A mezzanine ( / ˌ m ɛ z ə ˈ n iː n / ; or in Italian , a mezzanino ) is an intermediate floor in a building which is partly open to the double-height ceilinged floor below, or which does not extend over the whole floorspace of the building, a loft with non-sloped walls. However, the term is often used loosely for the floor above the ground floor, especially where a very high-ceilinged original ground floor has been split horizontally into two floors.
68-461: Mezzanines may serve a wide variety of functions. Industrial mezzanines, such as those used in warehouses, may be temporary or semi-permanent structures. In Royal Italian architecture , mezzanino also means a chamber created by partitioning that does not go up all the way to the arch vaulting or ceiling; these were historically common in Italy and France, for example in the palaces for the nobility at
136-492: A modernist branch with Giuseppe Terragni being the most prominent exponent, and a conservative branch of which Marcello Piacentini and the La Burbera group were most influential. Fascist styles often resemble that of ancient Rome , but can extend to modern aesthetics as well. Fascist-era buildings are frequently constructed with particular concern given to symmetry and simplicity . Fascist-styles of architecture are
204-419: A "protection against chaos". The concept of style was foreign to architects until the 18th century. Prior to the era of Enlightenment , the architectural form was mostly considered timeless, either as a divine revelation or an absolute truth derived from the laws of nature, and a great architect was the one who understood this "language". The new interpretation of history declared each historical period to be
272-536: A branch of modernist architecture which became popular in the early 20th century. The Italian Fascist style was also greatly influenced by the rationalist movement in Italy in the 1920s. Rationalist architecture , with the help of Italian government support, celebrated the new fascist age of culture and government in Italy. Two Italian architects have received the Pritzker Architecture Prize : Aldo Rossi (1990) and Renzo Piano (1998). Some of
340-476: A completely enclosed workstation providing protection for the worker during loading and off-loading operations. When the rear-side gate opens, the ledge gate automatically closes, ensuring there is always a gate between the operator and the ledge. Italian architecture Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style , which cannot be simply classified by period or region, due to Italy's division into various small states until 1861. This has created
408-474: A fall protection system. Removable sections of railing or gates that swing or slide open would be used to open up the area and allow the transfer of material, and then close once the material is removed. However, current ANSI standards require dual-gate safety systems for fall protection. Dual-gate safety systems were created to secure these areas, allowing a barrier to be in place at all times, even while pallets are being loaded or removed. Dual-gate systems create
476-520: A highly diverse and eclectic range in architectural designs. Italy is known for its considerable architectural achievements, such as the construction of aqueducts, temples and similar structures during ancient Rome , the founding of the Renaissance architectural movement in the late-14th to 16th century, and being the homeland of Palladianism , a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of Neoclassical architecture , and influenced
544-770: A mezzanine (and how heavy the mezzanine may be), and to design the appropriate mezzanine. Custom Mezzanines are steel, raised industrial platform structures that are designed specifically to match the space and capacity needs of a given facility. It will, at a minimum, include a stairway for accessing the mezzanine. These structures typically are the strongest in terms of support capacity. Standard Mezzanines are steel, raised industrial platform structures that are completely self-supporting and are sold in predetermined sizes and shapes. These off-the-shelf structures are usually strong (in terms of support capacity) and less expensive than custom mezzanines. Employees in material handling and manufacturing are often at risk of falls when they are on
612-608: A mezzanine to have as much as one-third of the floor space of the floor below. Local building codes may vary somewhat from this standard. A space may have more than one mezzanine, as long as the sum total of floor space of all the mezzanines is not greater than one-third the floor space of the complete floor below. Mezzanines help to make a high-ceilinged space feel more personal and less vast, and can create additional floor space. Mezzanines, however, may have lower-than-normal ceilings due to their location. The term "mezzanine" does not imply any particular function; mezzanines can be used for
680-470: A number of styles which have acquired other names. Architectural styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. For instance, Renaissance ideas emerged in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of Europe over the next 200 years, with the French, German, English, and Spanish Renaissances showing recognisably
748-664: A place in history that is independent of its author. The subject of study no longer was the ideas that Borromini borrowed from Maderno who in turn learned from Michelangelo , instead the questions now were about the continuity and changes observed when the architecture transitioned from Renaissance to Baroque . Semper, Wölfflin, and Frankl, and later Ackerman, had backgrounds in the history of architecture, and like many other terms for period styles, "Romanesque" and "Gothic" were initially coined to describe architectural styles, where major changes between styles can be clearer and more easy to define, not least because style in architecture
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#1732771801670816-643: A reaction to the Rococo style can be detected in early 18th century, most vividly represented in the Palladian architecture . In the late 18th and early 19th centuries Italy was affected by the Neoclassical architectural movement. Everything from villas, palaces, gardens, interiors and art began to be based on ancient Roman and Greek themes, and buildings were widely themed on the Villa Capra "La Rotonda" ,
884-548: A significant influence on Roman architecture. In Southern Italy, from the 8th century BC, the Greek colonists who created what was known as Magna Graecia used to build their buildings in their own style. They built bigger, better and technologically advanced houses which influenced Roman architecture too. Yet, by the 4th century BC, the Hellenistic Age, less concentration was put on constructing temples, rather more time
952-560: A sound knowledge of building materials, enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the construction of imposing structures for public use. Prominent examples include the aqueducts of Rome , the Baths of Diocletian , and the Colosseum . These were reproduced at smaller scale in major towns and cities throughout the Empire, with some structures surviving almost completely intact, such as
1020-414: A stage of growth for the humanity (cf. Johann Gottfried Herder 's Volksgeist that much later developed into Zeitgeist ). This approach allowed to classify architecture of each age as an equally valid approach, "style" (the use of the word in this sense became established by the mid-18th century). Style has been subject of an extensive debate since at least the 19th century. Many architects argue that
1088-523: A wide array of purposes. Mezzanines are commonly used in modern architecture , which places a heavy emphasis on light and space. In industrial settings, mezzanines may be installed (rather than built as part of the structure) in high-ceilinged spaces such as warehouses. These semi-permanent structures are usually free-standing, can be dismantled and relocated, and are sold commercially. Industrial mezzanine structures can be supported by structural steel columns and elements, or by racks or shelves. Depending on
1156-405: Is a building; Lincoln Cathedral is a piece of architecture" ( Nikolaus Pevsner , 1943). Nonetheless, the traditional and popular approach to the architectural history is through chronology of styles, with changes reflecting the evolution of materials, economics, fashions, and beliefs. Works of architecture are unlikely to be preserved for their aesthetic value alone; with practical re-purposing,
1224-509: Is a classification of buildings (and nonbuilding structures ) based on a set of characteristics and features, including overall appearance, arrangement of the components, method of construction , building materials used, form , size, structural design , and regional character. Architectural styles are frequently associated with a historical epoch ( Renaissance style ), geographical location ( Italian Villa style ), or an earlier architectural style ( Neo-Gothic style ), and are influenced by
1292-465: Is a depressing affair indeed". According to James Elkins "In the later 20th century criticisms of style were aimed at further reducing the Hegelian elements of the concept while retaining it in a form that could be more easily controlled". In the middle of the 19th century, multiple aesthetic and social factors forced architects to design the new buildings using a selection of styles patterned after
1360-858: Is also an example of Byzantine architecture in Italy. Between the Byzantine and the Gothic period was the Romanesque movement, which went from approximately 800 AD to 1100 AD. This was one of the most fruitful and creative periods in Italian architecture, when several masterpieces such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Piazza dei Miracoli and the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan were built. The style
1428-414: Is easier to replicate by following a set of rules than style in figurative art such as painting. Terms originated to describe architectural periods were often subsequently applied to other areas of the visual arts, and then more widely still to music, literature and the general culture. In architecture stylistic change often follows, and is made possible by, the discovery of new techniques or materials, from
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#17327718016701496-441: Is in the forefront of modernist and sustainable design with architects like Renzo Piano and Carlo Mollino . Italian architecture has also widely influenced the architecture of the world. Moreover, Italianate architecture , popular abroad since the 19th century, was used to describe foreign architecture which was built in an Italian style, especially modelled on Renaissance architecture . Along with pre-historic architecture,
1564-508: Is not a style, but an application of local customs to small-scale construction without clear identity of the builder. The concept of architectural style is studied in the architectural history as one of the approaches ("style and period") that are used to organize the history of architecture (Leach lists five other approaches as "biography, geography and culture, type, technique, theme and analogy"). Style provides an additional relationship between otherwise disparate buildings, thus serving as
1632-561: Is revived, it is different. The Spanish mission style was revived 100 years later as the Mission Revival , and that soon evolved into the Spanish Colonial Revival . Early writing on the subjects of architectural history, since the works of Vitruvius in the 1st century B.C. , treated architecture as a patrimony that was passed on to the next generation of architects by their forefathers. Giorgio Vasari in
1700-513: The Cathedral of Milan , largely the work of German builders, few Italian churches show the emphasis on verticality, the clustered shafts, ornate tracery and complex ribbed vaulting that characterise Gothic in other parts of Europe. The presence, particularly in Rome, of ancient architectural remains showing the ordered Classical style provided an inspiration to artists at a time when philosophy
1768-813: The Cisternone (Livorno, 1829). Italy, in the mid-19th century, was also well known for some relatively avant-garde structures. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, built in 1865, was the first building in iron, glass and steel in Italy, and the world's oldest purpose-built shopping gallery, which later influenced the Galleria Umberto I in Naples . Art Nouveau , known in Italy as Liberty style , had its main and most original exponents in Giuseppe Sommaruga and Ernesto Basile . The former
1836-562: The Quirinal Palace . A mezzanine is an intermediate floor (or floors) in a building which is open to the floor below. It is placed halfway ( mezzo means 'half' in Italian) up the wall on a floor which has a ceiling at least twice as high as a floor with minimum height. A mezzanine does not count as one of the floors in a building, and generally does not count in determining maximum floorspace. The International Building Code permits
1904-668: The Valle dei Templi , which are currently UNESCO World Heritage Sites , are a fine example. Influenced by Greek architecture (which had left important signs in Magna Grecia, in the temples of Agrigento , Selinunte and Paestum ) and by the Etruscan architecture (which aroused the attentions of Vitruvius ), Roman architecture assumed its own characteristics. The Romans absorbed Greek influence, apparent in many aspects closely related to architecture; for example, this can be seen in
1972-411: The span and the run of the mezzanine, different materials may be used for the mezzanine's deck like fibre cement boards. Some industrial mezzanines may also include enclosed, paneled office space on their upper levels. There are three basic types of industrial mezzanines: custom, standard or modular. A structural engineer is sometimes hired to help determine whether the floor of the building can support
2040-787: The town walls of Lugo in Hispania Tarraconensis . Italy was widely affected by the Early Christian age, with Rome being the new seat of the pope . After the Justinian reconquest of Italy , several buildings, palaces and churches were built in the Roman-Byzantine style. The Christian concept of basilica was invented in Rome. They were known for being long, rectangular buildings, which were built in an almost ancient Roman style, often rich in mosaics and decorations. The early Christians' art and architecture
2108-473: The 15th century, and the city of Florence in particular, was home to the Renaissance . It is in Florence that the new architectural style had its beginning, not slowly evolving in the way that Gothic grew out of Romanesque , but consciously brought to being by particular architects who sought to revive the order of a past " Golden Age ". The scholarly approach to the architecture of the ancient coincided with
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2176-629: The 16th century shifted the narrative to biographies of the great artists in his " Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects ". Constructing schemes of the period styles of historic art and architecture was a major concern of 19th century scholars in the new and initially mostly German-speaking field of art history . Important writers on the broad theory of style including Carl Friedrich von Rumohr , Gottfried Semper , and Alois Riegl in his Stilfragen of 1893, with Heinrich Wölfflin and Paul Frankl continued
2244-481: The Fascist period, Razionalismo was outranked by Novecento Italiano , which rejected the avant-garde themes and aimed instead to revive the art of the past. Its most important members in the field of architecture were Gio Ponti , Pietro Aschieri and Giovanni Muzio . This movement inspired Marcello Piacentini in his creation of a "simplified Neoclassicism " linked to the rediscovery of the imperial Rome. Piacentini
2312-417: The Gothic rib vault to modern metal and reinforced concrete construction. A major area of debate in both art history and archaeology has been the extent to which stylistic change in other fields like painting or pottery is also a response to new technical possibilities, or has its own impetus to develop (the kunstwollen of Riegl), or changes in response to social and economic factors affecting patronage and
2380-595: The church facade of the Basilica of Sant'Andrea in Mantua. He used the same pattern of tall and arched, low and square, all down the inside of the church as well. This was copied by many other architects. It was also the first building to use columns in the giant order . When it came to building palaces, the rich people of the Renaissance had different needs to the Roman Emperors, so the architects had to use
2448-482: The conditions of the artist, as current thinking tends to emphasize, using less rigid versions of Marxist art history. Although style was well-established as a central component of art historical analysis, seeing it as the over-riding factor in art history had fallen out of fashion by World War II, as other ways of looking at art were developing, and a reaction against the emphasis on style developing; for Svetlana Alpers , "the normal invocation of style in art history
2516-660: The construction of the Royal Palace of Caserta . In this large complex, the grandiose Baroque style interiors and gardens are opposed to a more sober building envelope, which seems to anticipate the motifs of the Neoclassical style . The gigantic size of the palace is echoed by the Ospedale L'Albergo Reale dei Poveri in Naples, built in the same years by Ferdinando Fuga . A return to more classical architectural forms as
2584-554: The corresponding broader artistic style and the "general human condition". Heinrich Wölfflin even declared an analogy between a building and a costume : an "architectural style reflects the attitude and the movement of people in the period concerned. The 21st century construction uses a multitude of styles that are sometimes lumped together as a " contemporary architecture " based on the common trait of extreme reliance on computer-aided architectural design (cf. Parametricism ). Folk architecture (also "vernacular architecture")
2652-483: The debate into the 20th century. Paul Jacobsthal and Josef Strzygowski are among the art historians who followed Riegl in proposing grand schemes tracing the transmission of elements of styles across great ranges in time and space. This type of art history is also known as formalism , or the study of forms or shapes in art. Wölfflin declared the goal of formalism as German : Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe , "art history without names", where an architect's work has
2720-969: The designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the United Kingdom , Australia and the United States of America during the late-17th to early 20th centuries. Several of the finest works in Western architecture, such as the Colosseum , the Duomo of Milan , the Mole Antonelliana in Turin , Florence cathedral and the building designs of Venice are found in Italy. Italy has an estimated total of 100,000 monuments of all varieties (museums, palaces, buildings, statues, churches, art galleries, villas, fountains, historic houses and archaeological remains). Now Italy
2788-639: The first people in Italy to truly begin a sequence of designs were the Greeks and the Etruscans. In Northern and Central Italy, it was the Etruscans who led the way in architecture in that time. Etruscan buildings were made from brick and wood, thus few Etruscan architectural sites are now in evidence in Italy, with the exception of a few in Volterra , Tuscany and Perugia , Umbria. The Etruscans built temples, fora, public streets, aqueducts and city gates which had
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2856-496: The general revival of learning. A number of factors were influential in bringing this about. Italian architects had always preferred forms that were clearly defined and structural elements that expressed their purpose. Many Tuscan Romanesque buildings demonstrate these characteristics, as seen in the Florence Baptistery and Pisa Cathedral . Italy had never fully adopted the Gothic style of architecture. Apart from
2924-553: The history of Western architecture. The Gothic architecture appeared in Italy in the 12th century. Italian Gothic always maintained a peculiar characteristic which differentiated its evolution from that in France, where it had originated. In particular, the bold architectural solutions and technical innovations of the French Gothic never appeared: Italian architects preferred to keep the construction tradition established in
2992-560: The introduction and use of the triclinium in Roman villas as a place and manner of dining. The Romans, similarly, were indebted to their Etruscan neighbours who supplied them with a wealth of knowledge essential for future architectural solutions such as hydraulics and in the construction of arches. Social elements such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new (architectural) solutions of their own. The use of vaults and arches , together with
3060-880: The job. Recent figures show approximately 20,000 serious injuries and nearly 100 fatalities a year in industrial facilities. Falls of people and objects from mezzanines are of particular concern. In many industrial operations, openings are cut into the guardrail on mezzanines and elevated work platforms to allow picking of palletized material to be loaded and unloaded, often with a fork truck, to upper levels. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and International Building Council (IBC) have published regulations for fall protection and The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has published standards for securing pallet drop areas to protect workers that work on elevated platforms and are exposed to openings. In most cases, safety gates are used to secure these openings. OSHA requires openings 48 inches or taller to be secured with
3128-711: The main architects working in Italy between the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st are Renzo Piano, Massimiliano Fuksas and Gae Aulenti . Piano's works include Stadio San Nicola in Bari, Auditorium Parco della Musica in Rome, the renovation works of the Old Port of Genoa , and Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church in San Giovanni Rotondo. Among Fuksas' projects (As of January 2011 ) are Piedmont Region Headquarters and Roma Convention Center - La Nuvola at EUR, Rome . Gae Aulenti's Italian works feature
3196-593: The masterpiece by Andrea Palladio . Before the discoveries of the lost cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum , buildings were themed on Ancient Rome and Classical Athens , but were later inspired by these archaeological sites. Examples of Neoclassical architecture in Italy include Luigi Cagnola 's Arco della Pace (Milan), the San Carlo Theatre (Naples, 1810), San Francesco di Paola (Naples, 1817), Pedrocchi Café (Padua, 1816), Tempio Canoviano , (Posagno, 1819), Teatro Carlo Felice (Genoa, 1827), and
3264-494: The notion of "style" cannot adequately describe the contemporary architecture, is obsolete and ridden with historicism . In their opinion, by concentrating on the appearance of the building, style classification misses the hidden from view ideas that architects had put into the form. Studying history of architecture without reliance on styles usually relies on a " canon " of important architects and buildings. The lesser objects in this approach do not deserve attention: "A bicycle shed
3332-552: The original intent of the original architect, sometimes his very identity, can be forgotten, and the building style becomes "an indispensable historical tool". Styles emerge from the history of a society. At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. The new style is sometimes only a rebellion against an existing style, such as postmodern architecture (meaning "after modernism"), which in 21st century has found its own language and split into
3400-783: The people of the Eastern Roman Empire, kept Roman principles of architecture and art alive, yet gave it a more Eastern twist, and were famous for their slightly flatter domes, and richer usage of gilded mosaics and icons rather than statues. Since the Byzantines resided in Sicily for some time, their architectural influence can still be seen today, for example in the Cathedral of Cefalu , Palermo , or Monreale , with their richly decorated churches. St Mark's Basilica in Venice
3468-500: The previous centuries. Aesthetically, in Italy the vertical development was rarely important. Gothic architecture was imported in Italy, just as it was in many other European countries. The Benedictine Cistercian order was, through their new edifices, the main carrier of this new architectural style. It spread from Burgundy (in what is now eastern France), their original area, over the rest of Western Europe. A possible timeline of Gothic architecture in Italy can comprise: Italy of
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#17327718016703536-1100: The renovation works of Palazzo Grassi in Venice and the "Museo" station of the Naples Metro . Other remarkable figures for contemporary architecture in Italy are the Swiss Mario Botta ( Museo d'arte moderna e contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto , renovation of La Scala in Milan), Michele Valori ( it:Corviale ), Zaha Hadid ( National Museum of the 21st Century Arts in Rome, skyscraper " Lo Storto " in Milan), Richard Meier ( Jubilee Church and cover building of Ara Pacis , both in Rome), Norman Foster ( Firenze Belfiore railway station ), Daniel Libeskind (skyscraper " Il Curvo " in Milan) and Arata Isozaki ( Palasport Olimpico in Turin, together with Pier Paolo Maggiora and Marco Brizio; skyscraper " Il Dritto " in Milan). Architectural style An architectural style
3604-490: The roof, however this meant that Romanesque church interiors in Italy tended to be far more banal and bland than those of the Early Christian and Byzantine periods. They used to simply consist of marble or stone, and had little decoration, unlike the rich mosaics found in Italian Byzantine architectural works. The main innovation of Italian Romanesque architecture was the vault , which had never been seen before in
3672-564: The rules to make a new sort of grand building. These Renaissance palaces, of which the Palazzo Medici Riccardi is a fine example, are usually three stories high and quite plain on the outside. On the inside there is a courtyard, surrounded by beautiful columns and windows. Architects like Michelozzo , who worked for Cosimo de' Medici , looked at the Roman Colosseum for inspiration. The most famous church in Rome
3740-666: The same style, but with unique characteristics. An architectural style may also spread through colonialism , either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. One example is the Spanish missions in California , brought by Spanish priests in the late 18th century and built in a unique style . After an architectural style has gone out of fashion, revivals and re-interpretations may occur. For instance, classicism has been revived many times and found new life as neoclassicism . Each time it
3808-467: The time it was finished, many important artists had worked on the design, which changed dramatically, becoming more Baroque than Renaissance. Among the architects present on the site there were Donato Bramante , Raphael , Antonio da Sangallo the Younger , Michelangelo , Pirro Ligorio , Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola , Giacomo della Porta , and Carlo Maderno . It has one of the most magnificent domes in
3876-528: The world, which has been copied in many countries. One of the most original works of late Baroque architecture is the Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi (Hunting Lodge of Stupinigi), dating back to 18th century. Featuring a highly articulated plant based upon a Saint Andrew's Cross , it was designed by Filippo Juvarra , who also built the Basilica di Superga , near Turin. In the same period in Veneto there
3944-739: Was a rapprochement with Palladian architecture , evident in Villa Pisani at Stra (1721) and San Simeone Piccolo church in Venice (completed in 1738). In Rome, some of the most significant achievements are the Spanish Steps and the Trevi Fountain , while the façade of San Giovanni in Laterano by Alessandro Galilei has more austere, classical traits. In the Kingdom of Naples , the architect Luigi Vanvitelli began in 1752
4012-545: Was also turning towards the Classical. The transition from Gothic to Renaissance architecture coincides with the construction of the dome of the Florence Cathedral , carried out by Filippo Brunelleschi between 1420 and 1436. The Cathedral, built by Arnolfo di Cambio, was left unfinished by the end of the 14th century; it had a huge hole at the centre, where the dome was meant to be. The competition to build it
4080-575: Was also widely inspired by that of the pagan Romans; statues, mosaics and paintings decorated all their churches. Late-Christian frescos can be easily seen in some of the many catacombs in Rome. Byzantine architecture was also widely diffused in Italy. When the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, the Byzantines were the leaders in the world regarding aspects of culture, arts, music, literature, fashion, science, technology, business and architecture. The Byzantines, which technically were
4148-638: Was author of Palazzo Castiglioni in Milan, while the second projected an expansion of Palazzo Montecitorio in Rome. In the 1920s and following years a new architectural language, Razionalismo , was introduced. This form of Futurist architecture was pioneered by Antonio Sant'Elia and hence by Gruppo 7 , formed in 1926. After the dissolution of the group, it was adopted by single artists like Giuseppe Terragni ( Casa del Fascio , Como), Adalberto Libera ( Villa Malaparte in Capri ) and Giovanni Michelucci ( Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station ). During
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#17327718016704216-627: Was author of several works in many Italian cities, the most important of which is the controversial creation of Via della Conciliazione in Rome. Rationalist- Fascist architecture was an Italian architectural style developed during the Fascist regime and in particular starting from the late 1920s. It was promoted and practiced initially by the Gruppo 7 group, whose architects included Luigi Figini , Guido Frette, Sebastiano Larco, Gino Pollini , Carlo Enrico Rava, Giuseppe Terragni , Ubaldo Castagnola and Adalberto Libera . Two branches have been identified,
4284-546: Was called "Roman"-esque because of its usage of the Roman arches, stained glass windows, and also its curved columns which commonly featured in cloisters. Romanesque architecture varied greatly in Italy in both style and construction. Arguably, the most artistic was the Tuscan Romanesque, especially Florentine and Pisan, yet that of Sicily, influenced by the Norman settlers, was considerable too. Lombard Romanesque
4352-481: Was certainly more structurally progressive than the Tuscan but less artistic. Romanesque architecture in Italy halted the construction of wooden roofs in churches, and also experimented with the usage of the groined vault or barrels. The buildings' weight tended to buckle on the outside, and there used to be buttresses to support the buildings. Church walls using the Romanesque tended to be bulky and heavy to support
4420-478: Was not completed until after his death. When the Roman Emperors came back from winning a battle, they built a triumphal arch as a monument to themselves. There are several of these monuments in Rome as well as in other parts of Italy, and the general design is that of a big arch at the centre, and a smaller lower arch or doorway on either side. The architect Leon Battista Alberti adapted the Roman triumphal arch to
4488-404: Was spent building theatres. The theatres were semi-circular and had an auditorium and a stage. They used to be built only on hills, unlike the Romans who would artificially construct the audience's seats. The Greek temples were known for containing bulky stone or marble pillars. Today, there are several remains of Greek architecture in Italy, notably in Calabria, Apulia, and Sicily. The temples in
4556-424: Was the Old St. Peter's Basilica , built over a small shrine believed to mark the burial place of St. Peter . By the end of the 15th century, the old basilica had fallen into disrepair. In 1505, Pope Julius II made a decision to demolish the ancient basilica and replace it with a new one. A succession of popes and architects followed in the next 120 years, their combined efforts resulting in the present building . By
4624-410: Was won by Brunelleschi, who built the largest dome since Roman times. The Basilica di San Lorenzo in Florence was designed by Brunelleschi using all the things he had learnt by studying the architecture of Ancient Rome. It has arches, columns and round-topped windows in the Roman style. It looks completely different from the pointy-arched churches of the Gothic period . The building, with alterations,
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