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107-653: Brightspeed Ice Park is a multi-purpose arena located in downtown Springfield, Missouri . The arena is owned and operated by the Springfield-Greene County Park Board and serves as a location for community recreation, including public skate sessions, and the home for the Missouri State Ice Bears ice hockey team, Drury University Ice Hockey and various youth sports programs. The facility has had three names since it opened as Jordan Valley Ice Park in 2001. In 2008, it

214-697: A 50 percent decline in the Osage population. This resulted from the failure of the U.S. government to provide adequate medical supplies, food and clothing. The people suffered greatly during the winters. While the government failed to supply them, outlaws often smuggled whiskey to the Osage and the Pawnee. In 1879, an Osage delegation went to Washington, D.C., and gained agreement to have all their annuities paid in cash; they hoped to avoid being continually shortchanged in supplies, or by being given supplies of inferior quality - spoiled food and inappropriate goods. They were

321-615: A Springfield police officer, John Orr, shoot and kill James Coleman after Coleman interfered with the arrest of Coleman's friend Bingham, who was drunk and disorderly. Hickok provided testimony in the case. Orr was arrested, released on bail, and immediately fled the country. He was never brought to trial or heard from again. From the period after Reconstruction into the early 20th century, lynchings of freedmen and their descendants occurred in some cities and counties in Missouri, particularly in former slaveholding areas. On April 14, 1906,

428-663: A certificate proclaiming the honoree a "hillbilly of the Ozarks". On June 7, 1953, U.S. President Harry Truman received the medallion after a breakfast speech ( Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ) at the Shrine Mosque for a reunion of the 35th Division . Other recipients included US Army generals Omar Bradley and Matthew Ridgway , US Representative Dewey Short , J. C. Penney , Johnny Olson , Ralph Story and disc jockey Nelson King . Springfield

535-439: A competition between humans and non-humans, but rather a struggle between human communities. Wakonda was viewed as "the mysterious life-force that pervades the sun", "moon", "earth", "and the stars", as well as the embodiment of order on Earth, which was seen as a place where chaos mostly won. Efforts for survival were the responsibility of the people and not of Wakonda, although they might ask Wakonda for help. Considering life

642-437: A deal which enabled them to retain communal mineral rights on the reservation lands. These were later found to have large quantities of crude oil , and tribal members benefited from royalty revenues from oil development and production. The government leased lands on their behalf for oil development; the companies/government sent the Osage members royalties that, by the 1920s, had dramatically increased their wealth. In 1923 alone,

749-562: A debt Tutt claimed Hickok owed him. During a poker game at the former Lyon House Hotel, in response to the disagreement over the amount, Tutt had taken Hickok's watch, which Hickok immediately demanded be returned. Hickok warned that Tutt had better not be seen wearing that watch, then spotted him wearing it in Park Central Square, prompting the gunfight. On January 25, 1866, Hickok was still in Springfield when he witnessed

856-572: A family was $ 38,114. Males had a median income of $ 27,778 versus $ 20,980 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,711. About 9.9% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.1% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over. Osage Nation The term "Osage" is a French version of the tribe's name, which can be roughly translated as "calm water". The Osage people refer to themselves in their Dhegihan Siouan language as ( 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒷 ‎ , Wazhazhe , 'Middle Waters'). By

963-589: A half, and others taller than seven feet [198, 213 cm]." The missionary Isaac McCoy described the Osage as an "uncommonly fierce, courageous, warlike nation" and said they were the "finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West". In the Ohio Valley, the Osage originally lived among speakers of the same Dhegihan language stock, such as the Kansa , Ponca , Omaha , and Quapaw . Researchers believe that

1070-511: A male householder with no spouse present, and 49.2% were non-families. 37.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.81. The median age in the city was 33.2 years. 18.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 18.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 22.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

1177-524: A message to the Union forces asking that Confederate casualties have a proper burial. The city remained under Union control for the remainder of the war. The US army used Springfield as a supply base and central point of operation for military activities in the area. Promptly after the Civil War ended on July 21, 1865, Wild Bill Hickok shot and killed Davis Tutt in a shootout over a disagreement about

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1284-514: A replica of the Statue of Liberty Their bodies were burned in the courthouse square by a mob of more than 2,000 white residents. Judge Azariah W. Lincoln called for a grand jury, but no one was prosecuted. The proceedings were covered by national newspapers, including the New York Times and Los Angeles Times . Duncan's and Coker's employer testified that they were at his business at

1391-419: A separate race. According to the 2020 U.S. Census , the racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 81.12% (137,235) white alone , 4.77% (8,063) black or African-American alone , 0.79% (1,334) Native American or Alaska Native alone , 2.28% (3,853) Asian alone , 0.18% (304) Pacific Islander alone , 2.21% (3,731) other race alone , and 8.66% (14,656) from two or more races. According to

1498-544: A spring under the hill, on the creek, while on top of the hill, where the principal portion of the town lay, there was a field." Native American peoples had long lived in this area. In the 1830s, the native Osage Nation , the Kickapoo people from Indiana, and the Lenape (Delaware) from the mid-Atlantic coast had settled in this general area trying to evade encroachment by European Americans on their lands. The Osage had been

1605-466: A struggle among human groups, they viewed warfare as necessary for self-preservation. The people's survival was dependent on their ability to defend themselves. Over time, the Osage developed clan and kinship systems that mirrored the cosmos as they saw it. Osage clans were typically named after elements of their world: animals, plants and weather phenomenon such as storms. This was a symbolic representation. Each clan had its own responsibilities within

1712-758: A visit to Versailles , Château de Marly and Fontainebleau . They hunted with Louis XV in the royal forest and saw an opera. During the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War ), France was defeated by Great Britain and in 1763 ceded control over their lands east of the River Mississippi to the British Crown . The French Crown made a separate deal with Spain, which took nominal control of much of

1819-469: A white mob broke into the Springfield county jail, and lynched two black men, Horace Duncan and Fred Coker, for allegedly sexually assaulting Mina Edwards, a white woman. Later they returned to the jail, where other African-American prisoners were being held, and pulled out Will Allen, who had been accused of murdering a white man. All three suspects were hanged from the Gottfried Tower, which held

1926-492: Is also home to O'Reilly Auto Parts , which began as a family business with 13 employees in 1957. Springfield is close to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield and is along the national historic Trail of Tears . In 2020, Springfield's largest ethnicities were 87.6% White, 4% Black, and 5% two or more races, placing it among the least diverse cities in the United States. The city is a regional center of medical care, with

2033-715: Is bordered by the Cherokee Nation to the east, the Muscogee Nation and the Pawnee Nation to the south, and the Kaw Nation and Oklahoma proper to the west. The Osage are descendants of cultures of Indigenous peoples who had been in North America for thousands of years. Studies of their traditions and language show that they were part of a group of Dhegihan-Siouan speaking people who lived in

2140-643: Is near the population center of the United States , about 80 miles (130 km) to the east. Springfield has an average surface wind velocity comparable to that of Chicago , according to information compiled at the National Climatic Data Center at NOAA . It is placed within "Power Class 3" in the Wind Energy Resource Atlas published by a branch of the U.S. Department of Energy ; having an average wind speed range of 6.4 to 7.0 miles per hour. Springfield lies in

2247-463: Is not a correct version. When the authorized persons met and adopted the title of the 'Future Great' of the Southwest, several of the earliest settlers had handed in their favorite names, among whom was Kindred Rose, who presented the winning name in honor of his hometown, Springfield , Tennessee ." In 1883, historian R. I. Holcombe wrote: "The town took its name from the circumstance of there being

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2354-422: Is observed around them that was created by a supreme life force known as Wah'Kon-Tah or Wakonda . Everything created has the spirit of Wakonda within it, from trees, plants, and the sky to animals and human beings. They believe there are two main divisions to life, consisting of the sky and earth. Life is created in the sky, and descends to the earth in material form. The sky is viewed as masculine in nature and

2461-659: Is on the Springfield Plateau of the Ozarks region of southwest Missouri. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 82.31 square miles (213.2 square kilometres), of which 81.72 square miles (211.7 square kilometres) is land and 0.59 square miles (1.5 square kilometres) (0.7%) is water. The city of Springfield is mainly flat with rolling hills and cliffs surrounding its south, east, and north sections. Springfield

2568-501: Is on the Springfield Plateau, which reaches from Northwest Arkansas to Central Missouri. Most of the plateau is characterized by forest, pastures and shrub-scrub habitats. Many streams and tributaries, such as the James River , Galloway Creek and Jordan Creek, flow within or near the city. Nearby lakes include Table Rock Lake , Stockton Lake , McDaniel Lake , Fellows Lake , Lake Springfield , and Pomme de Terre Lake . Springfield

2675-475: Is the third most populous city in the U.S. state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County . The city's population was 169,176 at the 2020 census . It is the principal city of the Springfield metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 487,061 in 2022 and includes the counties of Christian , Dallas , Greene , Polk , and Webster , The city sits on the Springfield Plateau of

2782-537: The 2020 U.S. Census , the racial and ethnic makeup (where Hispanics are excluded from the racial counts and placed in their own category) was 79.38% (134,294) White alone (non-Hispanic) , 4.66% (7,877) Black alone (non-Hispanic) , 0.63% (1,074) Native American alone (non-Hispanic) , 2.25% (3,809) Asian alone (non-Hispanic) , 0.16% (276) Pacific Islander alone (non-Hispanic) , 0.41% (699) Other Race alone (non-Hispanic) , 6.63% (11,221) Multiracial or Mixed Race (non-Hispanic) , and 5.87% (9,926) Hispanic or Latino . Of

2889-521: The Comanche , raided the Osage and others. In 1836, the Osage prohibited the Kickapoo from entering their Missouri reservation, pushing them back to ceded lands in Illinois. Between the first treaty with the U.S. and 1825, the Osage ceded their traditional lands across what are now Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma in the treaties of 1818 and 1825. In exchange, they were to receive reservation lands to

2996-692: The Illinois Country west of the great river. By the late 18th century, the Osage did extensive business with the French Creole fur trader René Auguste Chouteau , who was based in St. Louis . St. Louis was part of territory under nominal Spanish control after the Seven Years' War, but was dominated by French colonists. They were the de facto European power in St. Louis and other settlements along

3103-640: The Landers Theatre , was the first network color television series to originate outside of New York City or Hollywood. Springfield's NBC affiliate, KYTV-TV (which helped produce the program), was not equipped to broadcast in color and aired the show in black-and-white . The ABC , NBC and Mutual radio networks all carried country music shows nationally from Springfield during the decade, including KWTO'S Korn's-A-Krackin ' (Mutual). The Springfield Chamber of Commerce once presented visiting dignitaries with an "Ozark Hillbilly Medallion" and

3210-513: The Ozarks , which ranges from nearly-level to rolling hills. Springfield is the second-largest urban area in the Ozarks. Springfield's nicknames include "Queen City of the Ozarks " and "The Birthplace of Route 66 ". The city has been called the "Buckle of the Bible Belt " due to its association with evangelical Christianity. The city is the headquarters for Bass Pro Shops and the adjoining Wonders of Wildlife Museum & Aquarium . It

3317-655: The Potawatomie , Sac , and Fox to attack an Osage village; three Osage warriors were killed. The Osage blamed the Americans for the attack. One of the Chouteau traders intervened and persuaded the Osage to conduct a buffalo hunt rather than seek retaliation by attacking Americans. Lewis tried to control the Osage also by separating the friendly members from the hostile. In a letter dated August 21, 1808, that President Jefferson sent to Lewis, he says that he approves of

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3424-577: The Presbyterian , Dutch Reformed , and Associate Reformed churches. They established the Union, Harmony, and Hopefield missions. Cultural differences often led to conflicts, as the Protestants tried to impose their culture. The Catholic Church also sent missionaries. The Osage were attracted to their sense of mystery and ritual but felt the Catholics did not fully embrace the Osage sense of

3531-518: The 1870s, the Osage did not receive their full annuity in cash. Like other Native Americans, they suffered from the government's failure to provide full or satisfactory rations and goods as part of their annuities during this period. Middlemen made profits by shorting supplies to the Indians or giving them poor-quality food. Some people starved. Many adjustments had to be made to their new way of life. During this time, Indian Office reports showed nearly

3638-424: The 19 cents previously offered to them by the U.S. In 1867, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer chose Osage scouts in his campaign against Chief Black Kettle and his band of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians in western Indian Territory. He knew the Osage for their scouting expertise, excellent terrain knowledge, and military prowess. Custer and his soldiers took Chief Black Kettle and his peaceful band by surprise in

3745-700: The 2007 Forbes list of "America's Wildest Weather Cities" and the Weather Variety Index, Springfield is the city with the most varied weather in the United States. On May 1, 2013, Springfield reached a high temperature of 81 degrees Fahrenheit. By the evening of May 2, snow was falling, persisting into the following day and eventually accumulating to about two inches. This was only the second instance of measurable May snowfall in Springfield since record keeping began in 1888. The 2020 United States census counted 169,176 people, 78,027 households, and 37,297 families in Springfield. The population density

3852-527: The 78,027 households, 19.4% had children under the age of 18; 33.1% were married couples living together; 33.6% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 39.4% consisted of individuals and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.0 and the average family size was 2.7. 17.3% of the population was under the age of 18, 19.1% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

3959-657: The French. They attacked and defeated indigenous Caddo tribes to establish dominance in the Plains region by 1750, with control "over half or more of Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas," which they maintained for nearly 150 years. Together with the Kiowa , Comanche , and Apache , they dominated western Oklahoma . The Osage held high rank among the old hunting tribes of the Great Plains. From their traditional homes in

4066-665: The Kanza, Osage, and Pawnee tribes thrived in much of modern-day Kansas. The Osage called the Europeans I'n-Shta-Heh (Heavy Eyebrows) because of their facial hair. As experienced warriors, the Osage allied with the French, with whom they traded, against the Illiniwek during the early 18th century. The first half of the 1720s was a time of more interaction between the Osage and French colonizers. Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont founded Fort Orleans in their territory; it

4173-623: The Louisiana Territory after the U.S. acquired it. The lucrative fur trade continued to stimulate the growth of St. Louis and attracted more settlers there. It became a major port on the Mississippi River. The U.S. and Osage signed their first treaty on November 10, 1808, by which the Osage made a major cession of land in present-day Missouri. Under the Osage Treaty , they ceded 52,480,000 acres (212,400 km ) to

4280-729: The Mississippi, building their wealth on the fur trade. In return for the Chouteau brothers' building a fort in the village of the Great Osage 350 miles (560 km) southwest of St. Louis, the Spanish regional government gave the Chouteaus a six-year monopoly on trade (1794–1802). The Chouteaus named the post Fort Carondelet after the Spanish governor. The Osage were pleased to have a fur trading post nearby, as it gave them access to manufactured goods and increased their prestige among

4387-633: The Ohio River valley area, extending into present-day Kentucky . According to their own stories, common to other Dhegihan-Siouan tribes, such as the Ponca, Omaha, Kaw and Quapaw, they migrated west as a result of war with the Iroquois and/or to reach more game. Scholars are divided as to whether they think the Osage and other groups left before the Beaver Wars of the Iroquois. Some believe that

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4494-618: The Osage and other tribes. The U.S. compelled the Osage to cede additional land to the federal government in the treaty referred to as Lovely's Purchase . In 1833, the Osage clashed with the Kiowa near the Wichita Mountains in modern-day south-central Oklahoma, in an incident known as the Cutthroat Gap massacre . The Osage cut off the heads of their victims and arranged them in rows of brass cooking buckets. No Osage died in this attack. Later, Kiowa warriors, allied with

4601-651: The Osage at a meeting in Montgomery County , Kansas, on September 10, 1870. It provided that the remainder of Osage land in Kansas be sold, and the proceeds used to relocate the tribe to Indian Territory in the Cherokee Outlet . By delaying agreement with removal, the Osage benefited by a change in administration. They sold their lands to the "peace" administration of President Ulysses S. Grant , for which they received more money: $ 1.25 an acre rather than

4708-678: The Osage considered the Jesuits better able to work with their culture than the Protestant missionaries. The Jesuits also established a girls' school operated by the Sisters of Loretto from Kentucky, led by Mother Bridget Hayden . During a 35-year period, most of the missionaries were new recruits from Europe: Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium. They taught, established more than 100 mission stations, built churches, and created

4815-740: The Osage favored the Union by a five to one ratio, they made a treaty with the Confederacy to try to buy some peace. Roughly 200 Osage men were recruited into the Confederate army and formed the Osage Battalion , serving under Cherokee Confederate General Stand Watie . Following the American Civil War and victory of the Union, the Drum Creek Treaty was passed by Congress on July 15, 1870, and ratified by

4922-565: The Osage for many years and learned their language, Jean-Pierre Chouteau traded with them and made his home at present-day Salina, Oklahoma , in the western part of their territory. After the Lewis and Clark Expedition was completed in 1806, Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis as Indian Agent for the Territory of Missouri and the region. There were continuing confrontations between the Osage and other tribes in this area. Lewis anticipated that

5029-481: The Osage had cultural practices that had elements of the cultures of both Woodland Native Americans and the Great Plains peoples . The villages of the Osage were important hubs in the Great Plains trading network served by Kaw people as intermediaries. Osage people who adhere to traditional customs believe they are an integral part of a broader universe. Their ceremonies and social organization represent what

5136-463: The Osage raids and worked to gain support from related tribes as well as whites. The peoples confronted each other in the " Battle of Claremore Mound ," in which 38 Osage warriors were killed and 104 were taken captive by the Cherokee and their allies. As a result of the battle, the United States constructed Fort Smith in present-day Arkansas. It was intended to prevent armed confrontations between

5243-553: The Osage started migrating west as early as 1200 CE and are descendants of the Mississippian culture in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. They attribute their style of government to effects of the long years of war with invading Iroquois. After resettling west of the Mississippi River, the Osage were sometimes allied with the Illiniwek and sometimes competed with them, as that tribe was also driven west of Illinois by warfare with

5350-656: The Southeast and other areas, and relocating tribes from east of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory . This later developed as the state of Oklahoma in 1908. During the 1838 relocation of most of the Cherokee , the Trail of Tears passed through Springfield to the west, along the Old Wire Road . By 1861, Springfield's population had grown to approximately 2,000, and it had become an important commercial hub. In

5457-508: The U.S. would have to go to war with the Osage, because of their raids on eastern Natives and European-American settlements. However, the U.S. lacked sufficient military strength to coerce Osage bands into ceasing their raids. It decided to supply other tribes with weapons and ammunition, provided they attack the Osage to the point they "cut them off completely or drive them from their country." For instance, in September 1807, Lewis persuaded

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5564-648: The United States made the Louisiana Purchase , the U.S. government appointed the wealthy French fur trader Jean-Pierre Chouteau , a half-brother of René Auguste Chouteau, as the Indian agent assigned to the Osage. In 1809, he founded the Saint Louis Missouri Fur Company with his son Auguste Pierre Chouteau and other prominent men of St. Louis, most of whom were of French-Creole descent, born in North America. Having lived with

5671-401: The West and supplies to help them adapt to farming and a more settled culture. They were first relocated to a reservation in what is now southeastern Kansas called the Osage Diminished Reserve . The city of Independence would later develop there. The first Osage reservation was a 50-by-150-mile (80 by 241 km) strip. The United Foreign Missionary Society sent clergy to them, supported by

5778-409: The area were John Polk Campbell and his brother, who reached this area in 1829 from Tennessee. Campbell chose the area because of the presence of a natural well that flowed into a small stream. He staked his claim by carving his initials in a tree. Campbell was joined by settlers Thomas Finney, Samuel Weaver, and Joseph Miller. They cleared the land of trees to develop it for farms. A small general store

5885-405: The average family size was 2.82. In the city 19.9% were under the age of 18, 17.4% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 29,563, and the median income for

5992-411: The biggest names in country music frequently visited or lived in Springfield at the time. City officials estimated the programs meant about 2,000 weekly visitors and "over $ 1,000,000 in fresh income." Staged at the Jewell Theatre (demolished in 1961), Ozark Jubilee is the first national country music TV show to feature top stars and attract a significant viewership. Five Star Jubilee , produced from

6099-706: The bordering Lawrence County also lynched three African-American men in this period. After the mass lynching in Springfield, many African Americans left the region. A historic plaque on the southeast corner of the Springfield courthouse square commemorates Duncan, Coker, and Allen, the three victims of mob violence. Four nationally broadcast television series originated from the city between 1955 and 1961: Ozark Jubilee and its spin-off, Five Star Jubilee ; Talent Varieties ; and The Eddy Arnold Show . All were carried live by ABC except for Five Star Jubilee on NBC . They were produced by Springfield's Crossroads TV Productions, owned by Ralph D. Foster . Many of

6206-511: The city of St. Louis in 2014 to celebrate its 250th anniversary of founding by the French. They participated in a mass partially conducted in Osage at St. Francis Xavier College Church of St. Louis University on April 2, 2014, as part of planned activities. One of the con-celebrants was Todd Nance, who is the first Osage to be ordained as a Catholic priest. In 1843, the Osage asked the federal government to send "Black Robes", Jesuit missionaries, to their reservation to educate their children;

6313-602: The city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. According to the 2000 United States Census , 151,580 people, 64,691 households, and 35,709 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,072.0 inhabitants per square mile (800.0/km ). There were 69,650 housing units at an average density of 952.1 units per square mile (367.6 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 91.69% White , 3.27% African American , 0.75% Native American , 1.36% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 0.88% from other races , and 1.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.31% of

6420-445: The city was 88.7% White , 4.1% African American , 0.8% Native American , 1.9% Asian , 0.2% Pacific Islander , 1.2% from other races , and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population. There were 69,754 households, of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no spouse present, 4.7% had

6527-578: The clans: clan members had to marry people from opposite clans or divisions. Clan representation was expressed in the arrangement of Osage villages. The sky people lived on the side opposite the earth people, and the lodges of the Osage spiritual leaders were situated in between the two sides. Osage life was highly ritualized, where there were certain ceremonies would be performed utilizing bundles, ceremonial pipes which used tobacco as offerings to seek Wakonda's aid. These ceremonies were presided over by Osage medicine people and spiritual leaders. Although some of

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6634-475: The dominant tribe for more than one century in the larger region. On the southeastern side of the town in 1812, about 500 Kickapoo built a small village of about 100 wigwams . They abandoned the site in 1828. Ten miles south of the site of Springfield, the Lenape had built a substantial community of houses that borrowed elements of Anglo colonial style from the mid-Atlantic, where some of their people had migrated from. The first European-American settlers to

6741-494: The early 19th century, the Osage had become the dominant power in the region, feared by neighboring tribes. The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and Red rivers, the Ozarks to the east and the foothills of the Wichita Mountains to the south. They depended on nomadic buffalo hunting and agriculture. The 19th-century painter George Catlin described the Osage as "the tallest race of men in North America, either red or white skins; there being ... many of them six and

6848-413: The early 20th century, oil was discovered on their land. They had retained communal mineral rights during the allotment process, and many Osage became wealthy through returns from leasing fees generated by their Osage headrights . However, during the 1920s and what was known as the Reign of Terror, they suffered manipulation, fraud and numerous murders by outsiders eager to take over their wealth. In 2011,

6955-428: The early morning near the Washita River on November 27, 1868. They killed Chief Black Kettle, and the ambush resulted in additional deaths on both sides. This incident became known as the Battle of Washita River , or the Washita massacre, an ignominious part of the United States' Indian Wars . The Osage were one of the few American Indian nations to buy their own reservation. As a result, they retained more rights to

7062-404: The earth as feminine. They revere the behavior of animals such as hawks, deer and bears, which are considered to be very courageous. Other species lived long lives, such as pelicans. Because humans lacked many of the characteristics naturally found within other forms of life around them, they were expected to learn from the others and emulate characteristics desirable for survival. Survival was not

7169-412: The federal government. This treaty created a buffer line between the Osage and new European-American settlers in the Missouri Territory . It also established the requirement that the U.S. president had to approve all future land sales and cessions by the Osage. The Treaty of Ft. Osage states the U.S. would "protect" the Osage tribe "from the insults and injuries of other tribes of Indians, situated near

7276-449: The first Native American nation to gain full cash payment of annuities. They gradually began to build up their tribe again but suffered encroachment by white outlaws, vagabonds, and thieves. The Osage wrote a constitution in 1881, modeling some parts of it after the United States Constitution. By the start of the 20th century, the federal government and progressives were continuing to press for Native American assimilation , believing this

7383-400: The high temperature fails to rise above freezing, and 1.3 nights of lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) per year. It has an average annual precipitation of 44.71 inches (1,140 mm), including an average 13.70 inches (34.8 cm) of snow. Extremes in temperature range from −29 °F (−34 °C) on February 12, 1899 up to 113 °F (45 °C) on July 14, 1954. According to

7490-418: The land and sovereignty. They retained mineral rights on their lands. The reservation, of approximately 1,470,000 acres (5,900 km ), was purchased in 1872 and is coterminous with present-day Osage County, Oklahoma , in the north-central portion of the state between Tulsa and Ponca City . The Osage established four towns: Pawhuska , Hominy , Fairfax , and Gray Horse . Each was dominated by one of

7597-406: The land for Springfield's public square and platted the town site. In 1835 he deeded 50 acres of land to the legislature for the creation of a county seat. Campbell laid out city streets and lots. The town was incorporated in 1838. In 1878, the town got its nickname as the "Queen City of the Ozarks". The United States government enforced Indian removal during the 1830s, forcing land cessions in

7704-593: The late 1850s, telegraph lines, previously connected only as far as St. Louis, reached Springfield. News from points further west was brought to Springfield overland. It was sent by telegraph to what was then called the New York Associated Press. At the start of the American Civil War , Springfield was divided in its loyalty. It had been settled by people from both the North and South, including slaveholders. It also attracted many German immigrants in

7811-655: The literature cites these individuals as "priests", this term is misleading and is more Eurocentric in nature. Ceremonies, although very elaborate served basic functions such as requesting aid from Wakonda for continued tribal existence and the blessing of a long life through children. Ceremonial songs were also a way to document the knowledge spiritual leaders gained, considering there was no written language. Songs of this nature were taught and shared among only those other Osages who were sincere and had proven themselves. Many songs and ceremonies were created for all facets of life such as adoption, marriage, war, agriculture and to honor

7918-484: The longest-running school system in Kansas. White squatters continued to be a frequent problem for the Osage, but they recovered from population losses, regaining a total of 5,000 members by 1850. The Kansas–Nebraska Act resulted in numerous settlers arriving in Kansas Territory ; both abolitionists and pro-slavery groups were represented among those trying to establish residency in order to vote on whether

8025-531: The loyalty of Catholic priests, who stayed with them and also died in the epidemic, created a special covenant between the tribe and the Catholic Church, but they did not convert in great numbers. Catholic clergy accompanied the Osage when they were forced to move again to Indian Territory in what became Oklahoma. Honoring this special relationship, as well as Catholic sisters who taught their children in schools on reservations, numerous Osage elders went to

8132-476: The major bands at the time of removal. The Osage continued their relationship with the Catholic Church, which established schools operated by two orders of nuns, as well as mission churches. It was many years before the Osage recovered from the hardships suffered during their last years in Kansas and their early years on the reservation in Indian Territory. For nearly five years during the depression of

8239-444: The measures Lewis has taken in regards to making allies of the friendly Osage from those deemed as hostile. Jefferson writes, "we may go further, & as the principal obstacle to the Indians acting in large bodies is the want of provisions, we might supply that want, & ammunition also if they need it." But the goal foremost pursued by the U.S. was to push the Osage out of areas being settled by European Americans, who began to enter

8346-461: The mid-19th century, who tended to support the Union. The Union and Confederate armies both recognized the city's strategic importance and sought to control it. They fought the Battle of Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, a few miles southwest of town. The battle was a Confederate victory, and Nathaniel Lyon was killed here, the first Union General to die in the Civil War. Union troops retreated to

8453-464: The nation gained a settlement from the federal government after an 11-year legal struggle over long mismanagement of their oil funds. In the 21st century, the federally recognized Osage Nation has approximately 20,000 enrolled members, 6,780 of whom reside in the tribe's jurisdictional area. Members also live outside the nation's tribal land in Oklahoma and in other states around the country. The tribe

8560-534: The nearby town of Lebanon to regroup. When they returned, they found that most of the Confederate army had withdrawn. On October 25, 1861, Union Major Charles Zagonyi led an attack against the remaining Confederates in the area, in a battle known as the First Battle of Springfield , or Zagonyi's Charge. Zagonyi's men removed the Confederate flag from Springfield's public square and returned to camp. It

8667-513: The north, Taylor Township on the east, and Wilson and Clay Townships on the south. (Later, Campbell was split into Campbell No. 1 Township and Campbell No. 2 Township, then into North Campbell No. 1 Township, North Campbell No. 2 Township, and North Campbell No. 3 Township.) The county seat of Springfield is located in Campbell Township due to the efforts of John Polk Campbell. The township is named after John Polk Campbell, who donated

8774-642: The northern limits of a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), as defined by the Köppen climate classification system. As such, it experiences times of exceptional humidity; especially in late summer. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 34.3 °F (1.3 °C) in January to 79.2 °F (26.2 °C) in July. On average, there are 40 days with high temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or greater, 2 days of 100 °F (38 °C) or greater, 15 days where

8881-409: The population. There were 64,691 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 44.8% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and

8988-587: The powerful Iroquois. Eventually the Osage and other Dhegihan-Siouan peoples reached their historic lands, likely developing and splitting into the above tribes in the course of the migration to the Great Plains. By the 17th century, many of the Osage had settled near the Osage River in the western part of present-day Missouri . They were recorded in 1690 as having adopted the horse, a valuable resource often acquired through raids on other tribes. The desire to acquire more horses contributed to their trading with

9095-401: The rising of the sun in the morning. During funerals, the faces of dead Osage were traditionally "painted to signal [his or] her tribe and clan". In 1673, French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet were among the first Europeans documented to contact the Osage, traveling southward from present-day Canada in their journey along the Mississippi River. Marquette's 1673 map noted

9202-510: The settlements of white people....". As was common in Native American relations with the federal government, the Osage found that the U.S. did not carry through on this commitment. The Choctaw chief Pushmataha , based in Mississippi, made his early reputation in battles against the Osage tribe in the area of southern Arkansas and their borderlands. In the early 19th century, some Cherokee, such as Sequoyah , voluntarily moved from

9309-535: The southeast to the Arkansas River valley under pressure from European-American settlement in their traditional territory. They clashed there with the Osage, who controlled this area. The Osage regarded the Cherokee as invaders. They began raiding Cherokee towns, stealing horses, carrying off captives (usually women and children), and killing others, trying to drive out the Cherokee with a campaign of violence and fear. The Cherokee were not effective in stopping

9416-399: The spiritual incarnate in nature. During this period in Kansas, the tribe suffered from the widespread smallpox pandemic of 1837–1838, which caused devastating losses among Native Americans from Canada to New Mexico. All clergy except the Catholics abandoned the Osage during the crisis. Most survivors of the epidemic had received vaccinations against the disease. The Osage believed that

9523-463: The territory should permit slavery . The Osage lands became overrun with European-American settlers. In 1855, the Osage suffered another epidemic of smallpox, because a generation had grown up without getting vaccinated. During Bleeding Kansas and later the American Civil War the Osage largely stayed neutral, but both sides successfully recruited Osage fighters to their side. John Allen Mathews , an American who married an Osage woman, advocated for

9630-475: The time of the crime against Edwards, and other evidence suggested that they and Allen were all innocent. These three are the only recorded lynchings in Greene County. But the extrajudicial murders were part of a pattern of discrimination, repeated violence and intimidation of African Americans in this city and southwest Missouri from 1894 to 1909, in an attempt to expel them from the region. Whites in

9737-649: The tribe to side with the Confederate States of America . The tribe signed a treaty with the CSA in October 1861. The Jesuit priest Father Schoenmakers recruited Osage fighters for the Union Army . They struggled simply to survive through famine and the war. During the war, many Caddoan and Creek refugees from Indian Territory came to Osage country in Kansas, further straining their resources. Although

9844-475: The tribe. Names of clans included Red Cedar ( Hon-tse-shu-tsy ), Travelers in the Mist ( Moh-sho-tsa-moie ), Deer Lungs ( Tah-lah-he ) and Elk ( O-pon ). Children born to a certain clan had a ceremonial naming in order to introduce them to the community. Without a ceremonial name, an Osage child could not participate in ceremonies, so naming was an important part of Osage identity. The people regulated marriage through

9951-562: The tribes likely diverged in languages and cultures after leaving the lower Ohio Country. The Omaha and Ponca settled in what is now Nebraska ; the Kansa in Kansas; and the Quapaw in Arkansas . In the 19th century, the Osage were forced by the United States to move from modern-day Kansas into Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), and the majority of their descendants live in Oklahoma. In

10058-656: The tribes. Lewis and Clark reported in 1804 that the peoples were the Great Osage on the Osage River , the Little Osage upstream, and the Arkansas band on the Verdigris River , a tributary of the Arkansas River . The Osage then numbered some 5,500. The Osage and Quapaw suffered extensive losses from smallpox in 1801–1802. Historians estimate up to 2,000 Osage died in the epidemic. In 1804 after

10165-404: The two largest hospitals, CoxHealth and Mercy , being the largest employers in the city. Springfield hosts several universities and colleges, including Missouri State University , Drury University , and Evangel University . Springfield is an important regional center for distribution, logistics, and manufacturing. The origin of the city's name is unclear, but the most common view is that it

10272-544: The vast prairie owned by the tribe. Because of his recent work in developing oil production in Kansas, Henry Foster approached the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to request exclusive privileges to explore the Osage Reservation for oil and natural gas. Foster died shortly afterward, and his brother, Edwin B. Foster, assumed his interests. The BIA granted the request on March 16, 1896, with the stipulation that Foster

10379-455: The woodlands of present-day Missouri and Arkansas, the Osage would make semi-annual buffalo hunting forays into the Great Plains to the west. They also hunted deer, rabbit, and other wild game in the central and eastern parts of their domain. Near their villages, the women cultivated varieties of corn , squash , and other vegetables which they processed for food. They also harvested and processed nuts and wild berries. In their years of transition,

10486-517: Was $ 25,751 (+/- $ 590). Approximately, 12.8% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.8% of those under the age of 18 and 12.1% of those ages 65 or over. In the 2010 census , there were 159,498 people, 69,754 households, and 35,453 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,951.8 inhabitants per square mile (753.6/km ). There were 77,620 housing units at an average density of 949.8 units per square mile (366.7 units/km ). The racial makeup of

10593-405: Was 2,035.6 per square mile (785.9/km ). There were 83,116 housing units at an average density of 1,000.1 units per square mile (386.1 units/km ). The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies: "Race alone" where Hispanics are allocated to the various racial categories and "Race alone less Hispanics" where Hispanics are excluded from the racial categories and delineated separately as if

10700-475: Was 33.2 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 91.1 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $ 37,491 (with a margin of error of +/- $ 1,212) and the median family income was $ 52,296 (+/- $ 1,594). Males had a median income of $ 28,927 (+/- $ 1,383) versus $ 23,395 (+/- $ 767) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old

10807-565: Was named by migrants from Springfield , Massachusetts . One account is that James Wilson, who lived in the new settlement, offered free whiskey to anyone who would vote for the name Springfield, after his hometown in Massachusetts. Springfield Express editor J. G. Newbill said in the November 11, 1881, issue: "It has been stated that this city got its name from the fact of a spring and field being near by just west of town. But such

10914-484: Was renamed to Mediacom Ice Park, following a 10-year naming rights agreement with Mediacom , a cable television and communications provider in the United States . This agreement expired in 2019, whereupon the arena reverted to its original name. In 2024, the name became Brightspeed Ice Park, reflecting a 10-year naming rights agreement with Brightspeed Fiber Internet. Springfield, Missouri Springfield

11021-541: Was soon opened. In 1833, the southern part of the state was named Greene County after Revolutionary War hero General Nathanael Greene . Campbell Township was one of the seven original townships organized on March 11, 1833, when Greene County was much larger. An 1876 map shows its boundaries include all the sections in T29N and R21 and 22W. It was bounded by Center Township on the west, Robberson, and Franklin Townships on

11128-478: Was the best policy for them. Congress passed the Curtis Act and Dawes Act , legislation requiring the dismantling of communal lands on other reservations. They allotted communal lands in 160-acre (65 ha) portions to individual households, declaring the remainder as "surplus" and selling it to non-natives. They also dismantled the tribal governments . In 1894 large quantities of oil were discovered beneath

11235-528: Was the first European colonial fort on the Missouri River. Jesuit missionaries were assigned to French forts and established missions in an attempt to convert the Osage, learning their language to ingratiate themselves. In 1724, the Osage allied with the French rather than the Spanish in their fight for control of the Mississippi region. In 1725, Bourgmont led a delegation of Osage and other tribal chiefs to Paris . They were shown around France, including

11342-620: Was the only Union victory in southwestern Missouri in 1861. The increased military activity in the area set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in northern Arkansas in March 1862. On January 8, 1863, Confederate forces under General John S. Marmaduke advanced to take control of Springfield and an urban fight ensued. But that evening, the Confederates withdrew. This became known as the Second Battle of Springfield . Marmaduke sent

11449-412: Was to pay the Osage tribe a 10% royalty on all sales of petroleum produced on the reservation. Foster found large quantities of oil, and the Osage benefited greatly monetarily. But this discovery of "black gold" eventually led to more hardships for tribal members. The Osage had learned about negotiating with the U.S. government. Through the efforts of Principal Chief James Bigheart , in 1907 they reached

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