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64-416: The first official mention of Międzyrzec Podlaski as a town dates back to 1434, or (alternatively) 1455 and 1477 according to different historical sources. At that time, the newly established town was located along a busy merchant route from Łuków to Brześć . Międzyrzec quickly developed: in 1486, a Roman Catholic church was built here, and town's owner, Jan Nassutowicz, received permission for fairs. In 1598,

128-526: A branch of Belarusian National Technical University . Among the secondary specialized educational institutions of the city: Being situated on the main railway line connecting Berlin and Moscow, and a transcontinental highway (the M1 highway is part of the European route E30 running from Cork to Omsk , where it links with Asian Highway 6 leading to Busan ), Brest became a principal border crossing out of

192-738: A center of Jewish scholarship, the city has the Yiddish name בריסק ( Brisk ), hence the term "Brisker" used to describe followers of the influential Soloveitchik family of rabbis . Brest became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1319. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569, the town became known in Polish as Brześć , historically Brześć Litewski (literally: "Lithuanian Brest", in contradistinction to Brześć Kujawski ). Brześć became part of

256-672: A ceremony marking the park's centennial. In July 2009, the Millennium Monument of Brest was unveiled. Sovetskaya Street is a popular tourist destination in Brest; it was dramatically reconstructed in 2007–2009. Other important landmarks include the Brest Railway Museum . Brest is home to two Universities: A.S. Pushkin Brest State University and Brest State Technical University . There is also

320-526: A few days earlier. A large Jewish community was present at least since the 16th century Międzyrzec. At the end of the 1930s in the reborn Polish Republic approximately 12,000 inhabitants, or 75% of its population, were Jewish. In 1939, during the Nazi–Soviet Invasion of Poland , the town was overrun by Wehrmacht on 13 September 1939, and ceded to the Russians on 25 September, in accordance with

384-670: A joint Nazi-Soviet military parade took place on 22 September 1939. While Belarusians consider it a reunification of the Belarusian nation under one constituency (the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic at that time), Poles consider it the date when the city was lost. During the Soviet control (1939–41), the Polish population was subject to arrests, executions and mass deportations to Siberia and

448-672: A mass grave containing the remains of 1,214 people were found in the Brest Ghetto area during a construction project. Most are believed to have been Jews murdered by Nazis. Brest lies astride the Mukhavets River which flows west through the city, dividing it into north and south, and meets the Bug River in the Brest Fortress. The river flows slowly and gently. Today the river looks quite broad in Brest. The terrain

512-537: A salt warehouse was opened, the town also was center of beer industry. Międzyrzec was a private town of the Nassutowicz, Wyszyński, Zabrzeziński, Zbaraski and Czartoryski noble families . The period of peace and prosperity ended in 1648, when Miedzyrzec was raided by Zaporozhian Cossacks . During the Swedish invasion of Poland , the town was ransacked and burned by Swedes, who returned in 1706 and 1708, during

576-498: A seat of the starost in the newly created Trakai Voivodeship . Under Władysław II and Vytautas the city was significantly developed and granted privileges similar to those of the Polish city of Lublin . In 1425, the city hosted a congress attended by Władysław II, Vytautas, dukes of Masovia and Polish and Lithuanian nobles. In 1440, a Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was held in the city, at which Casimir IV Jagiellon

640-556: A small garrison of four infantry battalions under General Konstanty Plisowski against General Heinz Guderian 's XIX Panzer Corps . After four days of heavy fighting , the Polish forces withdrew southwards on 17 September. The Soviet invasion of Poland began on the same day. As a result, the Soviet Red Army entered the city at the end of September 1939 following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 's Secret Protocol, and

704-643: A town, Brest – Berestij in Kievan Rus – was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle in 1019 when the Kievan Rus' took the stronghold from the Poles. It is one of the oldest cities in Belarus. It was hotly contested between the Polish rulers (kings, principal dukes and dukes of Masovia ) and Kievan Rus princes. It was recaptured by Poland in 1020, and unsuccessfully besieged by Prince Yaroslav

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768-508: Is twinned with: Brze%C5%9B%C4%87 Brest , formerly Brest-Litovsk and Brest-on-the-Bug, Berestia , is a city in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish town of Terespol , where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet, making it a border town . It serves as the administrative center of Brest Region and Brest District , though it is administratively separated from

832-413: Is fairly flat around Brest. The river has an extremely broad floodplain , that is about 2 to 3 kilometres (1 to 2 miles) across. Brest was subject to flooding in the past. One of the worst floods in recorded history occurred in 1974. Part of the floodplain was reclaimed with hydraulic mining . In the 1980s, big cutter-suction dredgers mined sand and clay from the riverbed to build up the banks. In

896-637: The Belarusian Men's Handball Championship , as well as the current (2018–19) champions. Also, there is a Women's handball club in Brest – HC Victoria-Berestie . HK Brest of the Belarusian Extraleague are the local pro hockey team. Another popular sport in Brest is football. FC Dynamo Brest is a local club playing in Belarusian Premier League . The sports venues are located on the northern riverside on

960-801: The Great Northern War . Furthermore, Międzyrzec was raided by Russians in 1660. In 1775, Międzyrzec was the largest city in Podlachia . In 1795, following the Third Partition of Poland , the town was annexed by the Habsburg Empire . In 1800, educator Grzegorz Piramowicz became the parish priest in Międzyrzec. Following the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was regained by Poles and included within

1024-677: The High Middle Ages , the city often passed between Poland, the principalities of Kievan Rus' , and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . From the Late Middle Ages , the city was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which later became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569. In 1795, it was incorporated into the Russian Empire with the Third Partition of Poland . After the Polish-Soviet War ,

1088-808: The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic . Many Poles were imprisoned in the local prison, and then moved to a prison in Minsk . It is suspected that they were murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre in 1940. On 22 June 1941, Brest Fortress and the city were attacked by Nazi Germany on the first day of Operation Barbarossa , Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union . The fortress held out for six days . Nearly all its Soviet army defenders perished. The Germans placed Brest under

1152-580: The Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto was established under the management of Judenrat . Several more mass deportation actions followed. On 17 July 1943, the ghetto was definitively liquidated, along with the local transit camp. Fewer than 1% of the Jewish population of the town survived the Nazi mass executions and deportations to death camps . The German occupiers also operated a forced labour subcamp of

1216-582: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . Two weeks later, it was transferred back to Germany after the new Boundary Treaty . In 1940 six separate slave labor camps were set up by the Nazis for some 2,000 local Jews; along with Judenrat , and the Jewish police . The German army entered the Soviet occupation zone on 22 June 1941 under the codename Operation Barbarossa . More Jews from the surrounding area including expellees from Kraków were shipped in. On 19 April 1942

1280-539: The Polish census of 1931 . In early September 1939, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Brześć, and then further southeast to Śniatyn at the Poland- Romania border, from where it was transported via Romania and Turkey to territory controlled by Polish-allied France . During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, the city was defended by

1344-1050: The Polish–Soviet War it was occupied by the Soviet Russians on 1 August 1920, and recaptured by the Poles on 20 August, with borders formally recognized by the Treaty of Riga of 1921. In 1921, it became the temporary capital of the Polesie Voivodeship instead of Pińsk . It was renamed Brześć nad Bugiem ( Brest on the Bug ) on 20 March 1923. The city was developed significantly and a number of representative public buildings were erected in Neoclassical and Modernist styles, especially at Ulica Unii Lubelskiej ( Union of Lublin Street, now Lenin Street), including

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1408-760: The Roman-Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church . The 1596 council established the Uniate Church (also known as the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church in Belarus and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine ). A Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was held in the city in 1653. A royal mint was founded in the city by King John II Casimir Vasa in 1665. In 1657, and again in 1706,

1472-606: The Russian Empire under the name Brest-Litovsk or Brest-Litovskii ( Russian : Брест-Литовск , Брест-Литовский , literally "Lithuanian Brest") in the course of the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. After World War I, and the rebirth of Poland in 1918, the government of the Second Polish Republic renamed the city as Brześć nad Bugiem ("Brest on the Bug") on 20 March 1923. After World War II,

1536-587: The Trawniki battalion of about 350 to 400 men, while the Germans from the parallel Reserve Police Battalion 101 of the Ordnungspolizei from Hamburg dealt with the thousands of ghetto inhabitants. On the seventeenth of July 1943, the ghetto was liquidated, with all remaining Jews deported to Treblinka and Majdanek extermination camps; at which time the last 160–200 residents were shot, and

1600-542: The Treblinka extermination camp . The next mass extermination action took place around October and November 1942. "Strip-search" of young Jewish women was introduced by Oberleutnant Hartwig Gnade before executions dubbed "mopping up" actions. His first sergeant later said: "I must say that First Lieutenant Gnade gave me the impression that the entire business afforded him a great deal of pleasure." The wave of mass killings lasting non-stop for several days, conducted by

1664-609: The breakup of the USSR in 1991. Since then, Brest has been part of independent Belarus . Several theories attempt to explain the origin of the city's name. The name could originate from Slavic root berest ' elm '. It could likewise have come from the Lithuanian word brasta ' ford '. Traditionally, Belarusian speakers called the city Берасце ( Bieraście ), similar to the Ukrainian name Берестя ( Berestia ). Once

1728-632: The hydraulic fill , consisting of an indoor track-and-field centre, the Brest Ice Rink , and Belarus' first outdoor baseball stadium. On the opposite riverside is a large rowing course opened in 2007, home of the National Center for Olympic Training in Rowing. It meets international requirements and can host international competitions. Moreover, it has accommodation and training facilities, favourable location, 3 kilometres (2 miles) away from

1792-611: The " Final Solution ", with all Jews either killed on the spot in mass shooting actions or deported to Treblinka and Majdanek death camps . At the end of September 1939, during the Soviet invasion of Poland , the Red Army occupied the city of Międzyrzec Podlaski . At the beginning of October, the Soviet Union handed over the city to Germany as part of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty amended to

1856-676: The 2000s, two new residential areas were developed in the southwest of Brest. To the east of Brest, the Dnieper–Bug Canal was built in the mid-nineteenth century to join the river to Pina , a tributary of the Pripyat River which in turn drains into the Dnieper . Thus Brest has a shipping route all the way to the Black Sea . If not for a dam and neglected weirs west of Brest, north-western European shipping would be connected with

1920-679: The AGSSt 3 prisoner-of-war assembly center, the Dulag 314 transit POW camp for Italians , the Stalag 397 POW camp for Soviet POWs and a subcamp of the Stalag 360 POW camp in the city. The Polish resistance movement , including the Polesie District of the Home Army , was active in the city. The city was re-occupied by the Red Army on 28 July 1944, and eventually annexed from Poland

1984-667: The Bank of Poland, Tax Chamber, Regional Chamber of the State Control, Healthcare Fund and Voivodeship Office. Other notable projects include the officials' housing estate, stylistically inspired by historic manor houses of Polish nobility and the garden city movement , and the Warburg Residential Colony, dedicated to poor Jews who had lost their homes in World War I, founded by Felix M. Warburg, chairman of

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2048-538: The Black Sea also. Brest has a humid continental climate but slightly leans towards oceanic due to the irregular winter temperatures that mostly hover around the freezing point. However, summers are warm and influenced by its inland position compared to areas nearer the Baltic Sea . A majestic Soviet-era war memorial was constructed on the site of the 1941 battle to commemorate the known and unknown defenders of

2112-606: The Brest Fortress at the confluence of the Bug and Mukhavets rivers on the city' western outskirts, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, ending the war between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers and transferring the city and its surrounding region to the sphere of influence of the German Empire . This treaty was subsequently annulled by the Paris Peace Conference treaties which ended

2176-466: The Brest Fortress. This war memorial is the largest tourist attraction in the city. The Berestye Archeological Museum of the old city is located on the southern island of the Hero-Fortress . It has objects and huts dating from the 11th – 13th century that were unearthed during the 1970s. The Museum of Rescued Art Treasures has a collection of paintings and icons. Brest City Park is over 100 years old and underwent renovations from 2004 to 2006 as part of

2240-412: The Brześć population or 21,518 citizens. Some 80.3% of private enterprises were run by Jews. The Polish Army troops of the 9th Military District along with its headquarters were stationed in Brześć Fortress. The city had an overwhelmingly Jewish population in the Russian Partition : 30,000 out of 45,000 total population according to Russian 1897 census, which fell to 21,000 out of 50,000 according to

2304-415: The Great and Khan Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh under the Polish Deputy Chancellor Mikołaj Trąba 's initiative, to prepare for war with the Teutonic Knights , which resulted in the Tatars aiding Poland and Lithuania in the Battle of Grunwald the following year. In 1410 the city mustered a cavalry banner that participated in the Polish-Lithuanian military victory at Grunwald. In 1419 it became

2368-426: The Great rebelled against Poland, but was killed in action in the Battle of Zawichost . Passing under Polish suzerainty again, in 1207, it was granted by Leszek the White as a fief to Princess Anna-Euphrosyne and her children. From 1210, it was directly part of Poland, until it passed to Galicia–Volhynia either in 1215 or 1217. In 1220, it passed to the Principality of Pinsk as a fief of Galicia–Volhynia. It

2432-399: The Jews were ordered by the Gestapo to turn over 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of gold within 3 days. Some 40 hostages were murdered on the streets. On 25–26 August 1942, the first mass deportation of Jews from Międzyrzec took place with around 10,000 prisoners forcibly put on 52 cattle cars (shipment #566 according to the German inventory) and sent to Treblinka extermination camp . Two days later,

2496-517: The Joint Distribution Committee of American Funds for Jewish War Sufferers. In 1929, city limits were greatly expanded. In the twenty years of Poland's sovereignty, of the total of 36 brand new schools established in the city, there were ten public, and five private Jewish schools inaugurated, with Yiddish and Hebrew as the language of instruction. The first-ever Jewish school in Brześć history opened in 1920, almost immediately after Poland's return to independence. In 1936 Jews constituted 41.3% of

2560-451: The Just of Poland, and made the seat of his fraternal nephew Leszek, Duke of Masovia , who, however, soon lost it to the Principality of Minsk . In 1182, Casimir II the Just captured the city once again, and built a castle there, and then granted it as a fief to his sororal nephew Roman the Great the following year. From 1199 it was ruled by the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia , remaining under Polish suzerainty until 1205, when Roman

2624-466: The Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth was partitioned for the third time in 1795. During Russian rule in the 19th century, Brest Fortress was built in and around the city. The Russians demolished the Polish Royal Castle and most Old Town "to make room" for the fortress. The main Jewish synagogue in the city, the Choral Synagogue , was completed c. 1862. In 1895, a massive fire rendered 15,000 people homeless, and dozens were killed. During World War I ,

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2688-500: The Soviet Union in the postwar era. Today it links the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States . The city of Brest is served by Brest-Tsentralny railway station . Because of the break-of-gauge at Brest, where the Russian broad gauge meets the European standard gauge , all passenger trains, coming from Poland , must have their bogies replaced here, to travel on across Belarus . The freight must be transloaded from cars of one gauge to cars of another. Some of

2752-413: The Stalag 366 prisoner-of-war camp , in which Italian POWs were held. On 23 July 1944, 60 remaining Italians from the subcamp were massacred by the Germans before their withdrawal from the town. Of the approximately 4,900 employed citizens of the town, ca. 36% work in industrial fields, 19% in trade markets, and 11% in education. The unemployment rate in the town was 22% in October 2005. The town lies at

2816-419: The Wise of Kiev in 1022. It was captured by Yaroslav the Wise, according to various sources, either in 1042 or 1044, then by 1076 recaptured by King Bolesław II the Bold of Poland, but then lost again by his successor Władysław I Herman . Afterwards, it often passed between the principalities of Turov and Volhynia . In 1164, it was briefly captured by Lithuanians. In 1178, it was captured by Casimir II

2880-418: The administration of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine . The remaining municipal Jewish population (about 20,000) was sequestered in the Brest ghetto established by the German authorities in December 1941 and later murdered in October 1942. Only seven Jews survived the Nazi executions. The Germans also operated a Nazi prison, a forced labour "education" camp for men and women, a forced labour camp for Jews,

2944-406: The border crossing along Warsaw Highway (the European route E30 ). Mi%C4%99dzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto The Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto was one of the Nazi ghettos established for the confinement and persecution of the Jewish population of Międzyrzec Podlaski in the General Government territory of occupied Poland . The ghetto was liquidated in stages between 1942 and 1943 as part of

3008-399: The city became part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic with the name simplified as Brest. Brest's coat of arms, adopted on 26 January 1991, features an arrow pointed upwards and a bow (both silver) on a sky-blue shield. An alternative coat of arms has a red shield. Sigismund II Augustus , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, first granted Brest a coat of arms in 1554. As

3072-437: The city became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and Grand Duke Gediminas stayed in the city in the winter of 1319–1320, preparing to capture Kyiv . In 1349, it was captured by King Casimir III of Poland , however, it was restored to Lithuania in 1352. Its suburbs were burned by the Teutonic Order in 1379. In 1385, it became part of the Polish–Lithuanian union . During the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) , in 1390,

3136-425: The city became part of the Second Polish Republic . In 1939, the city was captured by Nazi Germany during the invasion of Poland and then transferred to the Soviet Union per the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty . In 1941, it was retaken by the Germans during Operation Barbarossa . In 1944, it was retaken by the Soviet Red Army during the Lublin–Brest offensive . The city was part of the Byelorussian SSR until

3200-448: The city was administratively located in the Podlaskie Voivodeship . In 1566, following the decree of Sigismund II Augustus , a new voivodeship was created – Brest Litovsk Voivodeship . During the union of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire under king Sigismund III Vasa ( Polish–Swedish union ), diets were held there. In 1594 and 1596, it was the meeting-place of two remarkable councils of regional bishops of

3264-422: The city was captured by Polish forces of Władysław II Jagiełło . In 1390, Brześć became the second city in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after the capital Vilnius ), and the first in the lands that now are Belarus, to receive Magdeburg rights . Given its proximity to Poland, it was a significant centre for trade with Poland. In 1409 it was a meeting place of King Władysław II Jagiełło , Grand Duke Vytautas

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3328-419: The defending Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army , under the leadership of Szymon Zabiełło , and the invading Imperial Russian Army fought a battle near Brześć. On 19 September 1794, the area between Brest and Terespol was the site of another battle won by the Russian invaders led by Alexander Suvorov over a Polish-Lithuanian division under General Karol Sierakowski . Thereafter, Brest was annexed by Russia when

3392-405: The district. As of 2024, it has a population of 344,470. Brest is one of the oldest cities in Belarus and a historical site for many cultures, as it hosted important historical events, such as the Union of Brest and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . Furthermore, the Brest Fortress was recognized by the Soviet Union as a Hero Fortress in honour of the defense of Brest Fortress in June 1941. In

3456-494: The following year. In 1945, the Związek Obrońców Wolności ("Freedom Defenders Association") Polish resistance organization was founded in the city, with its activities including secret Polish schooling, rescuing historical Polish monuments from devastation and organising aid for repressed people and those in a difficult material situation. The organization was crushed by the NKVD in 1948, and its members were deported to Gulag forced labour camps for 25 years. In early 2019,

3520-658: The intersection of two important national roads: DK2 (Poland's main east–west connector) and DK19. In the future Expressway S19 will run just west of the town. A 6.6 km (4.10 mi) section of it already constructed as the town's bypass road and opened in 2008 allows north–south traffic on DK19 road to avoid the town centre. Międzyrzec Podlaski is referred to by various names in different languages including Yiddish : מעזריטש Mezri'tsh , Latin : Meserici , Belarusian : Міжрэчча , German : Meseritz , Latvian : Meņdzižeca Podlaska , Lithuanian : Palenkės Mendzyžecas , and Ukrainian : Межиріччя . Międzyrzec Podlaski

3584-424: The land in the Brest rail yards remains contaminated due to the transhipment of radioactive materials here since Soviet days. However, cleanup operations have been taking place. The local airport, Brest Airport (code BQT), operates flights on a seasonal schedule to Kaliningrad in the Russian Federation and seasonal charter flights to Burgas and Antalya . HC Meshkov Brest is the most successful team of

3648-433: The process of Russification, aimed at the Uniates. As a result, two local Uniate churches were turned into Orthodox (1875). During World War I , the town was occupied by Germany. On 16 November 1918, German troops committed a massacre of some 44 Poles, members of the Polish Military Organisation and civilians. German occupation ended on 17 November 1918, and the town was reintegrated with Poland, which regained independence

3712-453: The secret Hitler-Stalin Pact against Poland in 1939. Following the exchange, approximately 2,000 of the city's Jews left for the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union . The Germans set up a transfer ghetto in the historic neighbourhood of Szmulowizna. It held 20,000 Jewish prisoners at its peak. On August 25–26, 1942 some 11,000–12,000 Jews were rounded up by German Order Police battalions amid gunfire and screams and deported to

3776-572: The short-lived Duchy of Warsaw , and after the Congress of Vienna of 1815 it became part of so-called Congress Poland under the control of the Russian Tsar . Międzyrzec developed rapidly as a major trade hub in Podlachia, especially between 1830 and 1863. In 1867 it became a stop on the Polish railway system. By that time, Miedzyrzec was an important center of Greek Catholic Church : in 1772, Duke August Aleksander Czartoryski founded here Unite Church of St. Peter and Paul. Since mid-19th century, government of Russian-controlled Congress Poland initiated

3840-496: The town and castle were captured by the Swedish Army during its invasions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . Then, in an attack from the other direction, on 13 January 1660, the invading Streltsy of the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky took the Brest Castle in an early morning surprise attack, the town having been captured earlier, and massacred the 1,700 defenders and their families (according to an Austrian observer, Captain Rosestein). On 23 July 1792,

3904-435: The town was captured by the Imperial German Army under August von Mackensen on 25 August 1915, during the Great Retreat of 1915 . Shortly after Brest fell into German hands, war poet August Stramm , who has been called "the first of the Expressionists " and one of "the most innovative poets of the First World War," was shot in the head during an attack on nearby Russian positions on 1 September 1915. In March 1918, in

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3968-448: The war and even more so by events and developments in Central and Eastern Europe . During 1918, the city became a part of the Volhynia Governorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic as a result of negotiations and own treaty between the delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada and Central Powers. On 9 February 1919, Polish troops entered the city, and it returned to Poland , which regained independence three months earlier. During

4032-410: Was chosen Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1446, a meeting of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Polish senators regarding the political affiliation of Volhynia took place in the city, and in 1454 Casimir IV met with Lithuanian nobility to convince them to participate in the Polish–Teutonic War on the side of Poland. In 1500, it was burned again by Crimean Tatars . From 1513,

4096-1842: Was laid waste by the Mongols in 1241, and was not rebuilt until 1275. Possibly since the 1270s, the city was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . [REDACTED] Kievan Rus' (1170–1178) ∟ Principality of Volhynia (1170–1177) ∟ Principality of Minsk (1177–1178) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland (1178– c.  1179 ) ∟ Duchy of Masovia (1178– c.  1179 ) [REDACTED] Kievan Rus' ( c.  1179 –1182) ∟ Principality of Minsk ( c.  1179 –1182) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland (1182– c.  1217 ) ∟ Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1205) [REDACTED] Principality of Galicia–Volhynia ( c.  1217 –1246) [REDACTED] Golden Horde (1246–1319) ∟ Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (1246–1253) ∟ Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1253–1319) [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1319–1320) [REDACTED] Golden Horde (1320–1321) ∟ Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1320–1321) [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1321–1349) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland (1349–1351) [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1351–1569) [REDACTED] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) [REDACTED] Russian Empire (1795–1812) [REDACTED] French occupation (1812) [REDACTED] Russian Empire (1812–1915) [REDACTED] German occupation (1915–1918) [REDACTED] Second Polish Republic (1918–1919) [REDACTED] SSR Byelorussia (1919) [REDACTED] Second Polish Republic (1919–1939) [REDACTED] Soviet occupation (1939–1941) [REDACTED] German occupation (1941–1944) [REDACTED] Soviet occupation (1944–1945) [REDACTED]   Soviet Union (1945–1991) [REDACTED]   Belarus (1991– present ) In 1319,

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