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77-547: The western Balkans had been reconquered from " barbarians " by Byzantine Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565). Sclaveni (Slavs) raided the Western Balkans, including Bosnia, in the 6th and 7th century. According to De Administrando Imperio written in the 10th century, these were followed by Croats and Serbs who arrived in the late 620s and early 630s, the Croats invited by Emperor Heraclius to fend off an invasion by

154-456: A "small/little land" (or "small country"), inhabited by Slavs along with Zahumlje and Travunija (both with territory in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina). This is the first mention of a distinct Bosnian region. Historians have established that the medieval Bosnian polity was situated, broadly, around the Bosna river, between its upper and the middle course: in the south to north direction between

231-458: A 1042 charter in which a certain ban "S", most probably Stjepan Praska, founded by himself a monastery of Chrysogoni Jaderæ granting it land, taxation, wealth, cattle, peasants, and that he attained the Byzantine imperial title of protospatharios . This imperial title, somehow related to that of a ban, was given to provincial governors and foreign rulers, and most probably was used to highlight

308-571: A Hungarian army and retook part of the country, and for ten years slowly regained authority in Bosnia. In 1414 the Ottomans declared the ousted Tvrtko II the rightful king of Bosnia and invaded. A year later, the Ottomans won a decisive battle against the Hungarian and Bosnian forces under Ostoja with the aid of a powerful Bosnian nobleman called Hrvoje . They agreed to keep Ostoja on the throne, but

385-462: A council of local church leaders to renounce the heresy in 1203. Despite this, Hungarian ambitions remained unchanged long after Kulin's death in 1204, waning only after an unsuccessful invasion in 1254. Miroslav died in 1198 and Andrew , brother of the King of Hungary and appointed by him to be duke of Croatia and Dalmatia as well as Hum, jumped at the opportunity. He took northwestern Hum after defeating

462-540: A local force but he withdrew in 1203 either because his brother, King Emeric , declared war on him or he was pushed out by Peter. Peter was chosen by the local nobles of Hum to succeed Miroslav and was likely his son. He soon ousted a brother named Andrew from Eastern Hum, but Stefan the First-Crowned sided with the exiled Andrew and returned Hum to the Neretva in 1216, and Andrew became a puppet prince of Hum. He

539-477: A military term used by the troops who had Germanic or fought against Germanic peoples. Bali considered that the Croatian rulers possibly were influenced by the Byzantine model in the organization of the territory and borrowed the terminology and that such thesis can be related to Sokol's arguing of Western influence. Sources from the earliest periods are scarce, but existing show that since Middle Ages "ban"

616-575: A positive diplomatic relationship. However, he had poor relations with Hungary and her ally Zeta for religiopolitical reasons. His rule also marked the start of a controversy with the Bosnian Church , an indigenous Christian sect considered heretical by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. In response to Hungarian attempts to use church politics regarding the issue as a way to reclaim sovereignty over Bosnia, Kulin held

693-511: A single ban was resumed. The title of ban persisted in Croatia even after 1527 when the country became part of the Habsburg monarchy , and continued all the way until 1918. In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually become chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government as well Court ( Tabula Banalis ), effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. At

770-488: Is accurate for all historical bans . In Croatia a ban reigned in the name of the ruler, he is the first state dignitary after King, the King's legal representative, and had various powers and functions. In South Slavic languages, the territory ruled by a ban was called Banovina (or Banat ), often transcribed in English as Banate or Bannate , and also as Banat or Bannat . The earliest mentioned Croatian ban

847-556: Is borrowed from the Turks. Erich Berneker wrote that became by contraction from bojan , which was borrowed from Mongolian-Turkic bajan ("rich, wealthy"), and noted Bajan is a personal name among Mongols, Avars, Bulgars, Altaic Tatars, and Kirghiz. Đuro Daničić decided for an intermediate solution; by origin is Avar or Persian from bajan (duke). J. B. Bury derived the title from the name of Avar khagan Bayan I, and Bulgarian khagan Kubrat 's son Batbayan , with which tried to prove

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924-458: Is generally argued to be a borrowing from a Turkic language, but such a derivation is highly criticized by the modern historians who rather argue Western European origin. The title's origin among medieval Croats is not completely understood, and it is hard to determine the exact source and to reconstruct the primal form of the Turkic word it is derived from. According to mainstream theory it

1001-604: Is generally explained as a derivation from the personal name of the Pannonian Avars ruler, Bayan , which is a derivation of the Proto-Turkic root *bāj- "rich, richness, wealth; prince; husband". The Proto-Turkic root *bāj- is sometimes explained as a native Turkic word; however, it could also be a borrowing from the Iranian bay (from Proto-Iranian * baga- "god; lord"). The title word ban

1078-647: Is impossible it directly originated from a personal name of an Avar ruler because the title needs a logical continuity. He doubted its existence among Slavic tribes during the great migration, and within early South Slavic principalities. He strongly supported the Šafárik thesis about Avar descendants in Lika, now dismissed by scholars, and concluded that in that territory they had a separate governor whom they called bajan , from which after Avar assimilation, became Croatian title ban . The thesis of alleged Avar governor title Šišić based on his personal derivation of bajan from

1155-544: Is no concrete proof of Bosnian heresy at this time, just ignorance of certain catholic practices. Hungary invaded starting in 1235 and reached Bosnia in 1238, when they captured Vrhbosna . In 1241 they retreated back to Hungary when it came under threat of the Tartars . The commander of the crusaders, Koloman , brother of the king, was slaughtered by the Tartars along with his army at Sajó river on April 11, 1241, thus allowing

1232-503: Is supported by the Chronicle of Duklja; Latin redaction; Unaquaque in provincia banum ordinavit, id est ducem, ex suis consanguineis fratribus ([Svatopluk] in every province allocated a ban, and they were duke's consanguin brothers); Croatian redaction defines that all bans need to be by origin native and noble. Tadija Smičiklas and Vatroslav Jagić thought that the title should not derive from bajan , but from bojan , as thus how it

1309-463: Is written in the Greek historical records ( boan , boean ). Vjekoslav Klaić pointed out that the title before 12th century is documented only among Croats, and did not consider a problem that Bajan was a personal name and not a title, as seen in the most accepted derivation of Slavic word *korljь (kral/lj, krol). He mentioned both thesis (from Turkic-Persian, and Slavic "bojan, bojarin"), as well

1386-567: The East–West Schism (1054) the bishopric of Bosnia was Roman Catholic under jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Split (since the 12th century under Roman Catholic Diocese of Dubrovnik ). Northern and Northeastern Bosnia was captured by Carolingian Franks in the early 9th century and remained under their jurisdiction until 870s. In what is now eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro , semi-independent localities emerged under Serbian rule. In

1463-548: The Pannonian Avars , and both had by this time settled West and East of Bosnia. Croats "settled in area roughly corresponding to modern Croatia, and probably also including most of Bosnia proper, apart from the eastern strip of the Drina valley" while Serbs "corresponding to modern south-western Serbia (later known as Raška ), and gradually extended their rule into the territories of Duklja and Hum ". The De Administrando Imperio (DAI; ca. 960) mentions Bosnia ( Βοσωνα /Bosona) as

1540-695: The Pannonian Basin between the Danube and the Tisza rivers, now in Romania, Serbia and Hungary. In the toponymys Bando , Bandola , Banj dvor and Banj stol and Banovo polje in Lika , In Bosnia and Herzegovina numerous toponyms exist, such as Banbrdo , village Banova Jaruga , city Banovići , and possibly Banja Luka . The term ban is still used in the phrase banski dvori ("ban's court") for

1617-403: The 12th century, but the specific writing about bans is dated to the late 13th and early 14th century, a transcript of an older document. It mentions that there existed seven bans and they were elected by the six of Twelve noble tribes of Croatia , where the title is written as banus and bani . The Late Proto-Slavic word *banъ is considered to not be of native Slavic lexical stock and

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1694-484: The 19th century which avoided any association with Germanization and German heritage. According to him, the title and its functions directly derive from a Germanic medieval term ban or bannum , the royal power of raising of armies and the exercise of justice later delegated to the counts, which was widely used in Francia . Archaeologist Vladimir Sokol (2007) independently came to a very similar conclusion relating it to

1771-512: The 21st century, historians like Mladen Ančić (2013) and Neven Budak (2018) in their research and synthesis of Croatian history concluded that the Avar linguistic argumentation is unconvincing and the historical sources poorly support such a thesis, emphasizing rather the Frankish origin of the title. Ančić emphasized that Avarian derivation is related to cultural and political ideologization since

1848-532: The 7th and 20th centuries. The most common examples have been found in medieval Croatia and medieval regions ruled and influenced by the Kingdom of Hungary . They often ruled as the king's governmental representatives, supreme military commanders and judges, and in 18th century Croatia, even as chief government officials. In the Banate of Bosnia they were always de facto supreme rulers. The first known mention of

1925-548: The 910s Petar of Serbia annexed entire Eastern Bosnia by defeating local Slavic lord Tišemir of Bosnia , and pushing into Zahumlje came into conflict with Michael of Zahumlje . Croatian king Tomislav reintegrated parts of Western and Northern Bosnia, battling the Bulgarians in the Bosnian highlands (926) . In 949, a civil war broke out in Croatia leading to the conquest of Bosnia by Časlav , but after his death in 960s, it

2002-541: The Bosnian Ban, prince of Split Matej Ninoslav to regain control of all Bosnia. With the death of the Great Khan , the Tartars returned to Karakorum , pillaging along the way. They circumnavigated Bosnia, so its leaders had time to reassert power without interference or outside threat. In the 1280s a minor noble from northern Bosnia named Stephan Kotroman married the daughter of Stefan Dragutin , son-in-law to

2079-687: The Bulgarian-Avar (Turkic) theory on the origin of early medieval Croats. Historian Franjo Rački did not discard the possibility South Slavs could obtain it from Avars, but he disbelieved it had happened in Dalmatia, yet somewhere in Pannonia, and noticed the existence of bân ("dux, custos") in Persian language. He also observed that ban could only be someone from one of the twelve Croatian tribes according to Supetar cartulary. This viewpoint

2156-556: The Conqueror 's invading army took the stronghold of Bobovac . Stephan Tomašević fled north to Jajce and then to the nearby fortress of Ključ where he was besieged, captured, and beheaded. The main Ottoman army withdrew in the fall of that year, only leaving scant garrisons to guard what they had conquered. King Matthias of Hungary then invaded and took parts of northern and northwestern Bosnia by besieging and taking both Jajce and

2233-493: The Croatian title ban from the earliest times". Based on semi-mythological Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (13th century), according to some scholars the earliest known ruler of Bosnia was Ratimir in 838 AD. According to later Annales Ragusini (14-17th century), the death of childless Stiepan in 871 was followed by 17 years war which was ended by Croatian ruler Bereslav' s conquest of Bosnia, while in 972 Bosnian ruler

2310-511: The Croatian title "ban" in Bosnia indicates that political ties with the Croatian world was from the earliest times, while supreme leader of the Serbs has always been called the Grand Prince ( Veliki Župan ) and never the "ban". The meaning of the title changed with time: the position of a ban can be compared to that of a viceroy or a high vassal such as a hereditary duke , but neither

2387-590: The Croats had a similar organization when they were living northeast of the Carpathian Mountains". Stjepan Krizin Sakač emphasized that the word bajan is never mentioned in historical sources as a title, the title ban is never mentioned in such a form, and there's no evidence that Avars and Turks ever used a title closely related to the title ban . Sakač connected the Croatian bân with statements from two Persian dictionaries (released 1893 and 1903);

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2464-494: The German-Gothic theory derivation from banner and power of ban and King's ban . Gjuro Szabo shared similar Klaić's viewpoint, and emphasized the widespread distribution of a toponym from India to Ireland, and particularly among Slavic lands, and considered it as an impossibility that had derived from a personal name of a poorly known khagan, yet from a prehistoric word Ban or Pan . Ferdo Šišić considered that

2541-640: The Hungarian Kingdom, and the Serbian state in a period of stagnation, control over Bosnia was subsequently contested between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Byzantine empire. In 1154, Borić was appointed ban by pro-Hungarian nobility. Under the pressure of the Byzantines, a subsequent King of Hungary appointed Kulin as a Ban to rule the province under the eastern vassalage. However, this vassalage

2618-730: The King of Hungary. The ruler of Mačva gained control of northern Bosnia, under the supervision of the Croatian Šubić family who were eventually ousted from power during a war with Venice over the town of Zadar . His son, Stjepan II Kotromanić became Ban of Bosnia in 1322. He took parts of Croatia and the Dalmatian coast between his ascension and 1326, when he annexed Hum. He signed peace treaties with Ragusa in 1334 and Venice in 1335. He died in 1353 and his nephew, Stephen Tvrtko , succeeded him at age 15. Stjepan II had not properly consolidated his banate, so when he died, his state fractured as

2695-559: The Serbian ruler George Brancović , a semi independent vassal of the Ottoman Turks who was contesting the Bosnian king for Srebrenica. In the early 1450s Vukčić became embroiled in a civil war with Ragusa and his eldest son. 1461, Stephen Tomaš died and his son Stephan Tomašević ascended to the throne. He quickly asked Pope Pius II for help, and again in 1463 against the looming threat of Ottoman invasion. No help came, and Mehmet

2772-470: The Slavic name Bojan. His thesis would be later endorsed by many historians, and both South Slavic titles ban and župan were asserted as Avars official titles, but it had more to do with the scholar's ideology of the time than actual reality. Franz Miklosich wrote that the word, of Croatian origin, probably was expanded by the Croats among the Bulgarians and Serbs, while if it is Persian, than among Slavs

2849-575: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 920117983 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:51:42 GMT Ban (title) Ban ( / ˈ b ɑː n / ) was the title of local rulers or officeholders, similar to viceroy , used in several states in Central and Southeastern Europe between

2926-568: The administration of Danube Banovina (1929–1941). Banovina is also the colloquial name of the city hall building in Split , and of the administrative building (rectorate and library) of the University of Niš . In Croatian Littoral banica or banić signified "small silver coins", in Vodice banica signified "unknown, old coins". The Banovac was a coin struck between 1235 and 1384. In

3003-558: The anti- Ottoman defensive system were formed: In 1921 temporarily existed Lajtabánság in Burgenland (Austria). The title ban was also awarded in the Second Bulgarian Empire on few occasions, but remained an exception. One example was the 14th-century governor of Sredets ( Sofia ) Ban Yanuka . Ban was also used in the 19th century Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. Ban

3080-419: The ban βοάνος ( Boános ), καὶ ὁ βοάνος αὐτῶν κρατεῖ (rules over) τὴν Κρίβασαν ( Krbava ), τὴν Λίτζαν ( Lika ) καὶ (and) τὴν Γουτζησκά ( Gacka ). In the 31st chapter, describing the military and naval force of Croatia, " Miroslav , who ruled for four years, was killed by the βοεάνου ( boéánou ) Πριβουνία ( Pribounía , i.e. Pribina )", and after that followed a temporary decrease in

3157-487: The beginning Bosnian status as a de facto independent state fluctuated, depending on era, in terms of its relations with the Kingdom of Hungary and Byzantine Empire . Its rulers were called bans, and their territory banovina . Nevertheless, the Bosnian bans were never viceroys, in the sense as their neighbors in the west in Croatia, appointed by the king. Earliest mentioned Bosnian bans were Borić (1154–1163) and Kulin (1163–1204). The Bosnian medieval dynasties who used

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3234-954: The buildings that host high government officials. The Banski dvori in Zagreb hosts the Croatian Government , while the Banski dvor in Banja Luka hosted the President of Republika Srpska (a first-tier subdivision of Bosnia and Herzegovina) until 2008. The building known as Bela banovina ("the white banovina") in Novi Sad hosts the parliament and government of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia. The building received this name because it previously hosted

3311-586: The century progressed. In the 1150s, Ban Borić , the first Bosnian ban known in historiography by name, led the Bosnian troops to aid Hungary against the Byzantines in Belgrade , as an ally. By 1180, Bosnia was functionally fully independent, though Hungarians seldom missed to lay the claim on it. Some attempts to reunite Bosnia and Duklja were made, especially by king Kočopar of Duklja (1102–1103) who forged an alliance with Bosnia against Rascia and Zahumlje, but attempt utterly failed with Kočopar's death. Since

3388-416: The connection between the Croatian and Byzantine royal court. After 1102, as Croatia entered personal union with Hungarian kingdom , the title of ban was appointed by the kings. Croatia was governed by the viceroys as a whole between 1102 and 1225, when it was split into two separate banovinas: Slavonia and Croatia, and Dalmatia . Two different bans were appointed until 1476, when the institution of

3465-508: The early middle ages, it is noted that some Hungarian monarchs included "rex Ramae" into their title, taking a name of a small župa of Rama (central Bosnia and Herzegovina), likely referring to all of Bosnia , and thus indicating its de facto independence. In 1167 Byzantium defeated Hungary at the Battle of Zemun and took all of Bosnia under its domain and would remain there until Manuel I Comnenus died in 1180. With Croatia acquired by

3542-400: The end of the year Vuk was exiled and Tvrtko was back on the throne. After the death of Stefan Dušan and the collapse of his Serbian empire, competing factions tried to carve their own chunks of territory from it. Lazar Hrebljanović received troops from Tvrtko, and thus gave some of the spoils and land to him. In 1377 Tvrtko I crowned himself King of Bosnia. In 1388 an Ottoman raiding party

3619-581: The ethnic identity of the Bosnians is this: they were the Slavs who lived in Bosnia. Serbian princess ruled in Zahumlje, and later, after integrating with Raška in the 1070s under Constantine Bodin, expanded to conquer all of eastern Bosnia in the 1080s. His kingdom collapsed after his death in 1102. Hungarian authority fell over Bosnia in 1102, though it was ruled through a Ban , who became more independent as

3696-447: The history of historiography to prove ideological assumptions on Avars, and specific theories on the origin of early medieval Croats . The starting point of the debate was year 1837, and the work of historian and philologist Pavel Jozef Šafárik , whose thesis has influenced generations of scholars. In his work Slovanské starožitnosti (1837), and later Slawische alterthümer (1843) and Geschichte der südslawischen Literatur (1864),

3773-528: The influence of Franks during their control of Istria and Liburnia . In 2013, historian Tomislav Bali noted the possible connection of the title with the military and territorial administrative unit bandon of the Byzantine Empire . The unit term derives, like the Greek bandon (from the 6th century) and Latin bandus and bandum (from the 9th century; banner ), from the Gothic bandwō ,

3850-701: The king of Bosnia would never again be outside of the Turkish sphere of influence. In 1418 Ostoja died and his son was exiled two years later by Tvrtko II. War over the mining district of Srebrenica . Between 1433 and 1435 southern parts of central Bosnia was taken from the Hungarians by the Turks with the help of Stephen Vulkčić , Sandalj's nephew and lord of Hum. Turks seized Srebrenica in 1440. Tvrtko II died in 1443. Three year civil war between Stephen Vukčić and Tvrtko II's successor, Stephen Tomaš . War ended when they came to an agreement but Vukčić still supported

3927-456: The late 9th and early 10th century, Bosnia was mostly Christianized by Latin priests from the Dalmatian coastal towns, though remote pockets remained unreached. If DAI' s kastra oikoumena does not designate inhabited towns, but ecclesiastical centers instead, the existence of such centers could be evidence it was an independent state before 822, as theorized by late Tibor Živković . After

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4004-707: The line formed by its source and the Prača river in the south, and the line formed by the Drinjača river and the Krivaja river (from Olovo , downstream to town of Maglaj ), and Vlašić mountain in the north, and in the west to east direction between the Rama - Vrbas line stretching from the Neretva to Pliva in the west, and the Drina in the east, which is a wider area of central and eastern modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina . By

4081-576: The military force of the Croatian Kingdom. In 1029, a Latin charter was published by Jelena, sister of ban Godemir, in Obrovac, for donation to the monastery of St. Krševan in Zadar . In it she is introduced as " Ego Heleniza, soror Godemiri bani ...". Franjo Rački noted that if it is not an original, then it is certainly a transcript from the same 11th century. In the 12th century,

4158-511: The nearby fortress of Zvečaj . Matthias created a Bannate loyal to him and renamed the Ban, King of Bosnia in 1471. The kingdom's territory was soon smashed to almost nothing by the returning Turks. In 1526, the Turks obliterated the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohács and year later took Jajce, finally crushing the last hold out of Hungary in Bosnia. Vulkčić reclaimed his kingdom after the Turks withdrew, but lost it again two years later, staking out in

4235-459: The nobles felt no obligation to young Tvrtko I. Just before Kotromanić died, he had married his daughter, Elizabeth, to Louis, King of Hungary , which gave Louis the excuse to demand the rich lands of Hum from Tvrtko. Having no real support from his nobles, Tvrtko submitted to the King's demands and in 1357, Hungary regained its territory in Hum. In 1363, war broke out between the two kings. Louis invaded

4312-519: The northern provinces, which were divided in loyalty between the two kings. An ally of Tvrtko, Vukac Hrvatinić defended Sokograd and a month later, repelled a second invasion at Srebrnik in Usora . In 1366, his nobles expelled him and Tvrtko fled to the court of Hungary, which surprisingly accepted him. The revolting nobles plopped Tvrtko's brother, Vuk , on the throne. Tvrtko was soon back in Bosnia with troops from Hungary to take back his realm, and by

4389-449: The noun bàn (lord, master, illustrious man, chief), suffix bân (guard), and the Sasanian title merz-bân (مرزبان marz-bān, Marzban ). He considered that the early Croats originated from the Iranian-speaking Sarmatians probably Alans and Aorsi . The view of the possible Iranian origin (from ban ; keeper, guard), besides Avarian, was shared by the modern scholars like Vladimir Košćak, Horace Lunt and Tibor Živković . In

4466-440: The opposite, that Avars never lived in the area of the Roman province of Dalmatia (including Lika), and that statement occurred somewhere in Pannonia . Šafárik assumed that the Avars by the name word bayan called their governor, and in the end concluded that the title ban derives from the "name-title" Bayan, which is also a Persian title word (see Turkish bey for Persian bag/bay ), and neglected that it should derive from

4543-420: The personal name was a possible misinterpretation of a title, but Bayan already had a title of khagan, and the name, as well its derivation, are well confirmed. The title ban among the Avars has never been attested to in the historical sources, and as such the Avarian etymological derivation is unconvincing. The title's etymological and functional origins are unknown. It was used as "evidence" throughout

4620-400: The port town of Novi , where he died in 1466. He was succeeded by his son Vlatko who tried to gain help from Venice and Hungary but to no avail. The last fortress in Hum was taken in 1482. Places of worship built before Ottoman conquest of medieval Bosnian Kingdom and abolition of the state in 1463. Barbarians in the Byzantine Empire Too Many Requests If you report this error to

4697-567: The question lacks meaning. We can say that the majority of the Bosnian territory was probably occupied by Croats - or at least, by Slavs under Croat rule - in the seventh century; but that is a tribal label which has little or no meaning five centuries later. The Bosnians were generally closer to the Croats in their religious and political history; but to apply the modem notion of Croat identity (something constructed in recent centuries out of religion, history and language) to anyone in this period would be an anachronism. All that one can sensibly say about

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4774-461: The title ban is in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus , in the work De Administrando Imperio , in the 30th and 31st chapter "Story of the province of Dalmatia" and "Of the Croats and of the country they now dwell in", dedicated to the Croats and the Croatian organisation of their medieval state. In the 30th chapter, describing in Byzantine Greek , how the Croatian state was divided into eleven ζουπανίας ( zoupanías ; župas ),

4851-415: The title "ban" until the rulers adopted the use of the title "king" under the Kingdom of Bosnia , with Ban Stephen's II successor Tvrtko I being the first who inaugurate the title "king". Regions ruled and influenced by Kingdom of Hungary , besides those in Croatia and Bosnia, were also formed as banates usually as frontier provinces in today's Serbia , Romania and Bulgaria . It includes: As part of

4928-431: The title Ban from the 12th until the end of 14th century includes Borić , Kulinić with Ban Kulin and Matej Ninoslav being most prominent member, and Kotromanić dynasty . Some of the most prominent bans from the 12th until the end of 13th centuries includes Ban Borić , Ban Kulin , Ban Stephen Kulinić , Ban Matej Ninoslav , Prijezda I , Prijezda II , Stephen I and Stephen II . The Bosnian medieval state used

5005-402: The title khagan. Nada Klaić advocated the same claims of Avars descendants in Lika, and considered bans and župans as Avar officials and governors. Francis Dvornik on the other hand, although mentioned Šišić's argumentation, considered to be of common Indo-European root (an Czechs and Poles have pan meaning "master") or Iranian-Sarmatian origin, and "we are fully entitled to suppose that

5082-453: The title was mentioned by an anonymous monk of Dioclea and in the Supetar Cartulary . The Byzantine Greek historian John Kinnamos wrote the title in the Greek form μπάνος ( mpanos ). In the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja , which is dated to 12th and 13th century, in the Latin redaction is written as banus , banum , bano , and in the Croatian redaction only as ban . The Supetar Cartulary includes information until

5159-437: Was Pribina in the 10th century, followed by Godemir (969–995), Gvarda or Varda (c. 995–1000), Božeteh (c. 1000–1030), Stjepan Praska (c. 1035–1058), Gojčo (c. 1060–1069), and later Dmitar Zvonimir (c. 1070–1075) and possibly Petar Snačić (c. 1075–1091) who would become the last native Croatian king. The fairly late mid-10th century mention, because is not mentioned in older inscriptions and royal charters, indicates it

5236-428: Was also derived from the name Bojan , and there were additionally proposed Iranian, and Germanic, language origin. The Avar nameword bajan , which some scholars trying to explain the title's origin interpreted with alleged meaning of "ruler of the horde", itself is attested as the 6th century personal name of Avar khagan Bayan I which led the raids on provinces of the Byzantine Empire. Some scholars assume that

5313-403: Was killed and land conquered by certain Sigr. Ducha d'Albania , but another ruler of the lineage of Moravia de Harvati and related to previous Bosnian ruler, expelled Sigr. Ducha and united Bosnia. Regarding the ethnic identity of the inhabitants of Bosnia until 1180, Noel Malcolm concludes "it cannot be answered, for two reasons": ...first, because we lack evidence, and secondly, because

5390-399: Was largely nominal. Kulin's nearly three decades of rule over the country was characterized by economic stability and peace, during which he strengthened Bosnia's economic ties with Dubrovnik in 1189 and Venice through treaties and trade agreements. His sister married the ruler of Hum, Miroslav brother of Stephan Namanja , founder of the Nemanjić dynasty , with whom he also established

5467-448: Was later removed by Stefan and replaced by a governor, possibly his son, Stefan Radoslav . This meant Andrew only had Popovo and the coastline remaining, and by 1218, Peter had taken it and Andrew had disappeared. The Pope called for Hungary to crusade against heretics in Bosnia in 1225, and the call was met a decade later. It is likely that Hungary was putting political pressure on the papacy to invade Bosnia for territorial gain, as there

5544-461: Was not preserved from the period of Avar Khaganate as was previously presumed in historiography. It rather indicates to the influence of the expansion of the Northern border by King Tomislav of Croatia , after the conquest of Slavonia by the Hungarians, making the position of ban similar to that of a margrave defending a frontier region. That the ban was significant almost as a king is seen in

5621-540: Was retaken by Michael Krešimir II of Croatia . Additionally, Duklja absorbed Zahumlje under John Vladmir . In 1019 Byzantine Emperor Basil II forced the Serb and Croat rulers to acknowledge Byzantine sovereignty, though this had little impact over the governance of Bosnia until the end of the 11th century, for periods of time being governed by Croats or Serbs to the East. A later political link to Croatia will be observed "by

5698-581: Was the first to connect the ruler title of ban , obviously not of Slavic lexical stock, which ruled over župas of today's region of Lika , with the Pannonian Avars. He concluded how Avars lived in that same territory, basing his thesis on a literal reading of the statement from Constantine VII's 30th chapter, "there are still descendants of the Avars in Croatia, and are recognized as Avars". However, modern historians and archaeologists until now proved

5775-455: Was the title of the governor of each province (called banovina ) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. The weight of the title was far less than that of a medieval ban's feudal office. The word ban is preserved in many modern toponym and place names, in the regions where bans once ruled, as well as in the personal names. A region in central Croatia, south of Sisak , is called Banovina or Banija. The region of Banat in

5852-516: Was the title used for local land administrators in the areas of Balkans where South Slavic population migrated around the 7th century, namely in Duchy of Croatia (8th century–c. 925), Kingdom of Croatia , Croatia in union with Hungary (1102–1526), and many regions ruled and influenced by Kingdom of Hungary like Banate of Bosnia (1154–1377), Banate of Severin (1228–1526), Banate of Macsó (1254–1496) and else. According to Noel Malcolm , usage of

5929-417: Was wiped out in Hum by a local noble named Vlatko Vuković , who was later sent along with a Bosnian army to help Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo Polje . After Tvrtko's death in 1391, the kingship was severely weakened by local nobles vying for power, though the kingdom did not splinter. In 1404 King Ostoja was ousted by the nobles and replaced by the illegitimate son of Tvrtko, Tvrtko II . Ostoja returned with

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