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42-580: Melipilla ( Mapudungun for "four Pillans ") is a Chilean commune and capital city of the province of the same name . It is part of the Santiago Metropolitan Region and is a significant satellite city of the Chilean capital. The Melipilla commune borders 10 other communes, María Pinto , and a portion of Curacaví to the north; San Pedro and Alhué to the south; Isla de Maipo , El Monte , Peñaflor , Padre Hurtado in

84-448: A commuter rail line linking Melipilla with Santiago is currently being planned. Mapudungun Mapuche ( / m ə ˈ p uː tʃ i / mə- POO -che , Mapuche and Spanish: [maˈputʃe] ; from mapu 'land' and che 'people', meaning 'the people of the land') or Mapudungun (from mapu 'land' and dungun 'speak, speech', meaning 'the speech of the land'; also spelled Mapuzugun and Mapudungu )

126-555: A commune, Melipilla is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council , headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2016-2020 alcalde is Ivan Campos. The council has the following members: Within the electoral divisions of Chile , Melipilla is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Raúl Leiva (PS), Marisela Santibáñez (PC), Juan Antonio Coloma (UDI), Jaime Bellolio (UDI), Leonardo Soto (PS) and Renato Garín (RD) as part of

168-583: A connection between the Merindonal subgroup mentioned above and the Mapuche language does not exist. Current linguists reject Greenberg's findings due to methodological concerns and opt instead for more conservative methods of classification. Moreover, many linguists do not accept the existence of an Amerindian language family due to the lack of available information needed to confirm it. Other authorities such as SIL International classify Mapuche as one of

210-536: A daughter, who died from leukemia in June 2011. Santibáñez studied theater under the guidance of Patricio Achurra , as well as social communication. In 2000, she starred in an advertisement for the Tapsin brand that received international awards. She has hosted and participated as a panelist on several television programs. In 2002, she hosted the late-night program La plancha  [ es ] on Mega . She

252-773: A linguist from the United States, proposed a system of classification of the many indigenous languages of the Americas in which the Amerindian language family would include the large majority of languages found on the South American continent, which were formerly grouped in distinct families. The only families that fell outside of his framework were the Eskimo–Aleut languages and Na-Dene languages . According to this classification, Mapuche would be considered part of

294-645: A migratory wave arising from the collapse of the Tiwanaku Empire around 1000 CE. There is a more recent lexical influence from the Quechuan languages ( pataka 'hundred', warangka 'thousand'), associated with the Inca Empire , and from Spanish. As result of Inca rule, there was some Mapudungun– Imperial Quechua bilingualism among the Mapuches of Aconcagua Valley at the time of the arrival of

336-583: A push from more northern Huilliches , who in turn were being displaced by Mapuches . According to Ramírez "more than a dozen Mapuche – Rapa Nui cognates have been described". Among these are the Mapuche/Rapa Nui words toki / toki (axe), kuri / uri (black) and piti / iti (little). As the 16th and 17th century Central Chile was becoming a melting pot for uprooted indigenous peoples, it has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua and Spanish coexisted there, with significant bilingualism, during

378-468: Is a historically debated topic and hypotheses have changed over time. In a 1970 publication, Stark argued that Mapuche is related to Mayan languages of Mesoamerica . The following year, Hamp adopted this same hypothesis. Stark later argued in 1973 that Mapuche descended from a language known as 'Yucha' which is a sister of Proto-Mayan language and a predecessor of the Chimuan languages , which hail from

420-575: Is about 120,000 and that there are slightly more passive speakers of Mapuche in Chile. As of 2013 only 2.4% of urban speakers and 16% of rural speakers use Mapudungun when speaking with children, and only 3.8% of speakers aged 10–19 years in the south of Chile (the language's stronghold) are "highly competent" in the language. Speakers of Chilean Spanish who also speak Mapudungun tend to use more impersonal pronouns when speaking Spanish. In Cautín Province and Llifén contact with Mapuche language may be

462-608: Is an Araucanian language related to Huilliche spoken in south-central Chile and west-central Argentina by the Mapuche people. It was formerly known as Araucanian , the name given to the Mapuche by the Spaniards; the Mapuche avoid it as a remnant of Spanish colonialism . Mapudungun is not an official language of the countries Chile and Argentina, receiving virtually no government support throughout its history. However, since 2013, Mapuche, along with Spanish, has been granted

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504-464: Is called either the "speech ( d/zuŋun ) of the land ( mapu )" or the "speech of the people ( tʃe )". An ⟨n⟩ may connect the two words. There are thus several ways to write the name of the language: Moulian et al. (2015) argue that the Puquina language influenced Mapuche language long before the rise of the Inca Empire . The influence of Puquine is thought to be the reason for

546-464: Is centered in Arauco Province , Sub-group II is the dialect of Angol , Los Ángeles and the middle and lower Bío Bío River . Sub-group III is centered around Purén . In the areas around Lonquimay , Melipeuco and Allipén River dialect sub-group IV is spoken. Sub-group V is spoken at the coast of Araucanía Region including Queule , Budi Lake and Toltén . Temuco is the epicenter of

588-630: The Alliance . In the 2016 municipal elections, she was the Yo Marco por el Cambio  [ es ] coalition's candidate for mayor of San Bernardo , receiving 13,079 votes – equivalent to 25.54% – and losing to Independent Democratic Union candidate Nora Cuevas . She again competed for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies, this time for the new District 14, in the 2017 parliamentary election . She received 35,913 votes – equivalent to 11.9% of

630-736: The Archaic Period made their way into the valleys. Subsequently, in relation to the early pottery period, other traces can be found that are continued by the Bato and Llolleo cultures. In the 15th century , it came into contact with the Inca culture and established a mitimae in Talagante governed by Prince Tala Canta Ilabe . Shortly after the Incas arrived, they were followed by the Spanish, whom

672-782: The Communist Party (PCCh). She has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies for District 14 since March 2018. Marisela Santibáñez was born in Santiago on 24 April 1975, the younger of two daughters of Rosario Novoa Benavente and Ricardo Fernando Santibáñez Moya. She grew up on Avenida Las Rejas  [ es ] in Estación Central , and completed her secondary education at the Luis Pasteur School in Providencia . In 2003, she gave birth to

714-587: The National Mining Company  [ es ] (ENAMI) related to contracts awarded to Inversiones SZ, on acts of the government related to the search for missing or disappeared minors, and on acts of the administration linked to the operation of La Chimba landfill. Santibáñez was part of the PRO's parliamentary committee until March 2019, when she submitted her resignation to the party, becoming an independent deputy. In September 2019, she joined

756-523: The Progressive Party (PRO), which he formed in 2010. In June 2013, the PRO announced her as a candidate for deputy for District 30 in that November's parliamentary election , as part of the coalition If You Want It, Chile Changes . She received the majority of popular votes, but was not elected because, by the rules of the binomial system which rewards the two highest-voted lists, her list finished third behind those of Nueva Mayoría and

798-633: The Talagante Province , and Paine in the Maipo Province to the east; and San Antonio in the Valparaíso Region . It has an area of 1,344.8 km (519 sq mi). According to the 2017 census, the commune alone has 123,627 residents and is projected to have 141,612 residents by 2020. The area has been inhabited since the last glaciation (approx. 11,000 BC). From there, groups of hunters and gatherers belonging to

840-589: The Zona Austral and also with Chonan languages of Patagonia , some of which are now extinct. However, according to Key, there is a closer relation still between Mapuche and the Pano-Tacanan languages from Bolivia and Perú, a connection also made by Loos in 1973. Key also argued that there is a link to two Bolivian language isolates: the Mosetén and Yuracaré languages . In 1987, Joseph Greenberg ,

882-586: The 14st electoral district. The commune is represented in the Senate by Guido Girardi Lavín (PPD) and Andrés Allamand (RN). In 2018, there were 2,804 registered businesses in Melipilla. The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) in the same year was 1.23, and the economic activities with the highest Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index were Cheese Processing (162.89), Wholesale Sale of Live Animals (98.76), and Chicken Farming for Meat Production (88.96). Melitrén ,

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924-546: The 17th century. However the indigenous language that has influenced Chilean Spanish the most is Quechua rather than Mapuche. In colonial times, many Spanish and Mestizos spoke the Mapuche language. For example, in the 17th century, many soldiers at the Valdivian Fort System had some command of Mapuche. During the 17th and 18th centuries, most of Chiloé Archipelago 's population was bilingual , and according to John Byron , many Spaniards preferred to use

966-827: The Andean language family, within the Meridional subgroup which also includes the Kawésgar language, the Puelche language , the Tehuelche language and the Yagán language. To Greenberg, Araucano isn't an individual language, but rather a subgroup composed of four languages: Araucano, Mapuche, Moluche, and Pehuenche. However, the comparative methods employed by Greenberg are controversial. In 1994, Viegas Barros directly contradicted Greenberg's hypothesis and part of Key's, arguing that

1008-858: The Mapuche territory today. Around Temuco , Freire and Gorbea the sub-group VI is spoken. Group VII is spoken in Valdivia Province plus Pucón and Curarrehue . The last "dialect" sub-group is VIII which is the Huilliche language spoken from Lago Ranco and Río Bueno to the south and is not mutually intelligible with the other dialects. These can be grouped in four dialect groups: north, central, south-central and south. These are further divided into eight sub-groups: I and II (northern), III–IV (central), V-VII (south-central) and VIII (southern). The sub-groups III-VII are more closely related to each other than they are to I-II and VIII. Croese finds these relationships as consistent, but not proof, with

1050-679: The Spanish in the 1530s and 1540s. The discovery of many Chono toponyms in Chiloé Archipelago , where Huilliche , a language closely related to Mapudungun, has been dominant, suggest that Mapudungun displaced Chono there prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the mid-16th century. A theory postulated by chronicler José Pérez García holds that the Cuncos settled in Chiloé Island in Pre-Hispanic times as consequence of

1092-513: The bishop's nephew. In the 18th century , the town of Pico was located near Pomaire , on the hacienda of the same name, about 8 km northwest of Melipilla. Probably, Pico was a head of relief, since a cacique with that name appeared among the "exalted heads" of the Kingdom, in Valdivia's time. Melipilla was officially founded on 11 October 1742 by José Manso de Velasco . The governor, at

1134-460: The community, participation in Chilean society, and the individual's choice towards the traditional or modern/urban way of life. There is no consensus among experts regarding the relation between Mapuche and other indigenous languages of South America and it is classified as a language isolate , or more conservatively, an unclassified language while researchers await more definitive evidence linking it to other languages. The origin of Mapuche

1176-460: The existence of Mapuche-Aymara-Quechua cognates . The following Pre-Incan cognates have been identified by Moulian et al. : sun ( Mapudungun : antü , Quechua : inti ), moon ( Mapudungun : küllen , Quechua : killa ), warlock ( Mapudungun : kalku , Quechua : kawchu ), salt ( Mapudungun : chadi , Quechua : cachi ) and mother ( Mapudungun : ñuque , Quechua : ñuñu ). This areal linguistic influence may have arrived with

1218-405: The extent that a single word can require a translation that produces a complete sentence. trari- SURROUND - mansun- ox- pa- CIS - rke- SURPRISE - la- NEG - (y)- ( E )- a- FUT - y- IND - Marisela Santib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez Marisela del Carmen Santibáñez Novoa (born 24 April 1975) is a Chilean actress, presenter, and politician of

1260-531: The local Huilliche language because they considered it "more beautiful". Around the same time, Governor Narciso de Santa María complained that Spanish settlers in the islands could not speak Spanish properly, but could speak Veliche, and that this second language was more used. Mapudungun was once the main language spoken in central Chile. The sociolinguistic situation of the Mapuche has changed rapidly. Now, nearly all of Mapuche people are bilingual or monolingual in Spanish. The degree of bilingualism depends on

1302-463: The locals called wingka in Mapudungun. The Mapuches who lived in this area were called picones or promaucaes . The most prominent ethnic center of the picones seems to have been located in the town of Pico, located near Melipilla. Precisely, seventy indigenous picones were entrusted to Bishop Rodrigo González Marmolejo by Valdivia . Later, the encomienda was enjoyed by Antonio González Montero,

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1344-639: The northern coast of Perú , and Uru-Chipaya ( Uruquilla and Chipaya ) languages, which are spoken by those who currently inhabit the islands of Lake Titicaca and peoples living in Oruro Department in Bolivia , respectively. This hypothesis was later rejected by Campbell in the same year. The research carried out by Mary R. Key in 1978 considered Mapuche to be related to other languages of Chile : specifically Kawésgar language and Yagán language which were both spoken by nomadic canoer communities from

1386-484: The program Capeando la tarde on Radio Carolina  [ es ] for nearly a decade, receiving an APES Award for "Radio Revelation" from the Association of Entertainment Journalists  [ es ] in 2001. In 2008, she returned to host the program on Píntame FM  [ es ] . Santibáñez actively participated in the presidential candidacy of Marco Enríquez-Ominami in 2009. She later joined

1428-418: The reason why there is aa lack of yeísmo among some Spanish speakers. The language has also influenced the Spanish lexicon within the areas in which it is spoken and has also incorporated loanwords from both Spanish and Quechua . Depending on the alphabet, the sound /tʃ/ is spelled ⟨ch⟩ or ⟨c⟩ , and /ŋ/ as ⟨g⟩ or ⟨ng⟩ . The language

1470-482: The request of the residents of the district, ordered the establishment of a town where families who lived scattered in the district could gather. Manso de Velasco stopped in the Melipilla valley after visiting Valparaíso's fortifications and, after recognizing the location, decreed the establishment of a town on a spacious and pleasant plain located about half a league from the north bank of the Maipo River . The town

1512-437: The status of an official language by the local government of Galvarino , one of the many Communes of Chile . It is not used as a language of instruction in either country's educational system despite the Chilean government's commitment to provide full access to education in Mapuche areas in southern Chile. There is an ongoing political debate over which alphabet to use as the standard alphabet of written Mapudungun. In 1982, it

1554-639: The theory of origin of the Mapuche proposed by Ricardo E. Latcham . The Mapudungun spoken in the Argentinian provinces of Neuquen and Río Negro is similar to that of the central dialect group in Chile, while the Ranquel (Rankülche) variety spoken in the Argentinian province of La Pampa is closer to the northern dialect group. Mapuche is a polysynthetic language with noun incorporation and root composition. Broadly speaking this means that words are formed by morpheme agglutination of lexical elements to

1596-400: The total – and was elected, becoming the PRO's first deputy and its sole representative in the legislative session that began on 11 March 2018. She is a member of the permanent commissions for culture and the arts, sports and recreation, and citizen security. She is part of the special investigative commissions on investment in hospitals and hiring of personnel, on irregularities in actions of

1638-458: The two languages that form that Araucana family along with Huilliche. However, most current linguists maintain a more conservative stance, classifying Mapuche as a language that remains separated from other indigenous languages of South America while its differences and similarities to them are being studied. I II III IV V VI VII VIII Linguist Robert A. Croese divides Mapudungun into eight dialectal sub-groups (I-VIII). Sub-group I

1680-537: Was a panelist on the talk show Acoso textual  [ es ] in 2004, and later on the show business program SQP  [ es ] . She competed on the reality shows La Granja VIP (2005) and 1910  [ es ] (2009), both on Canal 13 . She is an outspoken fan of the Colo-Colo football club, and has appeared on sports programs such as Show de goles  [ es ] and Jugados  [ es ] . On radio, she hosted

1722-541: Was estimated that there were 202,000 Mapuche speakers in Chile, including those that speak the Pehuenche and Huilliche dialects, and another 100,000 speakers in Argentina as of the year 2000. However, a 2002 study suggests that only 16% of those who identify as Mapuche speak the language (active speakers) and 18% can only understand it ( passive speakers ). These figures suggest that the total number of active speakers

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1764-578: Was named Logroño de San José and the district governor was charged with implementing the establishment according to the instructions that were followed in such cases. According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute , it has 108,540 inhabitants. An approximate population of 116,680 inhabitants is estimated in 2015. Melipilla spans an area of 1,355.8 km (523 sq mi). Of these, 60,898 (64.4%) lived in urban areas and 33,642 (35.6%) in rural areas . As

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