Misplaced Pages

#749250

29-571: It is located southwest of Nebra on the Unstrut River. The former municipality was merged with the neighbouring villages of Bucha and Wohlmirstedt into Kaiserpfalz on 1 July 2009. Nowadays the village has about 800 inhabitants. It also has an animal exhibition park with a small circus. A settlement called Mimelebo was already documented in a 780 register of the Hersfeld Abbey estates, issued by Archbishop Lullus of Mainz . In

58-529: A Memleben church. On behalf of Emperor Otto II , son of Otto I, the Benedictine Memleben monastery was built there from about 979 to honour the memory of his father. The Imperial abbey became one of the most important monasteries in the German kingdom for a short time, until in 1015 Emperor Henry II ceded it back to the monks of Hersfeld Abbey. The monastery buildings were devastated during

87-538: A form of funerary endocannibalism , where upon the death of a member of the community, they were ritually dismembered and consumed by other members of the group, with their skulls being used to create skull cups. At other Magdalenian sites primary burial with no evidence of cannibalism is observed, with a handful of sites showing alternating evidence of cannibalism and primary burial at different occupation layers. At sites with primary burial, genetic analysis of these individuals indicate that they are more closely related to

116-423: A low retreating forehead and prominent brow ridges . The culture spans from approximately 17,000 to 12,000 BP , toward the end of the most recent ice age . Magdalenian tool culture is characterised by regular blade industries struck from carinated cores. The Magdalenian is divided into six phases generally agreed to have chronological significance (Magdalenian I through VI, I being the earliest and VI being

145-404: A mammoth engraved on a fragment of its own ivory; a dagger of reindeer antler, with a handle in the form of a reindeer; a cave-bear cut on a flat piece of schist ; a seal on a bear's tooth; a fish drawn on a reindeer antler; and a complete picture, also on reindeer antler, showing horses, an aurochs , trees, and a snake biting a man's leg. The man is naked, which, together with the snake, suggests

174-679: A pronounced trend toward increased microlithisation. The bone harpoons and points have the most distinctive chronological markers within the typological sequence. As well as flint tools, Magdalenians are known for their elaborate worked bone, antler and ivory that served both functional and aesthetic purposes, including perforated batons . The sea shells and fossils found in Magdalenian sites may be sourced to relatively precise areas and have been used to support hypotheses of Magdalenian hunter-gatherer seasonal ranges, and perhaps trade routes. In northern Spain and south-west France this tool culture

203-724: A relatively dark skin tone compared to modern Europeans. A 2023 study proposed that relative to earlier Western European Cro-Magnon related groups like Goyet Q116-1-related Aurignacian and the Western Gravettian associated Fournol cluster, the Goyet-Q2-related Magdalenians appear to have carried significant (~30% ancestry) from the Villabruna cluster (thought to be of southeastern European origin, and sharing affinities to West Asian peoples not found in earlier European hunter-gatherers) associated with

232-587: A sting operation in Basel, Switzerland. The sky disc is thought to have been created between 2100 and 1700 BCE and to have been buried in approximately 1600 BCE. [REDACTED] Media related to Nebra (Unstrut) at Wikimedia Commons Magdalenian Magdalenian cultures (also Madelenian ; French : Magdalénien ) are later cultures of the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic in western Europe . They date from around 17,000 to 12,000 years ago. It

261-648: A warm climate in spite of the presence of the reindeer. In the Tuc d'Audoubert cave, an 18-inch clay statue of two bison sculpted in relief was discovered in the deepest room, now known as the Room of the Bisons. Examples of Magdalenian portable art include batons, figurines , and intricately engraved projectile points, as well as items of personal adornment including sea shells, perforated carnivore teeth (presumably necklaces), and fossils. Cave sites such as Lascaux contain

290-669: Is a town in the district of Burgenlandkreis of Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It is situated on the river Unstrut . Nebra has become nationally and internationally known as the site where the Nebra sky disc , a notable Bronze Age artifact, was discovered. The town has a population of around 3,300. Nebra lies between Querfurt and Naumburg on the Unstrut river in the west of Burgenlandkreis district. Neighboring towns are Querfurt, Barnstädt and Steigra (all three in Saalekreis ) to

319-605: Is exhibited at the Halle State Museum of Prehistory . In 1962, four Magdalenian figurines were found near Nebra from the late Upper Paleolithic , which belong to the oldest known artwork in Saxony-Anhalt. The figures are 12,000 to 14,000 years old. The Nebra sky disk was found in Wangen near Nebra in 1999. It only became public in 2002 when the finders tried to sell it and were eventually arrested following

SECTION 10

#1732773298750

348-676: Is named after the type site of La Madeleine , a rock shelter located in the Vézère valley, commune of Tursac , in France's Dordogne department. Édouard Lartet and Henry Christy originally termed the period L'âge du renne (the Age of the Reindeer ). They conducted the first systematic excavations of the type site, publishing in 1875. The Magdalenian is associated with reindeer hunters, although Magdalenian sites contain extensive evidence for

377-571: The Dordogne ; Grotte du Placard in Charente and others in south-west France. Magdalenian peoples produced a wide variety of art, including figurines and cave paintings. Evidence has been found suggesting that Magdalenian peoples regularly engaged in (probably ritualistic) cannibalism along with producing skull cups . Genetic studies indicate that the Magdalenian peoples were largely descended from earlier Western European Cro-Magnon groups like

406-679: The Epigravettian . The three samples of Y-DNA included two samples of haplogroup I and one sample of HIJK . All samples of mtDNA belonged to U , including five samples of U8b and one sample of U5b . Around 14-12,000 years ago, the Western Hunter-Gatherer cluster (which predominantly descended from the Villabruna cluster, with possible ancestry related to the Goyet-Q2 cluster ), expanded northwards across

435-752: The German Peasants' War in 1525. After the Protestant Reformation the abbey was finally dissolved in 1548, its estates were seized by the Electorate of Saxony and ceded to the newly established Pforta state school. Remains of the church and the monastery are still to be seen. St. Martin's Church has its origin in the Middle Ages and is currently being renovated. Nebra (Unstrut) Nebra (official name: Nebra (Unstrut) , pronounced [ˈneːbra ˈʊnʃtʁuːt] )

464-761: The Gravettians that were present in Western Europe over 30,000 years ago prior to the Last Glacial Maximum , who had retreated to southwestern Europe during the LGM. Madgalenian peoples were largely replaced and in some areas absorbed by Epigravettian -related groups of Villabruna/Western Hunter Gatherer ancestry at the end of the Pleistocene. The Magdalenian is represented by numerous sites, whose contents show progress in arts and culture. It

493-627: The 10th century the Pfalz or villa regia of Memleben, a kind of seasonal king's court, was one of the favourite places of the German king Henry the Fowler and his son Emperor Otto I . Henry the Fowler died here, probably by a stroke, on 2 July 936; his son Emperor Otto I also used Memleben as a temporary residence and died here on 7 May 973. According to the Res gestae saxonicae by the contemporary chronicler Widukind of Corvey , his intestines were buried in

522-507: The best known examples of Magdalenian cave art . The site of Altamira in Spain, with its extensive and varied forms of Magdalenian mobiliary art has been suggested to be an agglomeration site where groups of Magdalenian hunter-gatherers congregated. Some skulls were cleaned of soft tissues, then had the facial regions removed, with the remaining brain case retouched, possibly to make the broken edges more regular. This manipulation suggests

551-564: The hunting of red deer, horses, and other large mammals present in Europe toward the end of the last glacial period . The culture was geographically widespread, and later Magdalenian sites stretched from Portugal in the west to Poland in the east, and as far north as France , the Channel Islands , England , and Wales . Besides La Madeleine, the chief stations of the Magdalenian are Les Eyzies , Laugerie-Basse , and Gorges d'Enfer in

580-414: The latest). The earliest phases are recognised by the varying proportion of blades and specific varieties of scrapers, the middle phases marked by the emergence of a microlithic component (particularly the distinctive denticulated microliths ), and the later phases by the presence of uniserial (phase   5) and biserial 'harpoons' (phase   6) made of bone, antler and ivory. Debate continues about

609-555: The nature of the earliest Magdalenian assemblages, and it remains questionable whether the Badegoulian culture is the earliest phase of Magdalenian culture. Similarly, finds from the forest of Beauregard near Paris have been suggested as belonging to the earliest Magdalenian. The earliest Magdalenian sites are in France. The Epigravettian is a similar culture appearing at the same time. Its known range extends from southeast France to

SECTION 20

#1732773298750

638-410: The north, Karsdorf to the east, Bad Bibra to the south and Kaiserpfalz to the west. The oldest historical documents mentioning Nebra date back to 876. Town privileges were acquired in the 12th century. Nebra Castle was built in 1540 by the von Nißmitz brothers. For many centuries, red sandstone was mined in the region which was used for castles and farmhouses. Between 1952 and 1994, Nebra

667-702: The people of the Epigravettian culture/ Villabruna cluster than to the Magdalenians that practiced cannibalism (who belong to the GoyetQ2 cluster). The genes of seven Magdalenians, the El Miron Cluster in Iberia, have shown close relationship to a population who had lived in Northern Europe some 20,000 years previously. The analyses suggested that 70-80% of the ancestry of these individuals

696-494: The shaping of skulls to produce skull cups . Finds of defleshed (as evidenced by cut marks) and cracked bones with human chewing marks at Gough's Cave , England suggests that the Magdalenian peoples there engaged in cannibalism . Cannibalism has been suggested at a dozen other Magadelian sites across the culture's geographic range, representing 25% of all Magdalenian sites, far more than any other European Paleolithic culture. It has been suggested that Magdalenian peoples practiced

725-620: The western shores of the Volga River , Russia, with many sites in Italy. The later phases of Magdalenian culture are contemporaneous with the human re-settlement of north-western Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum during the Late Glacial Maximum . As hunter gatherers, Magdalenians did not re-settle permanently in northwest Europe, instead following herds and seasons. By the end of the Magdalenian, lithic technology shows

754-577: Was characterized by a cold and dry climate, humans in association with the reindeer, and the extinction of the mammoth . The use of bone and ivory as implements, begun in the preceding Solutrean , increased, making the period essentially a bone period. Bone instruments are quite varied: spear-points, harpoon -heads, borers, hooks and needles. The fauna of the Magdalenian seems to have included cave lions reindeer, arctic foxes , arctic hares , and other cold weather specialists. Magdalenian humans appear to have been of short stature, dolichocephalic , with

783-729: Was from the population represented by Goyet Q116-1, associated with the Aurignacian culture of about 35,000 BP, from the Goyet Caves in modern Belgium. It has also been found that Magdalenians are also closely related to western Gravettians who inhabited France and Spain prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. The 15,000 year old GoyetQ2 individual from Goyet Caves is often used as a proxy for Magdalenian ancestry. Analysis of genomes of GoyetQ2-related Magdalenians suggest that like earlier Cro-Magnon groups, they probably had

812-559: Was superseded by the Azilian culture. In northern Europe it was followed by variants of the Tjongerian techno-complex. It has been suggested that key Late-glacial sites in south-western Britain may be attributed to Magdalenian culture, including Kent's Cavern . Bones, reindeer antlers and animal teeth display pictures carved or etched on them of seals, fish, reindeer, mammoths and other creatures. The best of Magdalenian artworks are

841-600: Was the seat of the Nebra municipality in Halle district . The name of the town was changed on 1 January 1998, from Nebra to Nebra (Unstrut) . On 1 July 2009 the previously separate village of Wangen was merged with Nebra, and on 1 September 2010 the village Reinsdorf was annexed. Nebra today features the Courths-Mahler archives and Arche Nebra , a museum on the history of the Nebra sky disk. The sky disc itself

#749250