synchronization cable. The 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics
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2240-601: The World Wide Web. A copy of the first webpage, created by Berners-Lee, is still published on the World Wide Web Consortium 's website as a historical document. The first website was activated in 1991. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone. It became the dominant way through which most users interact with the Internet . More recently, CERN has become
2310-545: The agricultural land, 28.5% is used for growing crops and 4.8% is pastures, while 2.3% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in lakes. The municipality is located on the right bank of the Rhone river and consists of the sub-sections or villages of CERN, Maisonnex, Mategnin, Citadelle, Aéroport - Tour-de-Contrôle, Aéroport - Papillons, Aéroport - Forestier, Cointrin - Les Sapins, Cointrin - Les Ailes, Cointrin - Pré-Bois, ZI Riantbosson. Meyrin has
2380-660: The ancillary cryogenic and access sites are in Switzerland. The largest of the experimental sites is the Prévessin site, also known as the North Area, which is the target station for non-collider experiments on the SPS accelerator. Other sites are the ones which were used for the UA1 , UA2 and the LEP experiments. The latter are used by LHC experiments. Outside of the LEP and LHC experiments, most are officially named and numbered after
2450-563: The birthplace of the World Wide Web . The convention establishing CERN was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe. The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire ('European Council for Nuclear Research'), which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 European governments in 1952. During these early years,
2520-552: The border. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP), which was shut down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes are used to pre-accelerate protons and lead ions which are then injected into the LHC. Eight experiments ( CMS , ATLAS , LHCb , MoEDAL , TOTEM , LHCf , FASER and ALICE ) are located along
2590-619: The cantonal authorities and formally issued by the Federal Council . It was first published in 1988 and re-issued in updated form in 1995 and 2009. The 2009 revision covers only A-class objects, with the B-class objects set to be reviewed and updated at a later time. Until then, the lists of B-class objects published by the Office include the B-class objects of the 1995 inventory, the proposals for new or changed B-class objects submitted by
2660-446: The chain increases the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or to the next more powerful accelerator. The decelerators naturally decrease the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or further accelerators/decelerators. Before an experiment is able to use the network of accelerators, it must be approved by the various Scientific Committees of CERN . Currently (as of 2022) active machines are
2730-446: The children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Meyrin there were 712 students in kindergarten or primary school and 93 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 712 lower secondary students who attended school in Meyrin. There were 1,010 upper secondary students from
2800-466: The collider; each of them studies particle collisions from a different aspect, and with different technologies. Construction for these experiments required an extraordinary engineering effort. For example, a special crane was rented from Belgium to lower pieces of the CMS detector into its cavern, since each piece weighed nearly 2,000 tons. The first of the approximately 5,000 magnets necessary for construction
2870-460: The concept of hypertext , the idea was designed to facilitate information sharing between researchers. This stemmed from Berners-Lee's earlier work at CERN on a database named ENQUIRE . A colleague, Robert Cailliau , became involved in 1990. In 1995, Berners-Lee and Cailliau were jointly honoured by the Association for Computing Machinery for their contributions to the development of
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2940-467: The core services used by the researchers and community at CERN, as well as the wider high-energy physics community for the publication of their documents, data, software, multimedia, etc. CERN's efforts towards preservation and reproducible research are best represented by a suite of services addressing the entire physics analysis lifecycle, such as data, software and computing environment. CERN Analysis Preservation helps researchers to preserve and document
3010-478: The council worked at the University of Copenhagen under the direction of Niels Bohr before moving to its present site near Geneva. The acronym was retained for the new laboratory after the provisional council was dissolved, even though the name changed to the current Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire ('European Organization for Nuclear Research') in 1954. According to Lew Kowarski ,
3080-547: The design collision rate was exceeded for the first time. A second two-year period of shutdown begun at the end of 2018. As of October 2019, the construction is on-going to upgrade the LHC's luminosity in a project called High Luminosity LHC (HL–LHC). This project should see the LHC accelerator upgraded by 2026 to an order of magnitude higher luminosity. As part of the HL–LHC upgrade project, also other CERN accelerators and their subsystems are receiving upgrades. Among other work,
3150-410: The following other countries: International research institutions, such as CERN, can aid in science diplomacy. A large number of institutes around the world are associated to CERN through current collaboration agreements and/or historical links. The list below contains organizations represented as observers to the CERN Council, organizations to which CERN is an observer and organizations based on
3220-436: The foreign population increased by 88. There were 28 Swiss men and 57 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 230 non-Swiss men and 204 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 79 and the non-Swiss population increased by 356 people. This represents
3290-402: The gender distribution of the population was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. The population was made up of 5,617 Swiss men (25.8% of the population) and 5,233 (24.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 6,457 Swiss women (29.7%) and 4,424 (20.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 3,745 or about 19.2% were born in Meyrin and lived there in 2000. There were 3,273 or 16.7% who were born in
3360-497: The main Meyrin site, also known as the West Area, which was originally built in Switzerland alongside the French border, but has been extended to span the border since 1965. The French side is under Swiss jurisdiction and there is no obvious border within the site, apart from a line of marker stones. The SPS and LEP/LHC tunnels are almost entirely outside the main site, and are mostly buried under French farmland and invisible from
3430-474: The municipality along with 164 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 153 students attended a private school. As of 2000, there were 341 students in Meyrin who came from another municipality, while 1,147 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Meyrin has 6 public primary schools, including Bellavista / Boudines, Champs-Fréchets / Cointrin, De-Livron / Golette, and Meyrin-Monthoux / Meyrin-Village. Meyrin has
3500-413: The municipality and 7,242 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.2 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 13.9% of the workforce coming into Meyrin are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.2% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 28.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 55.5% used
3570-491: The municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 2,662 households that consist of only one person and 410 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 8,158 households that answered this question, 32.6% were households made up of just one person and there were 42 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 1,985 married couples without children, 2,487 married couples with children There were 660 single parents with
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#17327720267573640-536: The population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist , and 2,532 individuals (or about 12.95% of the population) did not answer the question. In Meyrin about 5,924 or (30.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 2,712 or (13.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Of the 2,712 who completed tertiary schooling, 34.8% were Swiss men, 24.3% were Swiss women, 24.3% were non-Swiss men and 16.6% were non-Swiss women. During
3710-615: The population), there were 28 individuals (or about 0.14% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church , and there were 363 individuals (or about 1.86% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 60 individuals (or about 0.31% of the population) who were Jewish , and 1,207 (or about 6.17% of the population) who were Muslim . There were 104 individuals who were Buddhist , 51 individuals who were Hindu and 36 individuals who belonged to another church. 4,186 (or about 21.41% of
3780-585: The research being performed there. At the sixth session of the CERN Council in Paris from 29 June to 1 July 1953, the convention establishing the organization was signed, subject to ratification, by 12 states. The convention was gradually ratified by the 12 founding Member States: Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany , Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland,
3850-411: The same canton, while 2,876 or 14.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 7,985 or 40.8% were born outside of Switzerland. In 2008 there were 144 live births to Swiss citizens and 109 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 78 deaths of Swiss citizens and 21 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 66 while
3920-501: The search for the Higgs boson . When the 7 TeV experimental period ended, the LHC increased to 8 TeV (4 TeV per proton) starting March 2012, and soon began particle collisions at that energy. In July 2012, CERN scientists announced the discovery of a new sub-atomic particle that was later confirmed to be the Higgs boson . In March 2013, CERN announced that the measurements performed on the newly found particle allowed it to conclude that it
3990-414: The single family homes 53 were built before 1919, while 87 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (103) were built between 1971 and 1980. In 2000 there were 8,692 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 2,677. There were 787 single room apartments and 1,260 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments,
4060-619: The site where they were located. For example, NA32 was an experiment looking at the production of so-called " charmed " particles and located at the Prévessin (North Area) site. WA22 used the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) at the Meyrin (West Area) site to examine neutrino interactions. The UA1 and UA2 experiments were considered to be in the Underground Area, i.e. situated underground at sites on
4130-453: The surface. They have surface sites at points around them, either as the location of buildings associated with experiments or other facilities needed to operate the colliders such as cryogenic plants and access shafts. The experiments are located at the same underground level as the tunnels at these sites. Three of these experimental sites are in France, with ATLAS in Switzerland, and some of
4200-522: The tertiary sector was 12,185. In the tertiary sector; 3,671 or 30.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1,984 or 16.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 1,145 or 9.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 396 or 3.2% were in the information industry, 366 or 3.0% were the insurance or financial industry, 835 or 6.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 261 or 2.1% were in education and 1,466 or 12.0% were in health care. In 2000, there were 15,939 workers who commuted into
4270-624: The theoretical description of the Higgs mechanism in the year after the Higgs boson was found by CERN experiments. CERN pioneered the introduction of TCP/IP for its intranet , beginning in 1984. This played an influential role in the adoption of the TCP/IP in Europe (see History of the Internet and Protocol Wars ). In 1989, the World Wide Web was invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee . Based on
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#17327720267574340-467: The two beams so that they smashed into each other. This is like "firing two needles across the Atlantic and getting them to hit each other" according to Steve Myers, director for accelerators and technology. On 30 March 2010, the LHC successfully collided two proton beams with 3.5 TeV of energy per proton, resulting in a 7 TeV collision energy. This was enough to start the main research program, including
4410-600: The various components of their physics analyses. REANA (Reusable Analyses) enables the instantiating of preserved research data analyses on the cloud. Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance The Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance ( German : Schweizerisches Inventar der Kulturgüter von nationaler und regionaler Bedeutung ; French : Inventaire suisse des biens culturels d'importance nationale et régionale ; Italian : Inventario dei beni culturali svizzeri d'importanza nazionale e regionale )
4480-476: Was Felix Bloch . The laboratory was originally devoted to the study of atomic nuclei , but was soon applied to higher-energy physics , concerned mainly with the study of interactions between subatomic particles . Therefore, the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the European laboratory for particle physics ( Laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules ), which better describes
4550-401: Was a Higgs boson. In early 2013, the LHC was deactivated for a two-year maintenance period, to strengthen the electrical connections between magnets inside the accelerator and for other upgrades. On 5 April 2015, after two years of maintenance and consolidation, the LHC restarted for a second run. The first ramp to the record-breaking energy of 6.5 TeV was performed on 10 April 2015. In 2016,
4620-604: Was a founding member of CERN but quit in 1961. Of the 24 members, Israel joined CERN as a full member in January 2014, becoming the first, and currently only, non-European full member. The budget contributions of member states are computed based on their GDP. Associate Members, Candidates: Three countries have observer status: Also observers are the following international organizations: Non-Member States (with dates of Co-operation Agreements) currently involved in CERN programmes are: CERN also has scientific contacts with
4690-420: Was awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for the developments that resulted in the discoveries of the W and Z bosons. The 1992 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to CERN staff researcher Georges Charpak "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber ". The 2013 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to François Englert and Peter Higgs for
4760-505: Was endorsed by the four main LHC collaborations ( ALICE , ATLAS , CMS and LHCb ). The open data policy complements the open access policy, addressing the public release of scientific data collected by LHC experiments after a suitable embargo period. Prior to this open data policy, guidelines for data preservation, access and reuse were implemented by each collaboration individually through their own policies which are updated when necessary. The European Strategy for Particle Physics,
4830-550: Was lowered down a special shaft at in March 2005. The LHC has begun to generate vast quantities of data, which CERN streams to laboratories around the world for distributed processing, making use of a specialized grid infrastructure, the LHC Computing Grid . In April 2005, a trial successfully streamed 600 MB/s to seven different sites across the world. In August 2008, the initial particle beams were injected into
4900-458: Was the Les Verts (with 11.3%), they were second in the canton-wide election. For the 2009 Conseil d'Etat election, there were a total of 9,525 registered voters of which 4,070 (42.7%) voted. In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Meyrin there were 33 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 13,619 registered voters of which 5,043 (37.0%) voted. Out of
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