Japanese :
134-646: Megatron is a fictional character and the main antagonist of the Transformers media franchise produced by the American toy company Hasbro and the Japanese toy company Takara Tomy . He is the tyrannical leader of the Decepticons , a villainous faction of alien robots that seeks to conquer their home planet of Cybertron and the rest of the known universe, and serves as the archenemy of Optimus Prime ,
268-688: A gladiatorial champion who took the legendary name of one of the original Thirteen Primes— Megatronus —as his own. He shortened his name when he became a political revolutionary who attempted to reform Cybertron's corrupt governing body and called for an end to its decrepit caste system. As the mentor of the young Orion Pax , Megatron preached that freedom of self-determination was the right of all sentient beings. When Megatron grew corrupted by his power, Orion would utilize his teachings against him as Optimus Prime. In most incarnations, Megatron would eventually meet his demise at Optimus' hands, only to later be resurrected as Galvatron . Megatron has become one of
402-520: A 90 million degree plasma for a record time of six minutes. This is a tokamak style reactor which is the same style as the upcoming ITER reactor. The release of energy with the fusion of light elements is due to the interplay of two opposing forces: the nuclear force , a manifestation of the strong interaction , which holds protons and neutrons tightly together in the atomic nucleus ; and the Coulomb force , which causes positively charged protons in
536-767: A Decepticon. Spike luckily uses his new Exosuit to free Computron with "defense spray." Defeated, Galvatron retreats. In the Transformers Manga #5, Galvatron and his Decepticons attacked the Prime Energy Tower. Galvatron ordered the Decepticons to form Menasor , Devastator and Bruticus and attack. Rodimus Prime counted this move by ordering in Superion , Omega Supreme and Defensor . Galvatron then ordered in Predaking , knowing that Sky Lynx
670-586: A battle sled. Megatron also creates a zombie army from the mostly-Decepticon victims of the Underbase-empowered Starscream , while lobotomizing the still-living Starscream himself. Megatron proceeds to devastate the Earth, turning its nuclear arsenal against the population and destroying Fortress Maximus. The Wreckers discover what Megatron's done in the year 2012, prompting Optimus Prime to bring an assault team from Cybertron. Megatron
804-486: A conflict between two robotic factions, the Decepticons and the Autobots, the Autobots' invention of transformation gave them an advantage, leading to their victory. The ensuing Golden Age of Cybertron was disrupted by the rise of Megatron, who led the Decepticons against the Autobots. Megatron's eventual defeat resulted in his rebirth as Galvatron through an alliance with the cosmic entity Unicron. Galvatron aimed to destroy
938-555: A device to increase their shows' ratings. Characters may be antagonists without being evil – they may simply be injudicious and unlikeable for the audience. In some stories, such as The Catcher in the Rye , almost every character other than the protagonist may be an antagonist. Another example of this occurring is through Javert in Victor Hugo's Les Misérables , in which Javert displays no malicious intent, but instead represents
1072-451: A flux of neutrons. Hundreds of neutron generators are produced annually for use in the petroleum industry where they are used in measurement equipment for locating and mapping oil reserves. A number of attempts to recirculate the ions that "miss" collisions have been made over the years. One of the better-known attempts in the 1970s was Migma , which used a unique particle storage ring to capture ions into circular orbits and return them to
1206-477: A gladiator for the city-state of Tarn. Megatron and the Decepticons were the ones who developed transformation first, using it to begin the war against the Autobots, who fought back by mimicking the technology. Eventually, Cybertron was shaken from its orbit and fell into the path of an asteroid cluster. This would result in the Ark venturing out and then crashing into prehistoric Earth. Four million years later, in 1984,
1340-486: A human being to wield him. His robot form has an arm-mounted fusion cannon. He can retract and replace his right hand with energy flail . He can fire electrical blasts from his hands, laser blasts from his eyes, and can reprogram computers with a port in his head. Megatron is a Decepticon, one of the lineal descendants of the military hardware robots created by the Quintessons on their factory world of Cybertron. In
1474-579: A hybrid of the original Megatron and Optimus Prime named Guiltor to destroy Rodimus Prime, although he ended up teaming up with his enemy to destroy it after it went rogue. After Galvatron's seeming destruction in Headmasters , this was all that was heard from Galvatron in the animated continuity for several years until the Battlestars: The Return of Convoy storyline (although not animated in itself, consisting of one manga chapter and
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#17327719111371608-483: A jet is exactly the same as that of Cyclonus , and he incorporates several elements from his live-action movie design , such as both arms fusing together to form his fusion cannon. Megatron made a cameo in the pilot of the Transformers: Animated series on a historical video being viewed by Optimus Prime. This historical video was stock footage from the original animated series. Megatron appeared in
1742-494: A lab for nuclear fusion power production is completely impractical. Because nuclear reaction rates depend on density as well as temperature and most fusion schemes operate at relatively low densities, those methods are strongly dependent on higher temperatures. The fusion rate as a function of temperature (exp(− E / kT )), leads to the need to achieve temperatures in terrestrial reactors 10–100 times higher than in stellar interiors: T ≈ (0.1–1.0) × 10 K . In artificial fusion,
1876-416: A miniature Voitenko compressor , where a plane diaphragm was driven by the implosion wave into a secondary small spherical cavity that contained pure deuterium gas at one atmosphere. There are also electrostatic confinement fusion devices. These devices confine ions using electrostatic fields. The best known is the fusor . This device has a cathode inside an anode wire cage. Positive ions fly towards
2010-427: A more massive star undergoes a violent supernova at the end of its life, a process known as supernova nucleosynthesis . A substantial energy barrier of electrostatic forces must be overcome before fusion can occur. At large distances, two naked nuclei repel one another because of the repulsive electrostatic force between their positively charged protons. If two nuclei can be brought close enough together, however,
2144-416: A nucleus are identical to each other, the goal of distinguishing one from the other, such as which one is in the interior and which is on the surface, is in fact meaningless, and the inclusion of quantum mechanics is therefore necessary for proper calculations. The electrostatic force, on the other hand, is an inverse-square force , so a proton added to a nucleus will feel an electrostatic repulsion from all
2278-454: A nucleus have more neighboring nucleons than those on the surface. Since smaller nuclei have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, the binding energy per nucleon due to the nuclear force generally increases with the size of the nucleus but approaches a limiting value corresponding to that of a nucleus with a diameter of about four nucleons. It is important to keep in mind that nucleons are quantum objects . So, for example, since two neutrons in
2412-471: A relatively small mass and a relatively large binding energy per nucleon . Fusion of nuclei lighter than these releases energy (an exothermic process), while the fusion of heavier nuclei results in energy retained by the product nucleons, and the resulting reaction is endothermic . The opposite is true for the reverse process, called nuclear fission . Nuclear fusion uses lighter elements, such as hydrogen and helium , which are in general more fusible; while
2546-410: A selection of magazine spreads, it continues the storyline of the animated series). Buried and deactivated beneath the ice , Galvatron was recovered by the evil entity, Dark Nova , and reformatted into Super Megatron and later on as Ultra Megatron , going on to battle Star Convoy (a similarly reborn Optimus Prime ). In the world of Marvel Comics , Megatron begins by rising from his beginnings as
2680-422: A significant fraction of the fuel before it has dissipated. To achieve these extreme conditions, the initially cold fuel must be explosively compressed. Inertial confinement is used in the hydrogen bomb , where the driver is x-rays created by a fission bomb. Inertial confinement is also attempted in "controlled" nuclear fusion, where the driver is a laser , ion , or electron beam, or a Z-pinch . Another method
2814-525: A small amount of deuterium–tritium gas to enhance the fission yield. The first thermonuclear weapon detonation, where the vast majority of the yield comes from fusion, was the 1952 Ivy Mike test of a liquid deuterium-fusing device. While fusion bomb detonations were loosely considered for energy production , the possibility of controlled and sustained reactions remained the scientific focus for peaceful fusion power. Research into developing controlled fusion inside fusion reactors has been ongoing since
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#17327719111372948-477: A solar explosion. Despite his efforts, Galvatron's plan failed, and he and his followers were launched into space. In the Japanese continuation of the Transformers series, Galvatron remained a central figure as he led the Decepticons in various conflicts. Ultimately, he was entombed in ice by Autobot Headmasters. The narrative centers on the ongoing struggle between the Autobots and Decepticons, highlighting
3082-530: A solar-core temperature of 14 million kelvin. The net result is the fusion of four protons into one alpha particle , with the release of two positrons and two neutrinos (which changes two of the protons into neutrons), and energy. In heavier stars, the CNO cycle and other processes are more important. As a star uses up a substantial fraction of its hydrogen, it begins to synthesize heavier elements. The heaviest elements are synthesized by fusion that occurs when
3216-703: A spear as his weapon and has the ability of telekinesis. Megatronus is also mentioned as one of Thirteen in Transformers: Exodus and later appeared as the main antagonist in the first-season finale of Transformers: Robots in Disguise , voiced by Gil Gerard . Megatron is the founder of the Decepticon uprising and their most feared leader. Bob Budiansky , the writer for the Marvel Comics series, stated that originally Hasbro took issue with
3350-424: A static fuel-infused target, known as beam–target fusion, or by accelerating two streams of ions towards each other, beam–beam fusion. The key problem with accelerator-based fusion (and with cold targets in general) is that fusion cross sections are many orders of magnitude lower than Coulomb interaction cross-sections. Therefore, the vast majority of ions expend their energy emitting bremsstrahlung radiation and
3484-448: A toroidal reactor that theoretically will deliver ten times more fusion energy than the amount needed to heat plasma to the required temperatures are in development (see ITER ). The ITER facility is expected to finish its construction phase in 2025. It will start commissioning the reactor that same year and initiate plasma experiments in 2025, but is not expected to begin full deuterium–tritium fusion until 2035. Private companies pursuing
3618-406: A way that a helium nucleus, with its extremely tight binding, is one of the products. Using deuterium–tritium fuel, the resulting energy barrier is about 0.1 MeV. In comparison, the energy needed to remove an electron from hydrogen is 13.6 eV. The (intermediate) result of the fusion is an unstable He nucleus, which immediately ejects a neutron with 14.1 MeV. The recoil energy of
3752-484: Is a character in a story who is presented as the main enemy or rival of the protagonist . The English word antagonist comes from the Greek ἀνταγωνιστής – antagonistēs , "opponent, competitor, villain, enemy, rival," which is derived from anti- ("against") and agonizesthai ("to contend for a prize"). The antagonist is commonly positioned against the protagonist and their world order. While narratives often portray
3886-423: Is a technique using particle accelerators to achieve particle kinetic energies sufficient to induce light-ion fusion reactions. Accelerating light ions is relatively easy, and can be done in an efficient manner—requiring only a vacuum tube, a pair of electrodes, and a high-voltage transformer; fusion can be observed with as little as 10 kV between the electrodes. The system can be arranged to accelerate ions into
4020-661: Is also what leads the other Decepticons to awaken Starscream to stand up to him in Devastation . Eventually, after witnessing Bumblebee 's willingness to sacrifice himself in order to stop the machinations of Shockwave, Megatron does the unthinkable and joins the Autobot cause. Megatron joins the crew of the Lost Light as its captain, though the bulk of the crew refuses to accept his change of heart and mutinies against him and his new Autobot friends. Megatron subsequently leads
4154-490: Is defeated when Kup destroys Ratchet, stopping Megatron in his tracks and permitting Optimus to destroy him once and for all. In an interview, writer Simon Furman indicated that Galvatron made his first IDW Publishing appearance in The Transformers: Spotlight issue featuring Nightbeat . Unlike other incarnations, this Galvatron was not a recreated Megatron, but instead a separate Transformer from
Megatron - Misplaced Pages Continue
4288-433: Is how to confine the hot plasma. Due to the high temperature, the plasma cannot be in direct contact with any solid material, so it has to be located in a vacuum . Also, high temperatures imply high pressures. The plasma tends to expand immediately and some force is necessary to act against it. This force can take one of three forms: gravitation in stars, magnetic forces in magnetic confinement fusion reactors, or inertial as
4422-436: Is more stable, the iron isotope Fe is an order of magnitude more common. This is due to the fact that there is no easy way for stars to create Ni through the alpha process . An exception to this general trend is the helium-4 nucleus, whose binding energy is higher than that of lithium , the next heavier element. This is because protons and neutrons are fermions , which according to
4556-493: Is much larger than in chemical reactions , because the binding energy that holds a nucleus together is greater than the energy that holds electrons to a nucleus. For example, the ionization energy gained by adding an electron to a hydrogen nucleus is 13.6 eV —less than one-millionth of the 17.6 MeV released in the deuterium – tritium (D–T) reaction shown in the adjacent diagram. Fusion reactions have an energy density many times greater than nuclear fission ;
4690-570: Is not actually alive—after surviving his headshot, he responded to a cry of "He's not dead!" by thinking "Wrong", and he has referred to the others in the Dead Universe as actually being dead: "I killed them". Although Megatron himself would not make an appearance in the Japanese-exclusive Kiss Players line, he would nonetheless have a small role to play. When Rodimus Prime hurled Galvatron out of Unicron at
4824-466: Is often used by an author to create conflict within a story. This is merely a convention, however. An example in which this is reversed can be seen in the character Macduff from Macbeth , who is arguably morally correct in his desire to fight the tyrant Macbeth , the protagonist. Examples from television include J.R. Ewing ( Larry Hagman ) from Dallas and Alexis Colby ( Joan Collins ) from Dynasty . Both became breakout characters used as
4958-460: Is the stellar nucleosynthesis that powers stars , including the Sun. In the 20th century, it was recognized that the energy released from nuclear fusion reactions accounts for the longevity of stellar heat and light. The fusion of nuclei in a star, starting from its initial hydrogen and helium abundance, provides that energy and synthesizes new nuclei. Different reaction chains are involved, depending on
5092-593: Is the conquest of Cybertron, where he was branded a criminal. Few pieces of information exist about Megatron before the Beast Wars . The Japanese Beast Wars II toy catalogue claims that he had battled and lost to Galvatron (the villain of that series) in the past, while the 2006 BotCon comics claime he was previously a commander in the Predacon army who had developed many of the Predacons' tactics. According to
5226-408: Is to merge two FRC's rotating in opposite directions, which is being actively studied by Helion Energy . Because these approaches all have ion energies well beyond the Coulomb barrier , they often suggest the use of alternative fuel cycles like p- B that are too difficult to attempt using conventional approaches. Muon-catalyzed fusion is a fusion process that occurs at ordinary temperatures. It
5360-407: Is to use conventional high explosive material to compress a fuel to fusion conditions. The UTIAS explosive-driven-implosion facility was used to produce stable, centred and focused hemispherical implosions to generate neutrons from D-D reactions. The simplest and most direct method proved to be in a predetonated stoichiometric mixture of deuterium - oxygen . The other successful method was using
5494-952: Is useful to perform an average over the distributions of the product of cross-section and velocity. This average is called the 'reactivity', denoted ⟨ σv ⟩ . The reaction rate (fusions per volume per time) is ⟨ σv ⟩ times the product of the reactant number densities: If a species of nuclei is reacting with a nucleus like itself, such as the DD reaction, then the product n 1 n 2 {\displaystyle n_{1}n_{2}} must be replaced by n 2 / 2 {\displaystyle n^{2}/2} . ⟨ σ v ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle \sigma v\rangle } increases from virtually zero at room temperatures up to meaningful magnitudes at temperatures of 10 – 100 keV. At these temperatures, well above typical ionization energies (13.6 eV in
Megatron - Misplaced Pages Continue
5628-708: The Ark , thereby preventing the Autobots from winning The Great War. In Beast Machines , Megatron's personality underwent a change to become a much darker character. Losing many of his previous personality quirks, he developed a hatred of organics and free will, but oddly saw himself as a savior of Cybertron. His sense of humor vanished, replaced with "Machine Precision" and his plans had evolved to galactic conquest. He even developed some sense of honor, keeping his word to Rattrap in one case where he would have formerly taken advantage of an opponent. However, he still retained his strategic brilliance and manipulative abilities, outwitting
5762-406: The Transformers animated series, toy lines, and multiverse. This Megatron is a separate character from his original Generation 1 counterpart, but the original pack-in mini-comic and biographies released with the earliest Beast Wars toys indicate that the character was supposed to be the original Megatron, in a new body. With the advent of the animated series, however, the fiction of Beast Wars
5896-549: The Fallen , was one of the original Thirteen Primes created by Primus. Megatronus betrayed his creator by siding with Primus' dark twin, the malevolent planet-eater Unicron . In the final battle between Primus and Unicron, Megatronus fell victim to the same fate as his master, sucked through a black hole into another dimension. However, while Unicron emerged in another universe, the Fallen was not so fortunate, finding himself trapped in
6030-542: The Lawson criterion , the energy of accidental collisions within the plasma is high enough to overcome the Coulomb barrier and the particles may fuse together. In a deuterium–tritium fusion reaction , for example, the energy necessary to overcome the Coulomb barrier is 0.1 MeV . Converting between energy and temperature shows that the 0.1 MeV barrier would be overcome at a temperature in excess of 1.2 billion kelvin . There are two effects that are needed to lower
6164-633: The Matrix to keep him in line. Later, Megatron refuses to help the Commander since Bruticus had tried to crush him and allows the Baroness to use him in gun mode to shoot the helpless Cobra Leader. After battling Optimus Prime, he was deactivated along with all the Transformers when Snake Eyes opened the Matrix. In the G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers comics printed by Devil's Due Publishing , Megatron
6298-535: The Pauli exclusion principle cannot exist in the same nucleus in exactly the same state. Each proton or neutron's energy state in a nucleus can accommodate both a spin up particle and a spin down particle. Helium-4 has an anomalously large binding energy because its nucleus consists of two protons and two neutrons (it is a doubly magic nucleus), so all four of its nucleons can be in the ground state. Any additional nucleons would have to go into higher energy states. Indeed,
6432-479: The Polywell , MIX POPS and Marble concepts. At the temperatures and densities in stellar cores, the rates of fusion reactions are notoriously slow. For example, at solar core temperature ( T ≈ 15 MK) and density (160 g/cm ), the energy release rate is only 276 μW/cm —about a quarter of the volumetric rate at which a resting human body generates heat. Thus, reproduction of stellar core conditions in
6566-607: The United States Department of Energy announced that on 5 December 2022, they had successfully accomplished break-even fusion, "delivering 2.05 megajoules (MJ) of energy to the target, resulting in 3.15 MJ of fusion energy output." Prior to this breakthrough, controlled fusion reactions had been unable to produce break-even (self-sustaining) controlled fusion. The two most advanced approaches for it are magnetic confinement (toroid designs) and inertial confinement (laser designs). Workable designs for
6700-410: The binding energy becomes negative and very heavy nuclei (all with more than 208 nucleons, corresponding to a diameter of about 6 nucleons) are not stable. The four most tightly bound nuclei, in decreasing order of binding energy per nucleon, are Ni , Fe , Fe , and Ni . Even though the nickel isotope , Ni ,
6834-411: The "underspace" between dimensions. The Fallen made his first appearance in the fifth volume of Transformers: The War Within . The character appears as the main antagonist in the second live action film, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen , the 2009 sequel to the 2007 Transformers movie, voiced by Tony Todd . He has the ability to teleport and generate a shockwave upon reappearance. He wields
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#17327719111376968-523: The 1930s, with Los Alamos National Laboratory 's Scylla I device producing the first laboratory thermonuclear fusion in 1958, but the technology is still in its developmental phase. The US National Ignition Facility , which uses laser-driven inertial confinement fusion , was designed with a goal of break-even fusion; the first large-scale laser target experiments were performed in June 2009 and ignition experiments began in early 2011. On 13 December 2022,
7102-467: The 2007 CGI movie Theft of the Golden Disk , Megatron was Cryotek's pupil. It was Cryotek who masterminded the theft of the Golden Disk, but Megatron betrayed his mentor and fled Cybertron with his prize, leaving Cryotek and Dirge to be arrested by Maximals. In a 2010 interview with Shogun Gamer , David Kaye said that Megatron is the role he is more likely to be remembered for. Three centuries after
7236-614: The 21st-century reimagining of the Generation One Universe by Dreamwave Productions , Megatron was envisioned as an ancient gladiatorial combatant in the depths of Cybertron's underworld. As victory upon victory mounted, he began to realize that the games were nothing more than an elaborate attempt by the Cybertronian elders to hide the truth of Cybertron's history from the masses. When Megatron attempted to gain access to that knowledge through exploration and research,
7370-493: The Ark Landquake was interrogated and swore loyalty to Megatron. Scrapper detected an unusual Energon reading similar to that of Landquake and the Decepticons went to investigate, only to be confronted by the Autobots again. In Games of Decepticon , Megatron detects the arrival of Bugbite 's ship on Earth and sends Starscream, Skywarp, and Ramjet to investigate. The Decepticons capture the Autobot spy Mirage. Returning to
7504-548: The Ark the Decepticons fall under the sway of Bugbite, who is using cerebro shells he stole from the Insecticon Bombshell. Megatron overcomes the shell and destroys Bugbite, as the Autobots under the command of Grimlock raid the Ark, destroying the computer and saving Mirage. Megatron appears in At Fight's End talking to Ratchet. Megatron defeated Deathsaurus in combat for leadership of the Decepticons. He orders
7638-493: The Autobot Matrix of Leadership, but his plans were thwarted, and he was thrown into space. Galvatron's minions later rescued him from a plasma-inflicted insanity. He regained his sanity and leadership, even temporarily cooperating with Optimus Prime to combat a cosmic plague. Following a period of peace, Galvatron devised a plan to destroy Cybertron and Earth. His scheme involved using a powerful energy chamber to trigger
7772-610: The Autobots and a malfunctioning orbiting weapons system, Megatron was eventually defeated and believed destroyed. In reality, much of his body remained and the U.S. government studied his workings to advance their own projects in military supercomputers. In the third volume of the series, it was revealed that the U.S. Government had created the android Serpentor (or, as he is called here, Serpent O.R., standing for Organic Robot) using DNA from great historical war leaders and parts from Megatron. Serpentor succeeded where Megatron had failed and captured Optimus Prime. But Serpentor's exposure to
7906-520: The Coulomb barrier completely. If they have nearly enough energy, they can tunnel through the remaining barrier. For these reasons fuel at lower temperatures will still undergo fusion events, at a lower rate. Thermonuclear fusion is one of the methods being researched in the attempts to produce fusion power . If thermonuclear fusion becomes favorable to use, it would significantly reduce the world's carbon footprint . Accelerator-based light-ion fusion
8040-610: The Cybertronian elders attempted to have him assassinated—a plan that only resulted in stirring up even more discontent among Cybertronians which allowed Megatron to begin recruiting for the Decepticon movement. It is known that at one point Megatron attempted to recruit Grimlock as one of his inner circle, but the fellow gladiator refused the position, eventually joining the Autobots. Megatron would also appear in Dreamwave's Transformers/ G.I. Joe limited series . Unlike many of
8174-567: The Decepticon Megatron). Searching for Energon to power his takeover bid, he stole the legendary artifact known as the Golden Disk but discovered amongst its data more than the mere location of an Energon source—encoded onto the disk was a message from the original Megatron, which contained the coordinates of the prehistoric planet Earth. Using transwarp technology would allow a user to travel back in time and alter history—specifically, to destroy Optimus Prime as he lay in stasis within
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#17327719111378308-515: The Golden Age of Cybertron who is driven by a belief in having a great destiny. He was one of the crew of the lost Ark-1 , which had secretly been seeking out (under orders from Nova Prime) an anomaly that was "a door to somewhere else... a dark mirror of the Matrix itself". Galvatron deliberately flew the Ark into the anomaly to find out the answers, thus marooning the crew in the Dead Universe. In
8442-692: The Liege Maximo. He was destroyed by Maximo's arm cannon; he unleashed an Energon-fueled blast that destroyed the Maximo. This sets up the Pax Cybertronia and the evolution of the Autobots and Decepticons into Maximals and Predacons . Whether this story is reconcilable with "Reaching the Omega Point", or whether it is even part of the Transformers canon is debatable. Megatron appeared in the 2006 TransformersCon voice actor play. Voices in
8576-552: The Marvel version of Galvatron, he is seemingly invincible and shrugs off powerful weapons. Unlike other incarnations of the character, he appears to be able to kill and decay others by touch and can even survive being shot through the head at close range by powerful weapons. In Devastation he is shown to be able to confer his touch of death onto others, turning the Reaper leader into an unwilling "giver of unlife". There are hints that he
8710-658: The Matrix, possession by Cobra Commander, and subsequent destruction left Megatron's legacy unfulfilled. The Transformers Classics comics published in the Official Transformers Collectors Club magazine are set in the Marvel Comics continuity, but in a timeline where the events of Generation 2 did not occur. The story occurs fifteen years after Megatron was presumed dead in the crash of the Ark. Megatron survived, and eventually upgraded his body (based on his Classics toy) and gathered many other Decepticons to him. Soundwave helped him in recovering
8844-766: The Maximals and other enemies with his plans on nearly every occasion. Megatron's sudden development of a transformation-freezing virus, spark-extraction and Vehicon technology, and drones went without explanation in the animated series, with the large time gap between his return and the Maximals' left to serve as a grey area in which these innovations occurred. The comics exclusive to the BotCon convention, however, shone some light on this period of time and revealed that upon his return to Cybertron, Megatron met his former mentor, Cryotek . Cryotek offered to free Megatron of his beast mode by transferring most of it to himself, only to have
8978-592: The Reapers from destroying it too soon. He turned the Reaper leader into a dead being able to kill by touch (like himself) and left it to decimate his fellow Reapers. Caught between this and the Ore-13-charged Decepticons, the Reapers were soon annihilated, and Galvatron left with the body of Sixshot . He then reported back to Prime, who made it clear in conversation with Jhiaxus that he was not unaware of Galvatron's rebellious ambitions. As with
9112-499: The Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen and makes 616 million metric tons of helium each second. The fusion of lighter elements in stars releases energy and the mass that always accompanies it. For example, in the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei to form helium, 0.645% of the mass is carried away in the form of kinetic energy of an alpha particle or other forms of energy, such as electromagnetic radiation. It takes considerable energy to force nuclei to fuse, even those of
9246-539: The Transformers were reawakened, and Megatron was defeated twice by Optimus Prime . Megatron also featured prominently in Alignment , Simon Furman's take on what happened after the Generation 2 comic. In this story, Megatron was defeated for command of the Decepticons by Galvatron II (the U.S. comics version) and left for dead. Soundwave had revived his master. Megatron took a fleet of scavenged Warworlds to face
9380-533: The Universe War by Unicron Waspscream and the other rebel forces reclaimed Cybertron. Megatron's earliest fictional depiction in comics was in a two-part short story told in Dreamwave 's Transformers: More Than Meets The Eye series of character profiles. The tale started and finished the series, showing a mysterious figure (who would be revealed at the story's close as Megatron) and his accomplice accessing
9514-456: The actual temperature. One is the fact that temperature is the average kinetic energy, implying that some nuclei at this temperature would actually have much higher energy than 0.1 MeV, while others would be much lower. It is the nuclei in the high-energy tail of the velocity distribution that account for most of the fusion reactions. The other effect is quantum tunnelling . The nuclei do not actually have to have enough energy to overcome
9648-549: The body of Astrotrain, which was then used to help locate the placement of other fallen Decepticons around the globe. Those who joined Megatron included Laserbeak , Ramjet , Ravage , Skywarp , Soundwave , Starscream and the Constructicons . Megatron also reactivated Thrust , Dirge and Thundercracker , but the three left him to join up with Bludgeon's troops — mostly because they couldn't work with Starscream, who had killed them once. Megatron based his command on
9782-462: The cage, by generating the field using a non-neutral cloud. These include a plasma oscillating device, a Penning trap and the polywell . The technology is relatively immature, however, and many scientific and engineering questions remain. The most well known Inertial electrostatic confinement approach is the fusor . Starting in 1999, a number of amateurs have been able to do amateur fusion using these homemade devices. Other IEC devices include:
9916-410: The cause of the protagonist's main problem, or lead a group of characters against the protagonist; in comedies, they are usually responsible for involving the protagonist in comedic situations. Author John Truby argues that a true opponent not only wants to prevent the hero from achieving his desire but is competing with the hero for the same goal. According to John Truby, "It is only by competing for
10050-483: The character of Megaempress, a female Decepticon whose bio states that she was created from parts left over from Megatron's construction. She thus considers herself to be Megatron's wife—or the Transformer equivalent—and Empress of the Decepticons; whether Megatron views her in this fashion is unknown. Japanese : The Beast Wars and Beast Machines version of Megatron appears in the aforementioned parts of
10184-528: The climax of The Transformers: The Movie , Galvatron hurtled through space, out of control, until he eventually crash-landed in Tokyo , devastating much of the city. Although comatose, Galvatron's Unicron-corrupted cells spread throughout Earth and fused with various creatures. Megatron is largely "off-screen" for most of the Binaltech saga, reflecting the absence of a Megatron figure in that toy line. Due to
10318-475: The combiner technology that he captures from Deathsaurus to be used on the Constructicons. Megatron then attacks Iacon with his new weapon, Devastator. After Dreamwave's closure, the rights to the Transformers comics were taken over by IDW Publishing . IDW would take the opportunity to reboot the Transformers universe, including a revised origin for Megatron detailing how he came to power. Here, Megatron
10452-472: The commercialization of nuclear fusion received $ 2.6 billion in private funding in 2021 alone, going to many notable startups including but not limited to Commonwealth Fusion Systems , Helion Energy Inc ., General Fusion , TAE Technologies Inc. and Zap Energy Inc. One of the most recent breakthroughs to date in maintaining a sustained fusion reaction occurred in France's WEST fusion reactor. It maintained
10586-449: The current advanced technical state. Thermonuclear fusion is the process of atomic nuclei combining or "fusing" using high temperatures to drive them close enough together for this to become possible. Such temperatures cause the matter to become a plasma and, if confined, fusion reactions may occur due to collisions with extreme thermal kinetic energies of the particles. There are two forms of thermonuclear fusion: uncontrolled , in which
10720-404: The electrostatic repulsion can be overcome by the quantum effect in which nuclei can tunnel through coulomb forces. When a nucleon such as a proton or neutron is added to a nucleus, the nuclear force attracts it to all the other nucleons of the nucleus (if the atom is small enough), but primarily to its immediate neighbors due to the short range of the force. The nucleons in the interior of
10854-599: The end of The Great War, when Maximal and Predacon had risen to replace the Autobots and the Decepticons , one Predacon, in particular, was discontented with the Maximals' control of Cybertron following the Autobot victory in the war. Studying the ancient Cybertronian text called the Covenant of Primus, the Predacon took the name Megatron from a great destroyer of the same name that the book foretold (which may or may not have been also an indirect homage to his namesake,
10988-415: The extra energy from the net attraction of particles. For larger nuclei , however, no energy is released, because the nuclear force is short-range and cannot act across larger nuclei. Fusion powers stars and produces virtually all elements in a process called nucleosynthesis . The Sun is a main-sequence star, and, as such, generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. In its core,
11122-572: The following books: Megatron was featured in the 1993 Transformers: Generation 2 coloring book " Decepticon Madness " by Bud Simpson . In the Japanese manga "Big War" #2, the Autobots Rodimus Prime , Grimlock , Kup and Wheelie , along with their human allies Spike Witwicky and Daniel Witwicky send Computron into battle against Galvatron's new warrior combiner Abominus . The Terrorcons spit "corrosive control liquid" against Computron, taking control of him and turning him into
11256-512: The franchise's most iconic characters and a widely recognized villain in popular culture . The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, such as toys, clothing and collectible items, theme park attractions, and be referenced in a number of media. He has been adapted in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations, having been voiced by actors including Frank Welker , Corey Burton , Hugo Weaving , and Brian Tyree Henry . The original Megatronus , better known as
11390-516: The fusion reaction may occur before the plasma starts to expand, so the plasma's inertia is keeping the material together. One force capable of confining the fuel well enough to satisfy the Lawson criterion is gravity . The mass needed, however, is so great that gravitational confinement is only found in stars —the least massive stars capable of sustained fusion are red dwarfs , while brown dwarfs are able to fuse deuterium and lithium if they are of sufficient mass. In stars heavy enough , after
11524-402: The heavier elements, such as uranium , thorium and plutonium , are more fissionable. The extreme astrophysical event of a supernova can produce enough energy to fuse nuclei into elements heavier than iron. American chemist William Draper Harkins was the first to propose the concept of nuclear fusion in 1915. Then in 1921, Arthur Eddington suggested hydrogen–helium fusion could be
11658-453: The helium-4 nucleus is so tightly bound that it is commonly treated as a single quantum mechanical particle in nuclear physics, namely, the alpha particle . The situation is similar if two nuclei are brought together. As they approach each other, all the protons in one nucleus repel all the protons in the other. Not until the two nuclei actually come close enough for long enough so the strong attractive nuclear force can take over and overcome
11792-458: The hydrogen case), the fusion reactants exist in a plasma state. The significance of ⟨ σ v ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle \sigma v\rangle } as a function of temperature in a device with a particular energy confinement time is found by considering the Lawson criterion . This is an extremely challenging barrier to overcome on Earth, which explains why fusion research has taken many years to reach
11926-486: The interference of Ravage (the same future Ravage who appears in the Beast Wars ), most of the events of the original animated feature do not transpire; most importantly the Battle of Autobot City does not occur, and Optimus Prime and Megatron do not have their final showdown, meaning that Optimus Prime does not die, and Megatron is never reformatted into Galvatron. The Unite Warriors storyline—exclusive to Japan—introduced
12060-403: The ionization of atoms of the target. Devices referred to as sealed-tube neutron generators are particularly relevant to this discussion. These small devices are miniature particle accelerators filled with deuterium and tritium gas in an arrangement that allows ions of those nuclei to be accelerated against hydride targets, also containing deuterium and tritium, where fusion takes place, releasing
12194-502: The leader of the rival Autobot faction. As with all Cybertronians, Megatron can disguise himself by transforming into vehicles or weapons. His alternate modes have included a Walther P38 handgun , a particle-beam weapon , a telescopic laser cannon , a Cybertronian jet , and various tanks, depending on which continuity he is depicted in. In some continuities, his original name is D-16 . Megatron's most consistent origin portrays him as having risen up from being an oppressed worker to
12328-454: The liberated Inferno and the reprogrammed/reformatted Silverbolt and Scorponok, who became Jetstorm and Tankor. Waspscream's forces later saved Silverbolt, and the threat of other resistance groups soon pushed Megatron to recruit Obsidian as a new general; however, without Strika to serve as his counterbalance Obsidian turned against Megatron and overthrew him. This pushed Inferno into the Predacon camp, and after Obsidian and Tankor were drawn into
12462-471: The lightest element, hydrogen . When accelerated to high enough speeds, nuclei can overcome this electrostatic repulsion and be brought close enough such that the attractive nuclear force is greater than the repulsive Coulomb force. The strong force grows rapidly once the nuclei are close enough, and the fusing nucleons can essentially "fall" into each other and the result is fusion; this is an exothermic process . Energy released in most nuclear reactions
12596-520: The mass of the star (and therefore the pressure and temperature in its core). Around 1920, Arthur Eddington anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper The Internal Constitution of the Stars . At that time, the source of stellar energy was unknown; Eddington correctly speculated that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium, liberating enormous energy according to Einstein's equation E = mc . This
12730-497: The name, saying it sounded too frightening. Budiansky responded that as the lead villain, that was the point. Hasbro later agreed with his reasoning, and approved the name "Megatron". Budiansky has said in interviews that it is a portmanteau of electronic and megaton . Megatron is able to transform into a handgun, delivering more focused energy blasts than he could in his robotic form. He can adjust his size and mass as he transforms, to comfortably allow another Transformer or even
12864-417: The negative inner cage, and are heated by the electric field in the process. If they miss the inner cage they can collide and fuse. Ions typically hit the cathode, however, creating prohibitory high conduction losses. Also, fusion rates in fusors are very low due to competing physical effects, such as energy loss in the form of light radiation. Designs have been proposed to avoid the problems associated with
12998-419: The nucleus to repel each other. Lighter nuclei (nuclei smaller than iron and nickel) are sufficiently small and proton-poor to allow the nuclear force to overcome the Coulomb force. This is because the nucleus is sufficiently small that all nucleons feel the short-range attractive force at least as strongly as they feel the infinite-range Coulomb repulsion. Building up nuclei from lighter nuclei by fusion releases
13132-444: The original Megatron . In addition to his surprise appearance in Dreamwave's More Than Meets The Eye series, Megatron was set to appear in Dreamwave's unpublished Beast Wars comic. Although the company's bankruptcy meant that no issues were released, released art and information have revealed that the second issue would have dealt with Megatron's trial on Cybertron at the hands of Magmatron . Antagonist An antagonist
13266-512: The other Transformers (who were given World War II vehicle alternate modes), Megatron would keep his basic Walther P38 handgun transformation, which was indeed a WWII German handgun. Forming an alliance with Cobra Commander due to their similar natures, Megatron nonetheless had a bitter personal rivalry with the tyrannical leader of the terrorist group Cobra , resulting in Megatron killing several of his troops and Cobra Commander having to use
13400-406: The other protons in the nucleus. The electrostatic energy per nucleon due to the electrostatic force thus increases without limit as nuclei atomic number grows. The net result of the opposing electrostatic and strong nuclear forces is that the binding energy per nucleon generally increases with increasing size, up to the elements iron and nickel , and then decreases for heavier nuclei. Eventually,
13534-563: The outcasts into battle against the fanatical Decepticon Justice Division but later is trapped in the alternate Functionist universe with his old mentor Terminus. Megatron features prominently in Transformers: Regeneration One , Simon Furman's continuation of the original Marvel series in which the events of Generation 2 did not occur. Here, Megatron's lifeforce is still linked to Ratchet's, and after waking up on Earth in 1994, he has built what's left of Ratchet into
13668-410: The outer parts of the stars over long periods of time, by absorbing energy from fusion in the inside of the star, by absorbing neutrons that are emitted from the fusion process. All of the elements heavier than iron have some potential energy to release, in theory. At the extremely heavy end of element production, these heavier elements can produce energy in the process of being split again back toward
13802-678: The play were performed by a variety of volunteers and the actual voice actors attending the convention. The play itself should be considered unofficial but was notable because it featured several Transformers' original voice actors reprising their Transformers roles. In this voice actor play various Transformers from different timelines and realities were swept up in a repeating wave and transported along with Unicron to Earth. The Transformers included Generation 1 Tracks , Ariel, Cosmos and Megatron, Beast Wars Tarantulas , Robots in Disguise Sky-Byte and Beast Machines Tankor . In
13936-478: The present day, he heads for Cybertron to obtain Thunderwing's body, destroying an alien observation station on the way. On Cybertron, Galvatron killed Leadfoot and easily overpowered Hound's unit, though he left them alive as a small act of defiance against his master. He made his first appearance in the main storyline in issue 3 of The Transformers: Devastation , being sent to Earth by Nemesis Prime to stop
14070-424: The primary fuel is not constrained to be protons and higher temperatures can be used, so reactions with larger cross-sections are chosen. Another concern is the production of neutrons, which activate the reactor structure radiologically, but also have the advantages of allowing volumetric extraction of the fusion energy and tritium breeding. Reactions that release no neutrons are referred to as aneutronic . To be
14204-435: The primary source of stellar energy. Quantum tunneling was discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1927, and shortly afterwards Robert Atkinson and Fritz Houtermans used the measured masses of light elements to demonstrate that large amounts of energy could be released by fusing small nuclei. Building on the early experiments in artificial nuclear transmutation by Patrick Blackett , laboratory fusion of hydrogen isotopes
14338-552: The protagonist as a hero and the antagonist as a villain , like Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter , the antagonist does not always appear as the villain. In some narratives, like Light Yagami and L in Death Note , the protagonist is a villain and the antagonist is an opposing hero. Antagonists are conventionally presented as making moral choices less savory than those of protagonists. This condition
14472-527: The reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy . This difference in mass arises due to the difference in nuclear binding energy between the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction. Nuclear fusion is the process that powers active or main-sequence stars and other high-magnitude stars, where large amounts of energy are released . A nuclear fusion process that produces atomic nuclei lighter than iron-56 or nickel-62 will generally release energy. These elements have
14606-431: The reaction area. Theoretical calculations made during funding reviews pointed out that the system would have significant difficulty scaling up to contain enough fusion fuel to be relevant as a power source. In the 1990s, a new arrangement using a field-reversed configuration (FRC) as the storage system was proposed by Norman Rostoker and continues to be studied by TAE Technologies as of 2021 . A closely related approach
14740-553: The reactions produce far greater energy per unit of mass even though individual fission reactions are generally much more energetic than individual fusion ones, which are themselves millions of times more energetic than chemical reactions. Only direct conversion of mass into energy , such as that caused by the annihilatory collision of matter and antimatter , is more energetic per unit of mass than nuclear fusion. (The complete conversion of one gram of matter would release 9 × 10 joules of energy.) An important fusion process
14874-411: The remaining He nucleus is 3.5 MeV, so the total energy liberated is 17.6 MeV. This is many times more than what was needed to overcome the energy barrier. The reaction cross section (σ) is a measure of the probability of a fusion reaction as a function of the relative velocity of the two reactant nuclei. If the reactants have a distribution of velocities, e.g. a thermal distribution, then it
15008-417: The repulsive electrostatic force. This can also be described as the nuclei overcoming the so-called Coulomb barrier . The kinetic energy to achieve this can be lower than the barrier itself because of quantum tunneling. The Coulomb barrier is smallest for isotopes of hydrogen, as their nuclei contain only a single positive charge. A diproton is not stable, so neutrons must also be involved, ideally in such
15142-465: The resulting energy is released in an uncontrolled manner, as it is in thermonuclear weapons ("hydrogen bombs") and in most stars ; and controlled , where the fusion reactions take place in an environment allowing some or all of the energy released to be harnessed for constructive purposes. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, so by heating the material it will gain energy. After reaching sufficient temperature, given by
15276-418: The rigid and inflexible application of the law, even when it leads to moral and ethical dilemmas. An aspect or trait of the protagonist may be considered an antagonist, such as morality or indecisiveness. An antagonist is not always a person or people. In some cases, an antagonist may be a force, such as a tidal wave that destroys a city; a storm that causes havoc; or even a certain area's conditions that are
15410-406: The root cause of a problem. An antagonist may or may not create obstacles for the protagonist. Societal norms or other rules may also be antagonists. An antagonist is used as a plot device, to set up conflicts, obstacles, or challenges for the protagonist. Though not every story requires an antagonist, it often is used in plays to increase the level of drama. In tragedies, antagonists are often
15544-430: The same goal that the hero and the opponent are forced to come into direct conflict and to do so again and again throughout the story." Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei , usually deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotopes ), combine to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles ( neutrons or protons ). The difference in mass between
15678-556: The same to Silverbolt after he left the Predacons. However, during the crew's journey back to Cybertron, Megatron would escape and beat the others back to the planet, taking it over as he had in Beast Machines. Waspscream, Tarantulas, Protoform X, and Terrorsaur would escape Megatron's transformation virus and be reformatted into techno-organic forms by the Oracle, becoming a resistance force that opposed Megatron and his generals:
15812-421: The size of iron, in the process of nuclear fission . Nuclear fission thus releases energy that has been stored, sometimes billions of years before, during stellar nucleosynthesis . Electrically charged particles (such as fuel ions) will follow magnetic field lines (see Guiding centre ). The fusion fuel can therefore be trapped using a strong magnetic field. A variety of magnetic configurations exist, including
15946-528: The supercomputer Vector Sigma through a node in an ancient Autobot library and viewing the profiles of the Autobots and Decepticons of the Great War (in reality the character profiles of the series). As the accomplice dispatched a Maximal security agent his leader obtained the Golden Disk and announced he wished to be addressed as Megatron from now on, implying he took the name after viewing the profile of
16080-608: The supply of hydrogen is exhausted in their cores, their cores (or a shell around the core) start fusing helium to carbon . In the most massive stars (at least 8–11 solar masses ), the process is continued until some of their energy is produced by fusing lighter elements to iron . As iron has one of the highest binding energies , reactions producing heavier elements are generally endothermic . Therefore, significant amounts of heavier elements are not formed during stable periods of massive star evolution, but are formed in supernova explosions . Some lighter stars also form these elements in
16214-410: The toroidal geometries of tokamaks and stellarators and open-ended mirror confinement systems. A third confinement principle is to apply a rapid pulse of energy to a large part of the surface of a pellet of fusion fuel, causing it to simultaneously "implode" and heat to very high pressure and temperature. If the fuel is dense enough and hot enough, the fusion reaction rate will be high enough to burn
16348-459: The transfer send him into a period of stasis lock. Megatron went into seclusion, using Cryotek's plundered inventions to develop the technology that he used to enslave Cybertron. Megatron was intended to appear in an upgraded form during the Universe storyline, but the line was canceled before this could come to pass. However, an alternate version was mentioned as hailing from a universe where he
16482-504: The transformation of key characters, Megatron's evolution, his alliance with Unicron, and his relentless pursuit of power and dominance. The story unfolds across different series and episodes, depicting battles, alliances, and Megatron's relentless determination to achieve his goals, which ultimately lead to his eventual defeat and entombment. Megatron appears in the short-lived online Universe cartoon, where he plots to steal gasoline in order to produce Energon. Notably, his alternate mode of
16616-551: The world of the Unicron Trilogy into the Marvel Comics timeline. Unclear what had happened, they then found themselves staring down the barrel of Megatron's cannon. The two were saved when a group of Robot Hunters in battle suits attacked Megatron. Megatron slaughtered them, only to be confronted by a team of Autobots led by Optimus Prime. Skyfall went with the Autobots, while Landquake was taken by Megatron. Back at
16750-473: The wreck of the Ark in the Yukon, where he keeps the fallen body of Ratchet as a trophy and the severed, but living, head of Shockwave as an advisor. In Crossing Over , when Skyfall and Landquake were presumed killed in the midst of a bloody Mini-Con civil war and attack by Unicron (set concurrently with the events of Transformers: Cybertron ), they were, in actuality, transported across universes, from
16884-469: Was a particularly remarkable development since at that time fusion and thermonuclear energy had not yet been discovered, nor even that stars are largely composed of hydrogen (see metallicity ). Eddington's paper reasoned that: All of these speculations were proven correct in the following decades. The primary source of solar energy, and that of similar size stars, is the fusion of hydrogen to form helium (the proton–proton chain reaction), which occurs at
17018-491: Was accomplished by Mark Oliphant in 1932. In the remainder of that decade, the theory of the main cycle of nuclear fusion in stars was worked out by Hans Bethe . Research into fusion for military purposes began in the early 1940s as part of the Manhattan Project . The first artificial thermonuclear fusion reaction occurred during the 1951 Greenhouse Item test of the first boosted fission weapon , which uses
17152-502: Was again among the Decepticons who crashed in the Ark on Earth, but this time the Ark was discovered by Cobra, who reformatted the Autobots and Decepticons into weapons and vehicles for themselves called Battle Android Troopers controlled by the Tele-Vipers . Megatron is locked in gun mode and kept by Cobra Commander. When Optimus Prime broke free of the controls, Megatron convinced his keeper to free him to fight Optimus. Wounded by
17286-532: Was elsewhere and couldn't counter them. Rodimus ordered the Omnibots to attack Predaking's legs. Tripping up the giant he fell into the other Decepticon giants, winning the day for the Autobots. Galvatron also appeared in a series of Japanese Manga comic strips set in continuity with the Headmasters series, where he attempted to destroy the Autobots with such schemes as creating his own army of Megatron clones, attempting to destroy Fortress Maximus and creating
17420-461: Was originally a lowly Energon miner. He also formed an uneasy truce with Starscream. In the IDW continuity, Megatron retains his role as supreme commander of the Decepticon army, although, in this continuity, they are no longer based on Cybertron (which was rendered uninhabitable by Thunderwing) and are fighting to conquer multiple worlds simultaneously. In fact, he barely seems to care about Cybertron and
17554-586: Was overthrown and killed by Obisidian after taking control of Cybertron with his Vehicons. "Ask Vector Prime" later expanded on this storyline, revealing that in this universe Starscream's Spark had possessed Waspinator and destroyed the Maximals, while the Quantum Surge was caused when Megatron tricked Blackarachnia into destroying the Vok weapon in orbit around prehistoric Earth. "Waspscream" then overthrew Megatron and killed him, Scorponok, and Inferno, later doing
17688-591: Was reimagined and eventually applied to the toy line, establishing this Megatron as an independent character. In the past, a few fans have referred to him as Megatron II to distinguish him from the original character of the same name; in the Japanese Transformers: Robot Masters series, he was named Beast Megatron for this purpose. Usually, however, he is simply referred to as the Beast Wars Megatron. His ultimate goal
17822-430: Was studied in detail by Steven Jones in the early 1980s. Net energy production from this reaction has been unsuccessful because of the high energy required to create muons , their short 2.2 μs half-life , and the high chance that a muon will bind to the new alpha particle and thus stop catalyzing fusion. Some other confinement principles have been investigated. The key problem in achieving thermonuclear fusion
17956-579: Was willing to order its total destruction to stop the reanimated Thunderwing. Having now ingested Ore-13, Megatron is able to easily manage mass displacement and thus turn into an Earth handgun (in Escalation #2 ), and the newfound power appears to have affected his actions—he personally went on the Brasnya mission and is confident enough to transform & battle Optimus in front of human witnesses, actions that Optimus finds out of character. His instability
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