84-516: See List of Melaleuca species Melaleuca ( / ˌ m ɛ l ə ˈ lj uː k ə / ) is a genus of nearly 300 species of plants in the myrtle family , Myrtaceae , commonly known as paperbarks , honey-myrtles , bottlebrushes or tea-trees (although the last name is also applied to species of Leptospermum ). They range in size from small shrubs that rarely grow to more than 16 m (52 ft) high, to trees up to 35 m (115 ft). Their flowers generally occur in groups, forming
168-416: A dry dock . Her hull , internal floors , and futtocks were built from traditional white oak , her keel and stern post from elm , and her masts from pine and fir . Plans of the ship also show a double keelson to lock the keel, floors and frames in place. There is uncertainty about the height of her standing masts, as surviving diagrams of Endeavour depict the body of the vessel only, and not
252-424: A "head" or "spike" resembling a brush used for cleaning bottles, containing up to 80 individual flowers. Melaleucas are an important food source for nectarivorous insects, birds, and mammals. Many are popular garden plants, either for their attractive flowers or as dense screens and a few have economic value for producing fencing and oils such as "tea tree" oil . Most melaleucas are endemic to Australia , with
336-582: A captain in the Royal Navy. First Lord of the Admiralty Edward Hawke refused, going so far as to say he would rather cut off his right hand than give command of a navy vessel to someone not educated as a seaman. In refusing Dalrymple's command, Hawke was influenced by previous insubordination aboard the sloop HMS Paramour in 1698, when naval officers had refused to take orders from civilian commander Edmond Halley . The impasse
420-860: A few also occurring in Malesia . Seven are endemic to New Caledonia , and one is found only on Australia's Lord Howe Island . Melaleucas are found in a wide variety of habitats. Many are adapted for life in swamps and boggy places, while others thrive in the poorest of sandy soils or on the edge of saltpans. Some have a wide distribution and are common, whilst others are rare and endangered. Land clearing, exotic myrtle rust , and especially draining and clearing of swamps threaten many species. Melaleucas range in size from small shrubs such as M. aspalathoides and M. concinna which rarely grow to more than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high, to trees like M. cajuputi and M. quinquenervia , which can reach 35 m (115 ft). (One specimen of M. cajuputi reached
504-682: A flag and plaque confirming Britain's sovereignty. Endeavour was paid off in September 1774, being sold in March 1775 by the Royal Navy to shipping magnate J. Mather for £645. Mather returned her to sea for at least one commercial voyage to Archangel in Russia. Once the American War of Independence had commenced, the British government needed ships to carry troops and materiel across
588-538: A fleet of Royal Navy and hired craft, including Lord Sandwich 2 , were scuttled at various locations in the Bay. Lord Sandwich 2 , previously Endeavour , previously Earl of Pembroke , was sunk on 4 August 1778. The owners of the sunken vessels were compensated by the British government for the loss of their ships. The Admiralty valuation for 10 of the sunken vessels recorded that many had been built in Yorkshire, and
672-476: A height of 46 m (151 ft).) Many, like M. lineariifolia , are known as paperbarks and have bark that can be peeled in thin sheets, whilst about 20% of the genus, including M. bracteata , have hard, rough bark and another 20% have fibrous bark. Every species in the genus is an evergreen , and the leaves vary in size from minute and scale-like ( M. micromera ) to 270 mm (11 in) long ( M. leucadendra ). Most have distinct oil glands dotted in
756-468: A milking goat. The first port of call was Funchal in the Madeira Islands , which Endeavour reached on 12 September. The ship was recaulked and painted, and fresh vegetables, beef and water were brought aboard for the next leg of the voyage. While in port, an accident cost the life of master's mate Robert Weir, who became entangled in the anchor cable and was dragged overboard when the anchor
840-630: A naval schooner sold out of service in 1782. A further letter to the Providence Journal stated that a retired English sailor was conducting guided tours of a hulk on the River Thames as late as 1825, claiming that the ship had once been Cook's Endeavour. In 1991 the Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project (RIMAP) began research into the identity of the thirteen transports sunk as part of
924-999: Is safe for topical applications, tea tree oil is toxic if ingested orally. The oil is produced on a commercial scale and marketed as tea tree oil . Melaleuca cajuputi is used to produce a similar oil, known as cajuput oil , which is used in Southeast Asia to treat a variety of infections and to add fragrance to food and soaps. Melaleucas are popular garden plants, both in Australia and other tropical areas worldwide. The first to be cultivated were grown in England from seed in 1771. Some melaleucas are commonly cultivated, grown as trees for parks and large gardens (such as Melaleuca leucadendra ) or as ornamentals (sometimes as Callistemon ) such as M. citrina ( Callistemon citrinus ), M. hypericifolia and M. wilsonii . Tea trees (spelled Ti-Trees ) are specifically mentioned in
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#17327722164311008-494: The Endeavour River . Cook attempted to enter the river mouth, but strong winds and rain prevented Endeavour from crossing the bar until the morning of 17 June. She grounded briefly on a sand spit but was refloated an hour later and warped into the river proper by early afternoon. The ship was promptly beached on the southern bank and careened to make repairs to the hull. Torn sails and rigging were also replaced and
1092-600: The Falkland Islands . The first, under the command of sailing master John Dykes, was to deliver "sufficient provisions to serve 350 men to the end of the year 1772"; she sailed from Portsmouth on 8 November 1771, but due to terrible weather did not arrive at Port Egmont (the British base in the Falkland Islands) until 1 March. Endeavour sailed from Port Egmont on 4 May in a three-month non-stop voyage until she anchored at Portsmouth. The second voyage
1176-547: The Society Islands . Landfall was made at Huahine, Raiatea and Borabora, providing opportunities for Cook to claim each of them as British territories. An attempt to land the pinnace on the Austral Island of Rurutu was thwarted by rough surf and the rocky shoreline. On 15 August, Endeavour finally turned south to explore the open ocean for Terra Australis Incognita . In October 1769, Endeavour reached
1260-736: The boatswain John Gathrey, and the other to Banks. The ship was also equipped with a set of 28 ft (8.5 m) sweeps to allow her to be rowed forward if becalmed or demasted. The refitted vessel was commissioned as His Majesty's Bark the Endeavour , to distinguish her from the four-gun cutter HMS Endeavour . On 21 July 1768, Endeavour sailed to Gallions Reach on the Thames to take on armaments to protect her against potentially hostile Pacific island natives. Ten 4-pounder cannon were brought aboard, six of which were mounted on
1344-472: The Atlantic. In 1775 Mather submitted Endeavour as a transport ship, being rejected. Thinking that renaming her would fool Deptford Yard, Mather resubmitted Endeavour under the name Lord Sandwich . As Lord Sandwich she was rejected in no uncertain terms: "Unfit for service. She was sold out Service Called Endeavour Bark refused before". Repairs were made, with acceptance in her third submission, under
1428-905: The Australian National Maritime Museum examined some known wrecks in the harbour and in 2000, RIMAP and the ANMM examined a site that appears to be one of the blockade vessels, partly covered by a separate wreck of a 20th-century barge. The older remains were those of a wooden vessel of approximately the same size, and possibly a similar design and materials as Lord Sandwich ex Endeavour . Confirmation that Cook's former ship had indeed been in Newport Harbor sparked public interest in locating her wreck. However, further mapping showed eight other 18th-century wrecks in Newport Harbor, some with features and conditions also consistent with Endeavour . In 2006 RIMAP announced that
1512-508: The Baltic. Rehired as a British troop transport during the American War of Independence , she was finally scuttled in a blockade of Narragansett Bay , Rhode Island, in 1778. Historical evidence indicates the ship was sunk just north of Goat Island in Newport Harbor, along with four other British transports. Relics from Endeavour are displayed at maritime museums worldwide, including an anchor and six of her cannon. A replica of Endeavour
1596-682: The Cape over the next two days were unsuccessful, and Endeavour was repeatedly driven back by wind, rain and contrary tides. Cook noted that the seas off the Cape were large enough to regularly submerge the bow of the ship as she rode down from the crests of waves. At last, on 16 January the wind eased and the ship was able to pass the Cape and anchor in the Bay of Good Success on the Pacific coast. The crew were sent to collect wood and water, while Banks and his team gathered hundreds of plant specimens from along
1680-690: The French and the Spanish. The government assessed that if British ships and troops were engaged in America, Spain might seize the Falklands, capturing the small garrison at Port Egmont with maybe loss of life – this, it was feared, would trigger an outcry which might topple the government. Endeavour left England in January 1774, sailing from the Falklands with all the British inhabitants on 23 April, leaving
1764-617: The Great Barrier Reef in June. The ship's carpenter, John Seetterly, observed that she was "very leaky – makes from twelve to six inches an hour, occasioned by her main keel being wounded in many places, false keel gone from beyond the midships . Wounded on her larbord side where the greatest leak is but I could not come at it for the water." An inspection of the hull revealed that some unrepaired planks were cut through to within 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm). Cook noted it
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#17327722164311848-651: The Newport blockade of 1778, including Lord Sandwich. In 1999 RIMAP discovered documents in the Public Record Office (now called the National Archives) in London confirming that Endeavour had been renamed Lord Sandwich , had served as a troop transport to North America, and had been scuttled at Newport as part of the 1778 fleet of transports. In 1999, a combined research team from RIMAP and
1932-509: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. Most melaleucas are endemic to Australia but a few species occur in parts of Malesia and Southeast Asia , and 7 species (marked *) are endemic to New Caledonia . HMS Endeavour HMS Endeavour was a British Royal Navy research vessel that Lieutenant James Cook commanded to Tahiti , New Zealand and Australia on his first voyage of discovery from 1768 to 1771. She
2016-568: The Royal Society representatives: naturalist Joseph Banks , Banks' assistants Daniel Solander and Herman Spöring , astronomer Charles Green , and artists Sydney Parkinson and Alexander Buchan . These cabins encircled the officers' mess. The great cabin at the rear of the deck was designed as a workroom for Cook and the Royal Society. On the rear lower deck, cabins facing on to the mates' mess were assigned to lieutenants Zachary Hickes and John Gore , ship's surgeon William Monkhouse,
2100-551: The South Australian swamp paperbark, M. halmaturorum , thrive in saline soils where few other species survive. Many are fire tolerant, regenerating from epicormic buds or by coppicing , but no melaleucas occur in rainforest and few species occur in the arid zone. Melaleucas are mostly pollinated by insects, including the introduced honey bee ( Apis mellifera ), flies, beetles, wasps and thrips . Birds such as lorikeets and honeyeaters as well as bats often visit
2184-477: The Sun. She then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south, stopping at the islands of Huahine , Bora Bora , and Raiatea west of Tahiti to allow Cook to claim them for Great Britain. In September 1769, she anchored off New Zealand, becoming the first European vessel to reach the islands since Abel Tasman 's Heemskerck 127 years earlier. In April 1770, Endeavour became the first European ship to reach
2268-661: The accepted genus Melaleuca . The move has not been adopted by all Australian herbaria with some taxonomists, including Alex George opposing the move. Most melaleucas occur naturally only on the Australian mainland. Eight occur in Tasmania , but only two are endemic to that island. One ( M. howeana ) is endemic to Lord Howe Island and seven are endemic to Grande Terre , the main island of New Caledonia. A few tropical species also occur in Papua New Guinea , and
2352-484: The annotation may be a transcription error with "19 yards 29 inches" (18.1 m) being the true reading. If so, this would more closely conform with both naval standards and the lengths of the other masts. On 16 February 1768, the Royal Society petitioned King George III to finance a scientific expedition to the Pacific to study and observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the sun. Royal approval
2436-475: The basis of DNA evidence and a lack of morphological support, that species in the genera Beaufortia , Calothamnus , Conothamnus , Eremaea , Lamarchea , Petraeomyrtus , Phymatocarpus and Regelia be transferred to Melaleuca . The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families maintained by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew lists Calothamnus and the other genera as synonyms of
2520-458: The basis of whether the stamens are free of each other, or joined in bundles. Botanists in the past, including Ferdinand von Mueller and Lyndley Craven have proposed uniting the two genera but the matter is not decided. Evidence from DNA studies suggests that either Callistemon and some other genera be incorporated into Melaleuca or that at least 10 new genera be created from the present genus. In 2014, Lyndley Craven and others proposed, on
2604-499: The coal and whaling Port of Whitby in the North Riding of Yorkshire . She was a type known locally as the " Whitby Cat ". She was ship-rigged and sturdily built with a broad, flat bow , a square stern and a long, box-like body with a deep hold . A flat-bottomed design made her well-suited to sailing in shallow waters and allowed her to be beached for loading and unloading of cargo and for basic repairs without requiring
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2688-466: The coast, picking a path through intermittent shoals and reefs with the help of the pinnace, which was rowed ahead to test the water depth. By 26 August she was out of sight of land, and had entered the open waters of the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea , earlier navigated by Luis Váez de Torres in 1606. To keep Endeavour ' s voyages and discoveries secret, Cook confiscated
2772-579: The coastline of New Zealand, becoming the first European vessel to do so since Abel Tasman 's Heemskerck in 1642. Unfamiliar with such ships, the Māori people at Cook's first landing point in Poverty Bay thought the ship was a floating island, or a gigantic bird from their mythical homeland of Hawaiki . Endeavour spent the next six months sailing close to shore, while Cook mapped the coastline and concluded that New Zealand comprised two large islands and
2856-566: The death of highly susceptible hosts. Myrtle rust is common in eastern Australia, including Tasmania and has been detected in the Tiwi Islands . Melaleuca quinquenervia (broad-leaved paperbark) is the most damaging of 60 exotic species introduced to the Florida Everglades to help drain low-lying swampy areas. Introduced in the early 20th century, it has become a serious invasive species , with damaging effects including
2940-581: The details of the Lord Sandwich transport matched those of the former Endeavour including construction in Whitby, a burthen of 368 + 71 ⁄ 94 tons, and re-entry into Navy service on 10 February 1776. In 1834 a letter appeared in the Providence Journal of Rhode Island, drawing attention to the possible presence of the former Endeavour on the seabed of the bay. This
3024-420: The displacement of native species, reduction in wildlife habitat, alteration of hydrology, modification of soil, and changes in fire regimes. The tree's perseverance in the face of efforts to eradicate it has earned it the nickname "punktree". Aboriginal Australians used several species of Melaleuca to make rafts, as roofing for shelter, bandages, and food preparation. "Bee bread" and honey were collected from
3108-483: The distribution of one subspecies, Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cumingiana extends as far north as Myanmar , Thailand , and Vietnam . The southwest of Western Australia has the greatest density of species, and in the tropical north of the continent, species such as M. argentea and M. leucadendra are the dominant species over large areas. Melaleucas grow in a range of soil types and many tolerate occasional or even permanent waterlogging. Some species, especially
3192-664: The east coast of Australia, with Cook going ashore at what is now known as Botany Bay . Endeavour then sailed north along the Australian coast. She narrowly avoided disaster after running aground on the Great Barrier Reef , and Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her. Endeavour was beached on the Australian mainland for seven weeks to permit repairs to her hull. Resuming her voyage, she limped into port in Batavia in October 1770, her crew sworn to secrecy about
3276-457: The entire crew. Despite this, Banks noted in his journal the calm efficiency of the crew in the face of danger, contrary to stories he had heard of seamen panicking or refusing orders in such circumstances. Midshipman Jonathon Monkhouse proposed fothering the ship, as he had previously been on a merchant ship which used the technique successfully. He was entrusted with supervising the task, sewing bits of oakum and wool into an old sail, which
3360-406: The flower opens or soon after. The stamens vary greatly in colour, from white to cream or yellow, red, or mauve with their yellow tips (the anthers ) contrasting with their "stalks" ( filaments ). The fruit are woody, cup-shaped, barrel-shaped, or almost spherical capsules , often arranged in clusters along the stems. The seeds are sometimes retained in the fruit for many years, only opening when
3444-889: The flowers and are probably also pollinators. Some species of Melaleuca , especially M. alternifolia , are cultivated for the production of tea tree oil, and in plantations are susceptible to a number of insect pests. The most significant of these is the chrysomelid Paropsisterna tigrina , but other beetles , cutworm caterpillars ( Agrotis species ), psyllids , mole crickets ( Gryllotalpa ), and others cause significant damage. More than 100 species of insects are known to feed on melaleucas. Native stands have fewer predators, but tea tree sawfly ( Pterygophorus species) and longicorn beetles are often found. The scale insect Beesonia ferrugineus forms round, fluffy-looking galls on branches of several Melaleuca species. Melaleucas are also susceptible to myrtle rust ( Puccinia psidii ) which can result in damage to soft plant material and
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3528-595: The genera Leptospermum , Melaleuca , Kunzea , and Baeckea because the sailors on the Endeavour used the leaves of a shrub from one of these groups as a replacement for tea ( Camellia sinensis ) during Captain James Cook 's 1770 voyage to Australia. The first known description of a Melaleuca species was written by Rumphius in 1741, in Herbarium amboinense before the present system of naming plants
3612-485: The gunner Stephen Forwood, ship's master Robert Molyneux, and the captain's clerk Richard Orton. The adjoining open mess deck provided sleeping and living quarters for the marines and crew, and additional storage space. A longboat , pinnace and yawl were provided as ship's boats, though the longboat was rotten, having to be rebuilt and painted with white lead before it could be brought aboard. These were accompanied by two privately owned skiffs, one belonging to
3696-563: The hives of native stingless bees in melaleuca forests in the Northern Territory . The Bundjalung people traditionally lived in the area of north-eastern New South Wales where Melaleuca alternifolia is endemic , and they treated skin infections by crushing the leaves of that species over skin infections then covering the area with a warm mudpack. Melaleuca alternifolia is notable for its essential oil , which has antifungal and antibiotic properties in vitro. Though it
3780-438: The hull scraped free of barnacles. An examination of the hull showed that a piece of coral the size of a man's fist had cleanly sliced through the timbers before breaking off. Surrounded by pieces of oakum from the fother, this coral fragment had helped plug the hole in the hull and preserved the ship from sinking on the reef. After waiting for the wind, Endeavour resumed her voyage on the afternoon of 5 August 1770, reaching
3864-437: The hull where his predecessor had used the top of the cross-beams. The mistake suggested the water depth had increased by about 18 inches (46 cm) between soundings, sending a wave of fear through the ship. As soon as the mistake was realised, redoubled efforts kept the pumps ahead of the leak. The prospects if the ship sank were grim. The vessel was 24 miles (39 km) from shore and the three ship's boats could not carry
3948-470: The hull. Broken timbers were replaced and the hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and marine flora, and repainted. Finally, the rigging and pumps were renewed and fresh stores brought aboard for the return journey to England. Repairs and replenishment were completed by Christmas Day 1770, and the next day Endeavour weighed anchor and set sail westward towards the Indian Ocean . Though Endeavour
4032-573: The icy shore. On 17 January two of Banks' servants died from cold while attempting to return to the ship during a heavy snowstorm. Endeavour resumed her voyage on 21 January 1769, heading west-northwest into warmer weather. She reached Tahiti on 10 April, where she remained for the next three months. The transit of Venus across the Sun occurred on 3 June, and was observed and recorded by astronomer Charles Green from Endeavour 's deck. The transit observed, Endeavour departed Tahiti on 13 July and headed northwest to allow Cook to survey and name
4116-571: The lands that they had visited. From Batavia Endeavour continued westward, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771 and reached the English port of Dover on 12 July, having been at sea for nearly three years. The ship was largely forgotten after her Pacific voyage, spending the next three years hauling troops and cargo to and from the Falkland Islands . She was renamed in 1775 after being sold into private hands, and used to transport timber from
4200-406: The leaves, making the leaves aromatic, especially when crushed. Melaleuca flowers are usually arranged in spikes or heads. Within the head or spike, the flowers are often in groups of two or three, each flower or group having a papery bract at its base. Five sepals occur, although these are sometimes fused into a ring of tissue and five petals which are usually small, not showy, and fall off as
4284-602: The log books and journals of all on board and ordered them to remain silent about where they had been. After a three-day layover off the island of Savu , Endeavour sailed on to Batavia , the capital of the Dutch East Indies , on 10 October. A day later lightning during a sudden tropical storm struck the ship, but the rudimentary "electric chain" or lightning rod that Cook had ordered rigged to Endeavour ' s mast saved her from serious damage. The ship remained in very poor condition following her grounding on
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#17327722164314368-434: The lyrics of a short aria 'Joy' published around 1916 by J.D.Fletcher & Co of London, by Australian composer Arthur Chanter (1866-1950). List of Melaleuca species This is a list of plants in the genus Melaleuca . In 2013, Lyndley Craven published a monograph of the genus with a description of 290 species, including about 40 sometimes known as callistemons. A new species ( Melaleuca lophocoracorum )
4452-556: The mast plan. While her main and foremast standing spars were standard for her shipyard and era, an annotation on one surviving ship plan in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich has the mizzen as "16 yards 29 inches" (15.4 m). If correct, this would produce an oddly truncated mast a full 9 feet (2.7 m) shorter than the naval standards of the day. Late twentieth-century research suggests
4536-470: The name Lord Sandwich 2 as there was already a transport ship called Lord Sandwich . Lord Sandwich 2, master William Author, sailed on 6 May 1776 from Portsmouth in a fleet of 100 vessels, 68 of which were transports, which was under orders to support Howe's campaign to capture New York. Lord Sandwich 2 carried 206 men mainly from the Hessian du Corps regiment of Hessian mercenaries . The crossing
4620-408: The northernmost point of Cape York Peninsula fifteen days later. On 22 August, Cook was rowed ashore to a small coastal island to proclaim British sovereignty over the eastern Australian mainland. Cook christened his landing place Possession Island , and ceremonial volleys of gunfire from the shore and Endeavour ' s deck marked the occasion. Endeavour then resumed her voyage westward along
4704-475: The plant, or part of it, dies or is heated in a bushfire . In tropical areas, seeds are released annually in the wet season . The name Melaleuca is derived from the Ancient Greek μέλας ( mélas ) meaning "dark" or "black" and λευκός ( leukós ) meaning "white", apparently because one of the first specimens described had fire-blackened white bark. The common name "tea tree" has been applied to species in
4788-405: The ship free. In the afternoon of 12 June, the longboat carried out two large bower anchors, and block and tackle were rigged to the anchor chains to allow another attempt on the evening high tide. The ship had started to take on water through a hole in her hull. Although the leak would certainly increase once off the reef, Cook decided to risk the attempt and at 10:20 pm the ship was floated on
4872-419: The ship's boats on the southern shore of what is now known as Botany Bay , New South Wales . For the next four months, Cook charted the coast of Australia, heading generally northward. Just before 11:00 pm on 11 June 1770, the ship struck a reef, today called Endeavour Reef , within the Great Barrier Reef system. The sails were immediately taken down, a kedging anchor set and an unsuccessful attempt
4956-413: The ship's drinking water pumped out. The crew attached buoys to the discarded guns with the intention of retrieving them later, but this proved impractical. Every man on board took turns on the pumps, including Cook and Banks. When, by Cook's reckoning, about 40 to 50 long tons (41 to 51 t) of equipment had been thrown overboard, on the next high tide a second unsuccessful attempt was made to pull
5040-504: The ship's surgeon William Monkhouse. Cook attributed the sickness to polluted drinking water, and ordered that it be purified with lime juice, but this had little effect. Jonathan Monkhouse, who had proposed fothering the ship to save her from sinking on the reef, died on 6 February, followed six days later by ship's carpenter John Seetterly, whose skilled repair work in Batavia had allowed Endeavour to resume her voyage. The health of
5124-494: The sick were brought back on board along with ten recruits from Cape Town, and Endeavour resumed her homeward voyage. The English mainland was sighted on 10 July and Endeavour entered the port of Dover two days later. Approximately one month after his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of commander , and by November 1771 was in receipt of Admiralty Orders for a second expedition , this time aboard HMS Resolution . During his third voyage (second on Resolution ), Cook
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#17327722164315208-499: The surviving crew members then slowly improved as the month progressed, with the last deaths from disease being three ordinary seamen on 27 February. On 13 March 1771, Endeavour rounded the Cape of Good Hope and made port in Cape Town two days later. Those still sick were taken ashore for treatment. The ship remained in port for four weeks awaiting the recovery of the crew and undergoing minor repairs to her masts. On 15 April,
5292-415: The tide and successfully drawn off. The anchors were retrieved, except for one which could not be freed from the seabed and had to be abandoned. As expected the leak increased once the ship was off the reef, and all three working pumps had to be continually manned. A mistake occurred in sounding the depth of water in the hold, when a new man measured the length of a sounding line from the outside plank of
5376-528: The upper deck with the remainder stowed in the hold. Twelve swivel guns were also supplied, and fixed to posts along the quarterdeck, sides and bow. The ship departed for Plymouth on 30 July, for provisioning and crew boarding of 85, including 12 Royal Marines . Cook also ordered that twelve tons of pig iron be brought on board as sailing ballast . Endeavour departed Plymouth on 26 August 1768, carrying 18 months of provisions for 94 people. Livestock on board included pigs, poultry, two greyhounds and
5460-553: Was HMS Siren , captained by Tobias Furneaux, who had commanded Adventure on Cook's second voyage. New York was eventually captured, but Newport, Rhode Island , remained in the hands of the Americans and posed a threat as a base for recapturing New York, so in November 1776 a fleet, which included Lord Sandwich 2 carrying Hessian troops, set out to take Rhode Island . The island was taken but not subdued, and Lord Sandwich 2
5544-400: Was a "surprise to every one who saw her bottom how we had kept her above water" for the previous three-month voyage across open seas. After riding at anchor for two weeks, Endeavour was heaved out of the water on 9 November and laid on her side for repairs. Some damaged timbers were found to be infested with shipworms , which required careful removal to ensure they did not spread throughout
5628-535: Was broken when the Admiralty proposed James Cook , a naval officer with a background in mathematics and cartography . Acceptable to both parties, Cook was promoted to lieutenant and named as commander of the expedition. On 27 May 1768, Cook took command of Earl of Pembroke , valued in March at £2,307. 5s. 6d. but ultimately purchased for £2,840. 10s. 11d. and assigned for use in the Society's expedition. She
5712-692: Was described in a 2013 paper. Craven's inclusion of callistemons in Melaleuca is not accepted by the National Herbarium of New South Wales or by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne but is accepted by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . For example, Melaleuca brachyandra is recognised in the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families but as Callistemon brachyandrus by the National Herbarium of New South Wales and by
5796-455: Was granted for the expedition, and the Admiralty elected to combine the scientific voyage with a confidential mission to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated continent Terra Australis Incognita (or "unknown southern land"). The Royal Society suggested command be given to Scottish geographer Alexander Dalrymple , whose acceptance was conditional on a brevet commission as
5880-402: Was killed during his attempted kidnapping of the ruling chief of Hawaii at Kealakekua Bay on 14 February 1779. While Cook was fêted for his successful voyage, Endeavour was largely forgotten. Within a week of her return to England, she was directed to Woolwich Dockyard for refitting as a naval transport. Under the command of Lieutenant James Gordon she then made three return voyages to
5964-589: Was launched in 1764 as the collier Earl of Pembroke , with the Navy purchasing her in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean and to explore the seas for the surmised Terra Australis Incognita or "unknown southern land". Commissioned as His Majesty's Bark Endeavour , she departed Plymouth in August 1768, rounded Cape Horn and reached Tahiti in time to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across
6048-660: Was launched in 1994 and is berthed alongside the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney Harbour. Multiple geographic features are named after the ship, including the Endeavour River and Endeavour Reef , as were three spacecraft . The ship is depicted on the New Zealand fifty-cent coin . Endeavour was originally the merchant collier Earl of Pembroke , built by Thomas Fishburn for Thomas Millner, launched in June 1764 from
6132-413: Was made to drag the ship back to open water. The reef Endeavour had struck rose so steeply from the seabed that although the ship was hard aground, Cook measured depths up to 70 feet (21 m) less than one ship's length away. Cook then ordered that the ship be lightened to help her float off the reef. Iron and stone ballast, spoiled stores and all but four of the ship's guns were thrown overboard, and
6216-597: Was needed as a prison ship . The surrender of British General John Burgoyne 's army at Saratoga brought France into the war, and in the summer of 1778 a pincer plan was agreed to recapture Newport : the Continental Army would approach overland, and a French fleet would sail into the harbour. To prevent the latter the British commander, Captain John Brisbane, determined to blockade the bay by sinking surplus vessels at its mouth. Between 3 and 6 August
6300-417: Was not the hoped-for Terra Australis . In March 1770, the longboat from Endeavour carried Cook ashore to allow him to formally proclaim British sovereignty over New Zealand. On his return, Endeavour resumed her voyage westward, her crew sighting the east coast of Australia on 19 April. On 29 April, she became the first European vessel to make landfall on the east coast of Australia, when Cook landed one of
6384-436: Was now in good condition, her crew were not. During the ship's stay in Batavia, all but 10 of the 94 people aboard had been taken ill with malaria and dysentery . By the time Endeavour set sail on 26 December, seven crew members had died and another forty were too sick to attend their duties. Over the following twelve weeks, a further 23 died from disease and were buried at sea, including Spöring, Green, Parkinson, and
6468-440: Was refitted at Deptford by the dock's master shipwright Adam Hayes on the River Thames for the sum of £2,294, almost the price of the ship herself. The hull was recaulked and copper sheathed to protect against shipworm , and a third internal deck installed to provide cabins, a powder magazine and storerooms. The new cabins provided around 2 square metres (22 sq ft) of floorspace apiece being allocated to Cook and
6552-513: Was released. To replace him, Cook pressed a sailor from an American sloop anchored nearby. Endeavour then continued south along the coast of Africa and across the Atlantic to South America, arriving in Rio de Janeiro on 13 November 1768. Fresh food and water were brought aboard and the ship departed for Cape Horn , which she reached during stormy weather on 13 January 1769. Attempts to round
6636-432: Was stormy, with two Hessians who were in the same fleet making accounts of the voyage. The scattered fleet assembled at Halifax then sailed to Sandy Hook where other ships and troops assembled. On 15 August 1776 Lord Sandwich 2 was anchored at Sandy Hook; also assembled there was Adventure , which had sailed with Resolution on Cook's second voyage, now a storeship, captained by John Hallum. Another ship there at that time
6720-513: Was swiftly disputed by the British consul in Rhode Island, who wrote claiming that Endeavour had been bought from Mather by the French in 1790 and renamed Liberté . The consul later admitted he had heard this not from the Admiralty, but as hearsay from the former owners of the French ship. It was later suggested Liberté , which sank off Newport in 1793, was in fact another of Cook's ships, the former HMS Resolution , or another Endeavour ,
6804-406: Was then drawn under the ship to allow water pressure to force it into the hole in the hull. The effort succeeded and soon very little water was entering, allowing the crew to stop two of the three pumps. Endeavour then resumed her course northward and parallel to the reef, the crew looking for a safe harbour in which to make repairs. On 13 June, the ship came to a broad watercourse that Cook named
6888-489: Was to reassemble Penguin on arrival, which was 28 January 1773. On 17 April Endeavour and Hound sailed for England with their crew. One of Penguin 's crew was Bernard Penrose who wrote an account. Samuel Clayton also wrote an account. The third voyage sailed in January 1774 with her purpose to evacuate the Falklands entirely as Britain was faced with political difficulties from the American Colonies,
6972-485: Was to reduce the garrison and replace HM Sloop Hound , John Burr Commander, with a smaller vessel, namely the 36-ton shallop Penguin , commander Samuel Clayton. She was a collapsible vessel and was no sooner built than taken apart, and the pieces were stowed in Endeavour . Endeavour sailed in November with Hugh Kirkland as the sailing master, and additionally the crew of Penguin , and four ship's carpenters whose job
7056-443: Was written. The plant he called Arbor alba is now known as Melaleuca leucadendra . The name Melaleuca was first used by Linnaeus in 1767. Many species previously known as Metrosideros were then placed in Melaleuca . In Australia, Melaleuca is the third most diverse plant genus with up to 300 species. The genus Callistemon was raised by Robert Brown , who noted its similarity to Melaleuca , distinguishing it only on
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