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81-638: Meeting Venus is a 1991 British–American-Japanese film directed by the Hungarian director István Szabó and starring Glenn Close and Niels Arestrup . The movie was filmed in Budapest , Hungary. This fictional story follows misadventures in making a modern Parisian production of the Wagner opera Tannhäuser , which in itself tells of the production of a singing contest. "Here you can be misunderstood in six different languages." The singing contest,

162-762: A Hungarian novel by Magda Szabó (no relation), focuses on the relationship between an affluent novelist ( Martina Gedeck ) and her poor, mysterious maid ( Helen Mirren ). It opened the 13th Tbilisi International Film Festival and won the Michael Curtiz Audience Award at the Hungarian Film Festival of Los Angeles. Szabó's frequent collaborators have included actors András Bálint , Klaus Maria Brandauer , Péter Andorai , and Ildikó Bánsági ; cinematographer Lajos Koltai ; and screenwriters Péter Dobai and Andrea Vészits . Several interconnected themes run through Szabó's films,

243-494: A disulfide bond . DT-B is a recognition subunit that gains entry of DT into the host cell by binding to the EGF-like domain of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor on the cell surface. This signals the cell to internalize the toxin within an endosome via receptor-mediated endocytosis . Inside the endosome, DT is split by a trypsin-like protease into DT-A and DT-B. The acidity of the endosome causes DT-B to create pores in

324-410: A backdrop of political liberalization, the decentralization of film industries, and the emergence of films as valuable commodities for export to Western European markets. The resulting films were more formally experimental, politically anti-establishment, and, especially in the case of Szabó, psychologically probing than the films of the previous generation . Hungarian filmmakers in particular experienced

405-563: A case of diphtheria was diagnosed at Vall d'Hebron University Hospital in Barcelona , Spain . The six-year-old child who died of the illness had not been previously vaccinated due to parental opposition to vaccination . It was the first case of diphtheria in the country since 1986, as reported by the Spanish daily newspaper El Mundo , or from 1998, as reported by the WHO. In March 2016,

486-401: A certain type of bacteriophage . Toxinogenicity is determined by phage conversion (also called lysogenic conversion ); i.e., the ability of the bacterium to make DT changes as a consequence of infection by a particular phage. DT is encoded by the tox gene. Strains of corynephage are either tox (e.g., corynephage β) or tox (e.g., corynephage γ). The tox gene becomes integrated into

567-422: A characteristic swollen neck and throat, or "bull neck." The swollen throat is often accompanied by a serious respiratory condition, characterized by a brassy or "barking" cough, stridor , hoarseness, and difficulty breathing; and historically referred to variously as "diphtheritic croup," "true croup," or sometimes simply as "croup." Diphtheritic croup is extremely rare in countries where diphtheria vaccination

648-563: A disparate group of people who come together on the outskirts of an unnamed city at the end of an unnamed war to repair a damaged tram and ride it into the city. Allegorically, the film was interpreted by critics variously as representing Hungarian history specifically or universal human responses to war and reconstruction more generally. Szabó's first four full-length films featured the actor András Bálint in roles based on Szabó himself. While Bálint also appeared in Budapest Tales , this

729-799: A hospital intensive care unit , and given diphtheria antitoxin (consisting of antibodies isolated from the serum of horses that have been challenged with diphtheria toxin). Since antitoxin does not neutralize toxin that is already bound to tissues, delaying its administration increases risk of death. Therefore, the decision to administer diphtheria antitoxin is based on clinical diagnosis, and should not await laboratory confirmation. Antibiotics have not been demonstrated to affect healing of local infection in diphtheria patients treated with antitoxin. Antibiotics are used in patients or carriers to eradicate C. diphtheriae, and prevent its transmission to others. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends either: In cases that progress beyond

810-533: A letter of support for him. Szabó's initial response to the article was that informing had been an act of bravery, since he had intended to save the life of his former classmate Pál Gábor . When this claim turned out not to be true, Szabó admitted that his true motive had been to prevent his own expulsion from the Academy. Author Anna Porter asserted that "whether this is true or not is impossible to prove as not much has remained of Szabó's file and as revelations about

891-529: A list of the 12 best Hungarian films according to a group of Hungarian film critics. Lovefilm (1970) focuses on a young man's relationship with his childhood sweetheart, told through flashbacks that include the Arrow Cross dictatorship and 1956, and rendered in an experimental, fragmented form. This experimental tendency in Szabó's films reached its apotheosis in 25 Fireman Street (1973), which began as

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972-402: A marginal or coded fashion in several of Szabó's earlier films, produced during the socialist period when discourse around the history of the country's Jews was more circumscribed. In Sunshine , for the first time, Szabó focused explicitly on this aspect of Hungarian history, which he himself had experienced as a child during the Arrow Cross dictatorship. Ralph Fiennes plays three generations in

1053-634: A nice childhood and our youth was beautiful, but our life was destroyed by politics and history.'” The political/historical events most commonly depicted are the dominant traumatic events of mid-20th century Hungarian and Central European history—Nazism, the Second World War, and, in Hungary—or, more accurately, Budapest—the Arrow Cross dictatorship and the Holocaust, the Communist takeover, and

1134-502: A paper urging timely treatment for diphtheria and adequate doses of antitoxin. In 1906, Clemens Pirquet and Béla Schick described serum sickness in children receiving large quantities of horse-derived antitoxin. Between 1910 and 1911, Béla Schick developed the Schick test to detect pre-existing immunity to diphtheria in an exposed person. Only those who had not been exposed to diphtheria were vaccinated. A massive, five-year campaign

1215-848: A prize at the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen . Subsequently he was apprenticed to the head of the Hunnia Film Studio , János Herskó , which resulted in an opportunity to direct his first feature film at the age of 25, rather than having to spend ten years working as an assistant director. The beginning of Szabó's career coincided with the beginning of a “new wave” in Hungarian cinema , one of several new wave cinemas that occurred around this time throughout Western and Eastern Europe. The new wave in Eastern Europe began against

1296-681: A rating of 74% Fresh from review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . An example of an extremely positive review was that of Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times , who called it “a movie of substance and thrilling historical sweep.” A. O. Scott of the New York Times had a more mixed reaction, writing that, by the end, “the movie has accumulated sufficient power and momentum to erase the memory of its earlier awkwardness. It shows such sympathy for its characters, and approaches its subject with such intelligence, that it's easy to forgive

1377-780: A scandal in Austria, where several periodicals accused the film of bringing the country into disrepute. In Hanussen , Brandauer plays the real life clairvoyant performer Erik Jan Hanussen , whose growing fame brings him into increasingly close—and dangerous—contact with the Nazis. After his Brandauer trilogy, Szabó continued to make international co-productions, filming in a variety of languages and European locations. He has continued to make some films in Hungarian, however, and even in his international co-productions, he often films in Hungary and uses Hungarian talent. Meeting Venus (1991),

1458-565: A series of roles based on historical figures who, as represented in the films, compromised their morals in order to climb the ladder of success within a context of authoritarian political power. In Mephisto , based on a novel by Klaus Mann , Brandauer plays an actor and theater director in Nazi Germany, a role based on Mann's former brother-in-law Gustaf Gründgens . The film won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and

1539-455: A short film, Dream About a House (1971). 25 Fireman Street takes place during the course of a long, hot night in Budapest, during which the residents of a single apartment building are plagued by dream-memories of pain and loss spanning thirty years, including both World Wars, the Arrow Cross dictatorship, the Communist takeover, and 1956. While the film won the top prize at Locarno, Szabó

1620-456: A significant increase in freedom of expression due to the reforms of the Kádár government . Szabó's first feature film, The Age of Illusions (1964), is a partly autobiographical film about the problems Szabó's generation had starting their careers, dealing with the older generation, and developing romantic relationships. The appearance of a poster for François Truffaut 's The 400 Blows in

1701-593: A sore throat and fever . In severe cases, a grey or white patch develops in the throat, which can block the airway, and create a barking cough similar to what is observed in croup . The neck may also swell, in part due to the enlargement of the facial lymph nodes . Diphtheria can also involve the skin, eyes, or genitals, and can cause complications, including myocarditis (which in itself can result in an abnormal heart rate ), inflammation of nerves (which can result in paralysis ), kidney problems , and bleeding problems due to low levels of platelets . Diphtheria

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1782-706: A strictly Hungarian subject—this time, however, focused on a contemporary, rather than historical, social problem. The film follows two young, female teachers of Russian facing the obsolescence of their specialty after the fall of the socialist government, as well as a variety of types of sexual harassment in the new Hungary. The film won the top prize at the Berlin Film Festival. Sunshine (1999)—a three-hour historical epic, and an English-language, international co-production—was viewed by many critics as Szabó's most ambitious film, and, along with Mephisto , his most important. Hungary's Jews had figured in either

1863-462: A substance produced by C. diphtheriae caused symptoms of diphtheria in animals. In 1890, Shibasaburō Kitasato and Emil von Behring immunized guinea pigs with heat-treated diphtheria toxin. They also immunized goats and horses in the same way, and showed that an " antitoxin " made from serum of immunized animals could cure the disease in non-immunized animals. Behring used this antitoxin (now known to consist of antibodies that neutralize

1944-429: A throat infection, diphtheria toxin spreads through the blood, and can lead to potentially life-threatening complications that affect other organs, such as the heart and kidneys. Damage to the heart caused by the toxin affects the heart's ability to pump blood, or the kidneys' ability to clear wastes. It can also cause nerve damage, eventually leading to paralysis. About 40–50% of those left untreated can die. Diphtheria

2025-540: A variety of languages and European locations. However, he has continued to make films in Hungarian, and even in his international co-productions he has often filmed in Hungary using Hungarian talent. In 2006, weekly Hungarian magazine Élet és Irodalom ( Life and Literature in English) published an article revealing that Szabó had been an informant of the Communist regime's secret police . Born in Budapest , Szabó

2106-644: Is able to face the reality of his situation and comes to understand that he has to rely on his own strength rather than that of an idealized father figure. The film won the Grand Prix at the 5th Moscow International Film Festival and the Special Jury Prize at Locarno, and established Szabó as the most internationally famous Hungarian filmmaker of his time, as well as an auteur in the European film tradition. In 2000, Father appeared as number 11 on

2187-455: Is customary. As a result, the term " croup " nowadays most often refers to an unrelated viral illness that produces similar but milder respiratory symptoms. Human-to-human transmission of diphtheria typically occurs through the air when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. Breathing in particles released from the infected individual leads to infection. Contact with any lesions on the skin can also lead to transmission of diphtheria, but this

2268-501: Is fatal in 5–10% of cases. In children under five years and adults over 40 years, the fatality rate may be as much as 20%. In 2013, it resulted in 3,300 deaths, down from 8,000 deaths in 1990. Better standards of living, mass immunization, improved diagnosis, prompt treatment, and more effective health care have led to a decrease in cases worldwide. In 1613, Spain experienced an epidemic of diphtheria, referred to as El Año de los Garrotillos (The Year of Strangulations). In 1705,

2349-985: Is still common, children are most affected. It is rare in the developed world due to widespread vaccination , but can re-emerge if vaccination rates decrease. In the United States, 57 cases were reported between 1980 and 2004. Death occurs in 5–10% of those diagnosed. The disease was first described in the 5th century BC by Hippocrates . The bacterium was identified in 1882 by Edwin Klebs . The symptoms of diphtheria usually begin two to seven days after infection. They include fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or above; chills; fatigue ; bluish skin coloration ( cyanosis ); sore throat; hoarseness ; cough ; headache; difficulty swallowing; painful swallowing; difficulty breathing ; rapid breathing; foul-smelling and bloodstained nasal discharge; and lymphadenopathy . Within two to three days, diphtheria may destroy healthy tissues in

2430-491: Is the son of Mária (née Vita) and István Szabó, the latter of whom was a doctor from a long line of doctors. Szabó came from a family of Jews who had converted to Catholicism, but were considered Jews by the Arrow Cross Party (Hungarian fascists). They were forced to separate and hide in Budapest sometime between 15 October 1944, when Nazi Germany deposed the Hungarian government for trying to sign an armistice with

2511-452: Is uncommon. Indirect infections can occur, as well. If an infected individual touches a surface or object, the bacteria can be left behind and remain viable. Also, some evidence indicates diphtheria has the potential to be zoonotic , but this has yet to be confirmed. Corynebacterium ulcerans has been found in some animals, which would suggest zoonotic potential. Diphtheria toxin (DT) is produced only by C. diphtheriae infected with

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2592-418: Is usually spread between people by direct contact, through the air , or through contact with contaminated objects . Asymptomatic transmission and chronic infection are also possible. Different strains of C. diphtheriae are the main cause in the variability of lethality, as the lethality and symptoms themselves are caused by the exotoxin produced by the bacteria. Diagnosis can often be made based on

2673-481: The "Great Race of Mercy" to deliver diphtheria antitoxin is now celebrated by the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race . In 1926, Alexander Thomas Glenny increased the effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid (a modified version of the toxin used for vaccination) by treating it with aluminum salts. Vaccination with toxoid was not widely used until the early 1930s. In 1939, Dr. Nora Wattie , who was

2754-424: The 27th Moscow International Film Festival . Rokonok (2006) was a Hungarian production based on a 1932 novel by Zsigmond Móricz about political corruption. Sándor Csányi plays a newly elected attorney general whose relatives (rokonok) come out of the woodwork looking for favors. It was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival . The Door (2012), an English language production based on

2835-522: The French New Wave in their experimentation with flashbacks, dream sequences, and unconventional narrative structures built on these techniques. Szabó emphasizes iconography in his films, insofar as he tends to invest certain objects and places with symbolic meaning. Tram cars play this role in many of his films, and one becomes the central image in Budapest Tales . Budapest itself plays an important role in many of his films, including scenes of

2916-507: The London Philharmonia Orchestra conducted by Marek Janowski . The composer David Bedford provided extra orchestrations and music for the film. Istv%C3%A1n Szab%C3%B3 Szabó is one of the most notable Hungarian filmmakers and one who has been best known outside the Hungarian -speaking world since the late 1960s. Working in the tradition of European auteurism , he has made films that represent many of

2997-465: The Mariana Islands experienced an epidemic of diphtheria and typhus simultaneously, reducing the population to about 5,000 people. In 1735, a diphtheria epidemic swept through New England . Before 1826, diphtheria was known by different names across the world. In England , it was known as "Boulogne sore throat," as the illness had spread from France . In 1826, Pierre Bretonneau gave

3078-583: The Principal Medical Officer (Maternity and Child Welfare) of Glasgow between 1934– 1964, introduced immunisation clinics across Glasgow , and promoted mother and child health education, resulting in virtual eradication of the infection in the city. Widespread vaccination pushed cases in the United States down from 4.4 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1932 to 2.0 in 1937. In Nazi Germany , where authorities preferred treatment and isolation over vaccination (until about 1939–1941), cases rose over

3159-513: The Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts . Diphtheria Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Most infections are asymptomatic or have a mild clinical course , but in some outbreaks, the mortality rate approaches 10%. Signs and symptoms may vary from mild to severe, and usually start two to five days after exposure. Symptoms often develop gradually, beginning with

3240-749: The United States ' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is based on both laboratory and clinical criteria. Empirical treatment should generally be started in a patient in whom suspicion of diphtheria is high. Vaccination against diphtheria is commonly done in infants, and delivered as a combination vaccine, such as a DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis , tetanus ). Pentavalent vaccines , which vaccinate against diphtheria and four other childhood diseases simultaneously, are frequently used in disease prevention programs in developing countries by organizations such as UNICEF . The disease may remain manageable, but in more severe cases, lymph nodes in

3321-562: The World Health Organization included DPT vaccine in their Expanded Programme on Immunization for developing countries . In 1975, an outbreak of cutaneous diphtheria in Seattle, Washington , was reported. After the breakup of the former Soviet Union in 1991, vaccination rates in its constituent countries fell so low that an explosion of diphtheria cases occurred. In 1991, 2,000 cases of diphtheria occurred in

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3402-409: The 1956 Revolution. Szabó himself has frequently referred to this theme as the search for security. A related theme is the moral compromises individuals make in order to succeed in immoral political systems. In an interview about Taking Sides , Szabó said, “I don't think that life is possible without making compromises. The question is only one of limits: how far to go. When one crosses the line, then

3483-682: The Allies, installing the Arrow Cross in power , and 13 February 1945, when the Soviets defeated the German Army in Budapest . Szabó survived by hiding at an orphanage, but his father died of diphtheria shortly after the German defeat. Memories of these events would later appear in several of his films. In 2006, weekly Hungarian magazine Élet és Irodalom ( Life and Literature in English) published an article revealing he had been an informant for

3564-548: The Arrow Cross Party dictatorship to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , revolving around the disorientation and self-awareness of a generation that had to grow up without a father figure in wartime. The main character replaces the image of his absent father with fantasy images that change over time. These events take place during a period of his life when he begins to transition to adulthood. Finally, he

3645-457: The Communist regime's secret police. Between 1957 and 1961, he submitted 48 reports on 72 people, mostly classmates and teachers at the Academy of Drama and Film in Budapest. According to historian István Deák , in only one case did Szabó's informing cause significant damage, when an individual was denied a passport. After the article was published, over 100 prominent intellectuals, including some of those about whom Szabó had made reports, published

3726-459: The Danube and of buildings Szabó lived in when he was a child. Acting also plays a key role in Szabó's films, as he values psychological complexity in his central characters. In his first several features, he tended to use the same lead actors over and over—first András Bálint, then Klaus Maria Brandauer. Consistent with this focus on acting, he frequently employs long close-up shots to emphasize

3807-633: The EF-2 protein. Since EF-2 is needed for the moving of tRNA from the A-site to the P-site of the ribosome during protein translation, ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 prevents protein synthesis. ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 is reversed by giving high doses of nicotinamide (a form of vitamin B 3 ), since this is one of the reaction's end products, and high amounts drive the reaction in the opposite direction. The current clinical case definition of diphtheria used by

3888-601: The Nazis. The film won several awards at the Mar del Plata Film Festival in Argentina, including Best Director. Being Julia (2004), based on a novel by W. Somerset Maugham , stars Annette Bening as a famous British actress experiencing a series of romantic and professional rivalries. Bening won a Golden Globe Award for her performance. In 2005, Szabó was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at

3969-775: The Sonnenschein family as they experience the trials of twentieth-century Hungarian Jewish history, from the late Austro-Hungarian Empire through the Holocaust to the 1956 Revolution. Several characters are based on real people, including the Zwack family , with their successful liquor business, the Olympic fencer Attila Petschauer , and the Jewish police official Ernö Szücs . The film won European Film Awards for Best Screenwriter, Best Actor, and Best Cinematographer. It received

4050-860: The USSR. Between 1991 and 1998, as many as 200,000 cases were reported in the Commonwealth of Independent States , and resulted in 5,000 deaths. In 1994, the Russian Federation had 39,703 diphtheria cases. By contrast, in 1990, only 1,211 cases were reported. In early May 2010, a case of diphtheria was diagnosed in Port-au-Prince , Haiti , after the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake . The 15-year-old male patient died while workers searched for antitoxin. In 2013, three children died of diphtheria in Hyderabad, India . In early June 2015,

4131-482: The United States. Park and Biggs described the method for producing serum from horses for use in diphtheria treatment. In 1897, Paul Ehrlich developed a standardized unit of measure for diphtheria antitoxin. This was the first ever standardization of a biological product, and played an important role in future developmental work on sera and vaccines. In 1901, 10 of 11 inoculated St. Louis children died from contaminated diphtheria antitoxin. The horse from which

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4212-592: The antitoxin level in the blood. Diphtheria can be prevented in those exposed, as well as treated with the antibiotics erythromycin or benzylpenicillin . In severe cases a tracheotomy is sometimes needed to open the airway. In 2015, 4,500 cases were officially reported worldwide, down from nearly 100,000 in 1980. About a million cases a year are believed to have occurred before the 1980s. Diphtheria currently occurs most often in sub-Saharan Africa , South Asia , and Indonesia . In 2015, it resulted in 2,100 deaths, down from 8,000 deaths in 1990. In areas where it

4293-661: The antitoxin was derived died of tetanus . This incident, coupled with a tetanus outbreak in Camden, New Jersey , played an important part in initiating federal regulation of biologic products. On 7 January 1904, Ruth Cleveland died of diphtheria at the age of 12 years in Princeton, New Jersey . Ruth was the eldest daughter of former President Grover Cleveland and the former First Lady , Frances Folsom . In 1905, Franklin Royer, from Philadelphia's Municipal Hospital, published

4374-473: The appearance of the throat with confirmation by microbiological culture . Previous infection may not protect against reinfection. A diphtheria vaccine is effective for prevention, and is available in a number of formulations. Three or four doses, given along with tetanus vaccine and pertussis vaccine , are recommended during childhood. Further doses of the diphtheria–tetanus vaccine are recommended every ten years. Protection can be verified by measuring

4455-704: The award for Best Screenplay at the Cannes Film Festival , and greatly increased Szabó's international prestige. In Colonel Redl , Brandauer plays Alfred Redl , counter-intelligence chief of the Austro-Hungarian Empire who was blackmailed into espionage for the Russians in order to prevent the revelation of his homosexuality. The film won top awards in Germany and the UK, but provoked

4536-664: The background of a scene suggests Szabó's artistic compatibility with Truffaut and the French New Wave . The film won the Silver Sail for Best First Work at the Locarno International Film Festival and a Special Jury Prize for Best Director at the Hungarian Film Festival . Father (1966) is a coming-of-age story that displays Szabó's increasing fascination with history and his childhood memories. The plot covers events from

4617-471: The bacterial genome. The chromosome of C. diphtheriae has two different but functionally equivalent bacterial attachment sites (attB) for integration of β prophage into the chromosome. The diphtheria toxin precursor is a protein of molecular weight 60  kDa . Certain proteases, such as trypsin, selectively cleave DT to generate two peptide chains, amino-terminal fragment A (DT-A) and carboxyl-terminal fragment B (DT-B), which are held together by

4698-399: The bacterium causing diphtheria, and named it Klebs–Loeffler bacterium . The club shape of this bacterium helped Edwin to differentiate it from other bacteria. Over time, it has been called Microsporon diphtheriticum , Bacillus diphtheriae , and Mycobacterium diphtheriae . Current nomenclature is Corynebacterium diphtheriae . In 1884, German bacteriologist Friedrich Loeffler became

4779-480: The clumsy editing, the haphazard insertion of black-and-white newsreels, and the hyperventilating sexual ardor that seems to be a Sors family curse.” In Taking Sides (2001), Szabó returned to thematic territory he had explored in Mephisto . Stellan Skarsgård plays real life German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler , and Harvey Keitel a U.S. Army investigator interrogating Furtwängler about his collaboration with

4860-651: The compromise starts to be a bad, even deadly, one.” This theme is dominant in the Brandauer trilogy and, as Istvan Deak points out, may be related to Szabó's own collaboration with the Communist secret police. Another closely related theme is the arts—most often theater, but also music and film itself. In several of Szabó's films—most famously in Mephisto —artists become caught up in conflicts around politics, role-playing, and identity. Szabó's early films—culminating in Lovefilm and 25 Fireman Street —were influenced by

4941-509: The disease the name diphthérite (from Greek διφθέρα, diphthera 'leather'), describing the appearance of pseudomembrane in the throat. In 1856, Victor Fourgeaud described an epidemic of diphtheria in California . In 1878, Princess Alice ( Queen Victoria 's second daughter) and her family became infected with diphtheria; Princess Alice and her four-year-old daughter, Princess Marie , both died. In 1883, Edwin Klebs identified

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5022-430: The endosome membrane, thereby catalysing the release of DT-A into the cytoplasm . Fragment A inhibits the synthesis of new proteins in the affected cell by catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor EF-2 —a protein that is essential to the translation step of protein synthesis. This ADP-ribosylation involves the transfer of an ADP-ribose from NAD+ to a diphthamide (a modified histidine ) residue within

5103-557: The film are: Stephen Taylor (English), Stefan Schneider (German), Stefano Sarto (Italian), Etienne Tailleur (French). There are also Maria Krawiecki (from the Polish word krawiec which means tailor ) and Isaac Partnoi (from Russian word портной [portnoy] = tailor"). The version of Tannhäuser that can be heard in the movie is performed by Kiri Te Kanawa as Elisabeth, René Kollo as Tannhäuser, Håkan Hagegård as Wolfram von Eschenbach and Waltraud Meier as Venus with

5184-473: The first of several English-language films directed by Szabó—and his first comedy—is based on his experience directing Tannhäuser at the Paris Opera in 1984. Niels Arestrup plays a Hungarian directing the opera at an imaginary pan-European opera company, and encountering a multitude of pitfalls that symbolize the challenges of a united Europe. With Sweet Emma, Dear Böbe (1992), Szabó returned to

5265-465: The first person to cultivate C. diphtheriae . He used Koch's postulates to prove association between C. diphtheriae and diphtheria. He also showed that the bacillus produces an exotoxin. In 1885, Joseph P. O'Dwyer introduced the O'Dwyer tube for laryngeal intubation in patients with an obstructed larynx. It soon replaced tracheostomy as the emergency diphtheric intubation method. In 1888, Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin showed that

5346-399: The most common being the relationship between the personal and the political or historical. On the personal level, his first three feature films deal with coming of age issues, but political/historical events form the backdrop of these issues and continually rupture the attempts of the characters to lead their private lives. In an interview in 2008, Szabó said, “My mother once told me, 'We had

5427-484: The murky past of prominent figures such as Szabó have become mired in controversy." In a 2001 interview, Szabó revealed that he believes in God, but considers the subject personal and does not like to talk about it. As a child, Szabó wanted to be a doctor like his father. By the age of 16, however, had been inspired by a book by Hungarian film theorist Béla Balázs to become a film director. After finishing high school, he

5508-447: The neck may swell, and breathing and swallowing are more difficult. People in this stage should seek immediate medical attention, as obstruction in the throat may require intubation or a tracheotomy . Abnormal cardiac rhythms can occur early in the course of the illness or weeks later, and can lead to heart failure . Diphtheria can also cause paralysis in the eye, neck, throat, or respiratory muscles. Patients with severe cases are put in

5589-606: The opera and the film explore the tension between sexuality and spirituality, punctuated by emotionally gripping vocal, choral and orchestral music. "Without hard work, there are no miracles," and in spite of committed, passionate people, the results are in doubt to the final moment in each performance. Many of the characters in this movie have the same name and family name as director István Szabó , but in different languages. The Hungarian name István in English corresponds with Stephen . Surname Szabó means " tailor "; some persons in

5670-402: The play of emotions on the faces of his characters. In addition to writing and directing films, Szabó has also served in a variety of other capacities in the film industry, including writing and directing television movies and episodes , short films , and documentaries , as well as serving as assistant director , screenwriter, producer , and actor in films directed by others. In 1969, he

5751-543: The political and psychological conflicts of Central Europe 's recent history, as well as of his own personal history. He made his first short film in 1959 as a student at the Academy of Drama and Film in Budapest , and his first feature film in 1964. He achieved his greatest international success with Mephisto (1981) for which he was awarded an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Since then, most of Szabó's films have been international co-productions filmed in

5832-889: The relationship between a man and woman who are forced to share a room as they hide from the Arrow Cross toward the end of the Second World War. It garnered a Best Director award for Szabó at the Berlin Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards . Szabó's next three films constituted a new phase in his career—moving away from Hungarian productions, in Hungarian, written by Szabó alone, and featuring Bálint, and moving toward international co-productions, in German, written by Szabó in collaboration with others, and featuring Austrian actor Klaus Maria Brandauer . The informal trilogy— Mephisto (1981), Colonel Redl (1985) and Hanussen (1988)—features Brandauer in

5913-419: The respiratory system. The dead tissue forms a thick, gray coating that can build up in the throat or nose. This thick gray coating is called a "pseudomembrane." It can cover tissues in the nose, tonsils, voice box, and throat, making it very hard to breathe and swallow. Symptoms can also include cardiac arrhythmias , myocarditis , and cranial and peripheral nerve palsies . Laryngeal diphtheria can lead to

5994-789: The same period from 6.1 to 9.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. Between June 1942 and February 1943, 714 cases of diphtheria were recorded at Sham Shui Po Barracks , resulting in 112 deaths because the Imperial Japanese Army did not release supplies of anti-diphtheria serum. In 1943, diphtheria outbreaks accompanied war and disruption in Europe . The 1 million cases in Europe resulted in 50,000 deaths. During 1948 in Kyoto , 68 of 606 children died after diphtheria immunization due to improper manufacture of aluminum phosphate toxoid. In 1974,

6075-649: The tests of the New York State Health Department . The manufacturer of the antitoxin, the Mulford Company of Philadelphia , paid damages in every case. During the 1920s, an annual estimate of 100,000 to 200,000 diphtheria cases and 13,000 to 15,000 deaths occurred in the United States. Children represented a large majority of these cases and fatalities. One of the most infamous outbreaks of diphtheria occurred in 1925, in Nome, Alaska ;

6156-453: The toxin produced by C. diphtheriae ) for human trials in 1891, but they were unsuccessful. Successful treatment of human patients with horse-derived antitoxin began in 1894, after production and quantification of antitoxin had been optimized. In 1901, Von Behring won the first Nobel Prize in medicine for his work on diphtheria. In 1895, H. K. Mulford Company of Philadelphia started production and testing of diphtheria antitoxin in

6237-571: Was Szabó's first feature film that did not contain a significant amount of autobiographical material. He did not make another autobiographical film until Meeting Venus , eighteen years later. Budapest Tales was even less successful than 25 Fireman Street at the box office and festivals. According to author David Paul, this may explain why Szabó shifted gears even more dramatically in his next film, Confidence (1980), in which historical events are represented straightforwardly, and are filtered through neither memory nor allegory. The film focuses on

6318-637: Was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival . Szabó has directed several operas, including Tannhäuser in Paris, Boris Godunov in Leipzig, Il Trovatore in Vienna, and Three Sisters in Budapest. He has taught at film schools in Budapest, London, Berlin, and Vienna. In 1989, he was one of the founding members of the European Film Academy , and, in 1992, of

6399-578: Was coordinated by Dr. Schick. As a part of the campaign, 85 million pieces of literature were distributed by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company , with an appeal to parents to "Save your child from diphtheria." A vaccine was developed in the next decade, and deaths began declining significantly in 1924. In 1919, in Dallas, Texas , 10 children were killed and 60 others made seriously ill by toxic antitoxin which had passed

6480-455: Was one of 11 applicants out of 800 who were admitted to the Academy of Drama and Film in Budapest, where he studied under Félix Máriássy , who became something of a father figure to him. His classmates included Judit Elek , Zsolt Kézdi-Kovács , János Rózsa , Pál Gábor , Imre Gyöngyössy , Ferenc Kardos , and Zoltán Huszárik . During this period, Szabó directed several short films, most notably his thesis film, Koncert (1963) , which earned

6561-452: Was upset by its lack of success at the box office and at film festivals. Attributing this lack of success to the film's complex structure, he decided to give his next film a simpler structure. In Budapest Tales (1976), Szabó traded his earlier, complex narrative structures, characterized by flashbacks and dreams, for a more linear one. At the same time, he traded the literal representation of history for an allegorical one. The film follows

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