Misplaced Pages

#581418

40-517: The Medumba-speaking area is famous for a bi-annual cultural festival — FESTAC: Festival des arts et de la culture Medumba (Medumba Arts and Crafts Festival) — that promotes the Medumba language, as well as dance, artwork and food styles of the 14 different villages of the locality. The festival, which takes place over a 2-week period in early July, is hosted in Bangangte. Medumba is part of

80-554: A large number of consonants with secondary articulation . Complex consonants only occur in onset position. The inventory of complex consonants according to Voorhoeve (1965) is: Medumba has several affixes including: 2. to separate from each other 2. 'thank, pray' V1976:122 2. project 3. clothe again 2. 'realize' Tone on Nouns: {LL, HH, HL, LH}: Voorhoeve introduced a non-segment tone in order to distinguish two different low tone noun groups and two different high tone noun groups. For instance, naʔ and mfən both bear

120-469: A new loan word between the various dialects. One such example is the loan word for "light", /látrɨ́/ . While one speaker chose to pluralize /látrɨ́/ as /ndátrɨ́/ , the other speaker refused to pluralize /látrɨ́/ as they believed it was a mass noun. Younger speakers of Medumba are beginning to use forms of words that do not account for noun class, such as the first person possessive form /jɔm/ . The first person possessive form normally varies depending on

160-403: A noun prefix to specify their meaning. Other words that related or referred to that noun, such as adjectives and verbs, also received a prefix that matched the class of the noun (" agreement " or "concord"). Maho offers a broad characterization of five types of Bantu concordial systems. Languages descended from Proto-Bantu can be classified into each of the five types. The following table gives

200-434: A phoneme. The representation of the vowels may differ in particular with respect to the two "middle" levels of closedness. Some prefer to denote the near-close set as *e and *o, with the more open set represented as *ɛ and *ɔ. Syllables always ended in a vowel but could also begin with one. Vowels could also occasionally appear in a sequence but did not form diphthongs ; two adjacent vowels were separate syllables. If two of

240-419: A reconstruction of nominal classes. This arrangement permits the classification of noun classes via nonlinguistic factors like perception and cognition. Hendrikse and Poulos have grouped singular and plural classes (such as classes 1 and 2) together, and created "hybrid positions" between the varying categories (such as the placement of class 14). Classes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 13 are generally accepted as being

280-526: A reconstruction of the system of nominal classes. Spellings have been normalised to use the ɪ and ʊ notations. Guthrie's original work uses y to describe the palatal semi-vowel, which has been normalised to use the j notation. An alternative list of Proto-Bantu noun classes from Vossen & Dimmendaal (2020:151) is as follows: Wilhelm Bleek 's reconstruction consisted of sixteen noun prefixes. Carl Meinhof adapted Bleek's prefixes, changing some phonological features and adding more prefixes, bringing

320-468: A segment low tone, but their tonal realization is different in the context such as mə jən mfən ___ . For instance, naʔ in mə jən mfən naʔ (I saw the child of the cow) bears a non-low tone, whereas mfen in mə jən mfən mfən (I saw the child of the chief) bears a low tone. He proposed a four-way distinction, L(L), L(H), H(L), and H(H) to account for the nominal tone groups Voorhoeve (1971 :44-53). Tone on Verbs: {L, H}: The radical of

360-501: A seven-language electronic calendar — in French, English, and the five national languages (Medumba, Ghomala, Yemba, Meta, Kom) — sends information on time and date to an LCD screen via a VGA controller. The calendar has been developed as a way of mitigating the impact of language competition, and with the specific goal of raising the profile and prestige of the national languages in a context of language endangerment. Radio Medumba Bangangté

400-508: A strict parallel between singular and plural classes. In comparing agreement systems of Bamileke languages, Medumba behaves independently from the expected system. Compared to Proto-Bantu noun classes, there seems to be a noun class merger in Medumba. This merger occurs through the compression of various Proto-Bantu noun classes into a generalized noun class in Medumba. Forthc.) Noun Class Nouns Class Proto-Bantu noun classes typically assign particular words to certain noun classes, but this

440-489: A syllable, only at its beginning. Thus, the syllable structure was generally V or CV, and there were only open syllables . Consonant clusters did not occur except for the "pre-nasalised" consonants. The so-called "pre-nasalised" consonants were sequences of a nasal and a following obstruent. They could occur anywhere a single consonant was permitted, including word-initially. Pre-nasalised voiceless consonants were rare, as most were voiced. The nasal's articulation adapted to

SECTION 10

#1732779985582

480-745: Is a marker of plurality; see Table 15. The only exception to this is the 2pl pronoun jin , which is the elsewhere form (i.e. it is used with indirect objects, objects of prepositions, and for topicalization and focalization). The tone simplex pronouns depends on the following verb or auxiliary (for subject pronouns) or the preceding verb (for object pronouns). Examples of tone variation of pronoun in subject position (provide fuller description and edit examples). Example (1) illustrates 1sg mə , 2sg u , 3sg o , and 3pl bu also behave as in (1). Example (2) illustrate 1pl bag ; 2pl bin also behaves as in (2). mə 1SG kem Festival des arts et de la culture medumba From Misplaced Pages,

520-507: Is actually a polyphyletic group that combines a number of smaller language families which ultimately belong to the (much larger) Southern Bantoid language family . The homeland of Proto-Bantu was most likely in the upland forest fringes around the Sanaga and Nyong rivers of Southern Cameroon. It was formerly thought that proto-Bantu originated somewhere in the border region between Nigeria and Cameroon. However, new research revealed that

560-555: Is given in the following table. In addition to simplex consonants, Medumba has numerous complex consonants, and these are represented as digraphs or trigraphs ; see Table 2. Nasals, stops, and fricatives can be labialized; in the orthography this is represented as a CW digraph. Stops and fricatives can be pre-nasalized ; in the orthography this is represented as an NC digraph or an NCW trigraph. Orthographic conventions for tone-marking are as follows: Recent developments in digital literacy have had an impact on Medumba. For example,

600-558: Is not exhibited in Medumba. This would imply the dissolution of strict noun classes like the ones found in Proto-Bantu, as the set noun classes are merging into one class, albeit still maintaining a noun class-like form. The flexibility of noun classes in Medumba could be correlated with inflectional morphemes acting as the noun class system, with these morphemes surfacing as left-edge floating tones. Loan words are normally inserted into unrestricted noun classes. For example, látrɨ́ ,

640-525: Is realized as a high tone if the verb is prenasalized, whereas it is realized as a low-mid tone if the verb is not prenasalized. The High tone radical is realized as mid tone regardless of prenasalization. This effect is also found in Bamileke-FeʔFeʔ. Voorhoeve identifies two characteristics of noun classes that surface in Medumba: Voorhoeve also assumes that pronominal prefixes exist within

680-565: Is that the Bantu-speaking people moved first to the Congo region and then a branch split off and moved to East Africa; the other (more likely) is that the two groups split from the beginning, one moving to the Congo region, and the other to East Africa. Like other proto-languages , there is no record of Proto-Bantu. Its words and pronunciation have been reconstructed by linguists. From the common vocabulary which has been reconstructed on

720-610: Is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Bantu languages , a subgroup of the Southern Bantoid languages . It is thought to have originally been spoken in West/Central Africa in the area of what is now Cameroon . About 6,000 years ago, it split off from Proto-Southern Bantoid when the Bantu expansion began to the south and east. Two theories have been put forward about the way the languages expanded: one

760-476: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Festival des arts et de la culture medumba " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try

800-599: The Bamileke cluster, partly because of the high quality of the work done by Jan Voorhoeve in the 1960s and 1970s, including work on (in chronological order): This work was pursued by L. Hyman in the 1980s, on the closely related language Fe'fe' (add refs). It was re-invigorated in the early 2010s by research groups at Boston University (led by C. O'Connor) and at the University of British Columbia (led by R.-M. Déchaine). Some of these publications include: Also notable are

840-481: The Bantu expansion, or whether Proto-Bantu was not a single language but a group of related dialects. One scholar, Roger Blench , writes: "The argument from comparative linguistics which links the highly diverse languages of zone A to a genuine reconstruction is non-existent. Most claimed Proto-Bantu is either confined to particular subgroups, or is widely attested outside Bantu proper." According to this hypothesis, Bantu

SECTION 20

#1732779985582

880-781: The Eastern Group of the Bamileke Cluster, which also include Fe'fe' , Ghomálá' , Kwa' , and Nda'nda' . The Bamileke cluster — along with Ngemba, Nkambe and Nun — is part of the Eastern Grassfields subgroup which, together with the Ring languages and the Southwest Grassfields languages, constitute the Grassfield language grouping. Medumba figures prominently in linguistic research on

920-499: The Guthrie zones, others are found in every zone. These include for example * mbʊ́à 'dog', * -lia 'eat', * ma-béele 'breasts', * i-kúpa 'bone', * i-jína 'name', * -genda 'walk', * mʊ-kíla 'tail', * njɪla 'path', and so on. (The asterisks show that these are reconstructed forms, indicating how the words are presumed to have been pronounced before the Bantu expansion began.) Other vocabulary items tend to be found in either one or

960-491: The articulation of the following consonant so the nasal can be considered a single unspecified nasal phoneme (indicated as *N ) which had four possible allophones. Conventionally, the labial pre-nasal is written *m while the others are written *n. The earlier velar nasal phoneme /ŋ/ , which was present in the Bantoid languages , had been lost in Proto-Bantu. It still occurred phonetically in pre-nasalised consonants but not as

1000-408: The basis of present-day Bantu languages, it appears that agriculture, fishing, and the use of boats were already known to the Bantu people before their expansion began, but iron-working was still unknown. This places the date of the start of the expansion somewhere between 3000 BC and 800 BC. A minority view casts doubt on whether Proto-Bantu, as a unified language, actually existed in the time before

1040-480: The beginning of the 20th century, and are associated with the following milestones: Currently, educational materials, literature and dictionaries for the language are produced by CEPOM, based in Bangangte. The combined output of missionary and CEPOM work has produced more than 80 publications on Medumba language and culture; these are published in French, English, and Medumba. Over time, publications in Medumba have used six different orthographies: The current alphabet

1080-961: The 💕 Look for Festival des arts et de la culture medumba on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Festival des arts et de la culture medumba in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

1120-487: The last hundred years, beginning with Carl Meinhof and his students, great efforts have been made to examine the vocabulary of the approximately 550 present day Bantu languages and to try to reconstruct the proto-forms from which they presumably came. Among other recent works is that by Bastin, Coupez, and Mann, which assembled comparative examples of 92 different words from all the 16 language zones established by Guthrie . Although some words are found only in certain of

1160-426: The loan word for "light" from English, can either be viewed as a mass noun or not, depending on the speaker. In the case of Medumba, this allows for any noun class to take a loan word. In looking at interspeaker variation on the addition of loan words in Medumba noun classes, the instability of a formal noun class allows flexibility with speakers of various dialects This could be due to disagreement on how to lexicalize

1200-789: The noun class system, with these prefixes consisting of inherent tone morphemes such as the left-edge floating tone. The added prenominal tone creates a tonal difference between singular and plural noun class pairs, with generation of the plural form created by the singular. Noun classes can be detached by singular and plural pairs. Voorhoeve ascertains that the nasal prefix serves as a distinguishing factor between singular and plural noun pairs. As seen in Table 19, this nasal prefix does not surface in all constructions, especially with singular nouns that are already nasal word-initially. Voorhoeve (1976 :13-14)) Other noun classes in Medumba, however, exhibit derivation from Proto-Bantu noun classes, which had

1240-419: The noun it is possessing, such as in /látrɨ́-ɔm/ (my light) or /ndátrɨ́-t͡ʃɔm/ (my lights). It is unknown as to how much younger speakers know about noun classes and agreement. Bamileke distinguishes four sets of personal pronouns : simplex, possessive, complex, and reciprocal. Simplex pronouns are differentiated according to syntactic position: Almost all plural pronouns often begin with b -, which

Medumba language - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-525: The other of the two main Bantu dialect groups, the Western group (mainly covering Guthrie zones A, B, C, H, K, L, R) or the Eastern group (covering zones D, E, F, G, M, N, P, and S). Words reconstructed for these two groups are known as "Proto-Bantu A" ("PB-A") and "Proto-Bantu B" ("PB-B") respectively, whereas those which extend over the whole Bantu area are known as "Proto-Bantu X" (or "PB-X"). Building on

1320-515: The plural forms of noun classes in Proto-Bantu. Classes 14 onward do not have a plural form defined as concretely as classes 1–13 do. Meeussen proposed pairings of 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8, 9/10, 11/10, 12/13, 14/6, 15/6, and "probably" 19/13. Guthrie proposed pairings of 1/2, 1a/2, 3/4, 3, 5/6, 5, 6, 7/8, 9/10, 9, 11/10, 12/13, 14, 14/6. Maho combines pairings by De Wolf, Meeussen, and Guthrie, offering alternative pairings such as 3/10, 3/13, 9/4, 11/4, 12/4, 14/4, 14/10, 15/4, 19/4, and 19/10. During

1360-459: The purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for the first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_des_arts_et_de_la_culture_medumba " Proto-Bantu language Proto-Bantu

1400-438: The same vowel occurred together, that created a long vowel, but that was rare. Proto-Bantu distinguished two tones , low and high. Each syllable had either a low or a high tone. A high tone is conventionally indicated with an acute accent (´), and a low tone is either indicated with a grave accent (`) or not marked at all. Proto-Bantu, like its descendants, had an elaborate system of noun classes . Noun stems were prefixed with

1440-486: The scholarly contributions of Medumba speaker-linguists, including (in chronological order): Recent work on Medumba is part of a more general push towards documenting the languages of Africa, in the face of rising levels of language endangerment. Cameroon — along with Nigeria, Sudan, and Ethiopia — is reported to have one of the highest language mortality rates in Africa. Efforts to develop a Medumba orthography date back to

1480-420: The total number to 21. A. E. Meeussen reduced Meinhof's reconstructed prefixes to 19, but added an additional locative prefix numbered 23. Malcolm Guthrie later reconstructed the same 19 classes as Meeussen, but removed locative prefix numbered 23. Hendrikse and Poulos proposed a semantic continuum for Bantu noun classes. Numbers identifying noun classes in the table are referenced from the above table giving

1520-453: The verb has only one tonal contrast, which is a Low and High contrast. The tone of radical may be realized differently in different contexts. For instance, a low tone verb that has a nasal prefix has a different tone from its non-prenasalized counterpart. Examples are provided to illustrate this phenomenon. [Give examples of CV, CVC, CV-L and CVC-L) The examples above show that the Low tone radical

1560-633: Was established in 2000 by Kum Ntsi' Medumba . According to Voorhoeve (1965) and Voorhoeve (1977) , Medumba has 12 phonemic simple vowels given in the following inventory: Additionally, Medumba has five phonemic diphthongs: /ia/ , /ʉa/ , /iə/ , /ʉɑ/ , and /uɑ/ . The following table gives the simple phonemic consonants in Medumba according to Voorhoeve (1965) . Consonants in parentheses are phonemic but extremely rare. Only nasals, /b/, /d/, /g/, and /ʙ/ appear in both onset and coda positions. Approximants /w, j/ also may occur according to Nganmou (1991). In addition to simple consonants Medumba has

1600-404: Was more likely the original area of Proto-Southern Bantoid, before it spread southwards into Cameroon long before Proto-Bantu emerged. Proto-Bantu is generally reconstructed to have a relatively small inventory of 11 consonants and 7 vowels. The above phonemes exhibited considerable allophony , and the exact realisation of many of them is unclear. Consonants could not occur at the end of

#581418