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39-532: Menologium rusticum is Latin for " rural menologium ", from Greek menológion ( μηνολόγιον ) meaning a monthly record. The name was given to the two known inscriptions by Mommsen in the 1st volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum . They are also sometimes described as agricultural calendars , rustic calendars ( German : Bauernkalender ), or as a Roman farmers' almanac . Broughton cautioned against overemphasizing

78-669: A copy of an earlier original work shared with the Menologium Rusticum Vallense and may have been made at a later date. It was rediscovered in the garden of Angelo Colocci in the Campus Martius in Rome in the early 1500s and first described by Fabricius in 1549, who happened to be Colocci's neighbor at the time. It became part of the Farnese Collection established by Pope Paul III and

117-453: A hole at the top, possibly for a sundial gnomon . It is inscribed with information about each month of the year , organized into twelve columns with three on each side. Its height is 66.4 cm (26.1 in) and its width is 41.3 cm (16.3 in) in one direction and 38.7 cm (15.2 in) in the other. Each column contains: It has been dated to AD   19–65 by Salzman and to 36–100 by Patrich , although it appears to be

156-539: A large reception at the Villa di Poggio a Caiano . Christina's dowry was fairly large; it included 600,000 crowns in cash as well as jewellery with a value of 50,000 crowns. Also, the rights of the Duchy of Urbino were transferred to Christina after the death of Queen Catherine de' Medici of France and thus assumed by future Medici rulers. Ferdinando's foreign policy attempted to free Tuscany from Spanish domination. After

195-454: A month each and largely concerned with saints ; for hagiographies (also known as synaxaria ) and liturgical calendars written as part of this tradition; and for equivalents of these works among Roman Catholic religious orders for organized but private commemoration of their notable members. Menologium is the Latin form of Greek menologion ( μηνολόγιον , menológion ), which

234-490: A separate menologium for each of the Jesuits' separate assistancies (now known as conferences ). These compilations quickly began to include respected but uncanonized members and to organize them for commemoration according to a calendrical schedule. Such members might be reputed for their holiness or simply their learning. Published by private authority, these works were intended for private consultation or remembrance within

273-512: Is also used in English, particularly in the context of Eastern Orthodoxy. The plural of both the Latin and Greek forms of the name is menologia . The Greek term derived from mḗn ( μήν , " month ") + -o- ( -ο- ) + lógos ( λόγος , " writing , recording ") + -ion ( -ιον ), together meaning a monthly record or account. Although properly referring to the thing recorded, menology

312-501: Is sometimes used as a synonym to mean the menologium itself. More rarely, menologe is as well, borrowed from French ménologe . The ancient Roman farming menologia ( Latin : menologia rustica ) were given their name by Theodor Mommsen in the first volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum , date from the imperial period , and seem to derive from a single source, now lost. They provide

351-629: Is the Menologium of Basil II from around the year 1000. Some—such as the Menologium of Symeon Metaphrastes or the Syriac Menologium —bear a close resemblance to medieval Catholic legendaria and early modern recompilations of them such as Surius 's Acta Sanctorum . Delehaye found that Symeon and other hagiographers of his era were largely conservative while compiling their works from earlier synaxaria but sparsely added additional materials from other—now uncertain—sources. In

390-487: Is undermined, however, since the calculations for the separate months do not balance across the year. Finally, the agricultural seasons provided do not match ancient or modern agriculture in the immediate vicinity of Rome at all. Instead, as had already been noted by Huschke , the very late harvests described seem to correspond with northern Italy , villages within the Apennines , or some other province entirely. As such,

429-526: The Cistercians "), printed at Antwerp in 1630. Nuremberg and Nádasi wrote similar works for the Jesuits , although they did not title them menologia. The earliest Jesuit compilation using the title was printed in 1669, with Giuseppe Antonio Patrignani creating a greatly expanded volume in 1730 and François Elesban de Guilhermy gathering materials for a series (published posthumously) that provided

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468-571: The Esquiline Hill in Rome found the remains of a Roman building that included a wall decorated with an imperial calendar with fasti and agricultural annotations and illustrations, which has been described as a menologium rusticum. Various classical scholars have used the menologia rustica in their work on the Roman calendar , including Fowler and Frazer . Johnson has even conjectured that

507-685: The Medici Oriental Press ( Typographia Medicea ), which published numerous books in the Arabic script. He improved the harbour Cosimo I had built and diverted part of the flow of the Arno river into a canal called the Naviglio , which aided commerce between Florence and Pisa . He fostered an irrigation project in the Val di Chiana , which allowed the flatlands around Pisa and Fucecchio and in

546-577: The Val di Nievole to be cultivated. The greatest cultural achievement in Florence during Ferdinando's reign was the introduction of opera to Europe. For the wedding of Ferdinando's niece Marie de' Medici to King Henry IV of France in 1600, his court sponsored a lavish performance of one of the first notable operas, Jacopo Peri 's Euridice . For the first two years of his reign, he retained his position as cardinal, but he gave it up in order to marry Christina of Lorraine in 1589. The couple had

585-534: The early modern period , some Roman Catholic religious orders began to compile the names and eulogies of their notable members. Saracenus's Menologium Carmelitanum ("Menologium of the Carmelites ") printed at Bologna in 1627 may have been the earliest of these, but did not yet include a daily arrangement and only listed formally canonized members of his order. This was soon followed by Crisóstomo Henríquez 's Menologium Cisterciense ("Menologium of

624-730: The year . In particular, it is used for ancient Roman farmers' almanacs ( menologia rustica ); for the untitled Old English poem on the Julian calendar that appears in a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ; for the liturgical books (also known as the menaia ) used by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches following the Byzantine Rite that list the propers for fixed dates , typically in twelve volumes covering

663-702: The Christians and had similar designs on the Holy Land , while also seeking commercial ties with Aleppo. He sent Ottoman convert Michel Angelo Corai to Ali Janbulad as an ambassador to fund rebellion in Ottoman Syria . Ferdinando strengthened the Tuscan fleet, and it saw victories against pirates on the Barbary coast in 1607 and against a superior Turkish fleet the following year. He also dreamed of

702-704: The Old English Metrical Calendar, is an untitled late 10th-century Old English poem covering the Anglo-Saxon liturgical year within the context of the Anglo-Saxon Church 's Julian calendar . Hart tentatively identifies its author as Byrhtferth , a Benedictine monk at Ramsey Abbey in Cambridgeshire , England . The Menologium serves as an prologue to a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , introducing

741-467: The assassination of Henry III of France in 1589, he supported Henry IV of France in his struggles against the Catholic League . Ferdinando lent Henry money and encouraged him to convert to Catholicism, which he eventually did. Ferdinando also used his influence with Pope Clement VIII to get him to accept Henry's conversion. Henry showed no appreciation for these favours, and Ferdinando let

780-440: The average lengths of day and night for each month at the latitude of Rome , astrological notes , the month's tutelary deity and temples in Rome by their day of dedication, agricultural tasks within the month, and other information but they omit most of the important agricultural festivals and, based on the listed harvest dates, were originally intended for a location rather north of Rome. The Menologium, also known as

819-462: The calendars cannot be assumed to represent the Roman schedule of their own time, let alone used without care for historical analysis. menologium#Latin A menologium ( / m ɛ n ə ˈ l oʊ dʒ i ə m / , pl. menologia ), also known by other names , is any collection of information arranged according to the days of a month , usually a set of such collections for all the months of

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858-468: The chief treasures of the collection. It featured prominently in Herman Posthumus 's 1536 Tempus Edax Rerum ( Latin for "Time, Devourer of All Things"), where it is used as an embodiment of time . The lower parts of its face are covered, removing the Roman festivals from the calendrical information and further emphasizing the painting's theme of inevitable loss. The della Valle collection

897-614: The custom to read aloud from such works in Jesuit refectories as part of the evening meal into the 20th century. The Menologium Franciscanum ("Menologium of the Franciscans ") published by Fortunatus Hüber in 1691 was similarly intended for such open recitation but noted that the concluding formula of the Roman Matyrology (" Et alibi aliorum ...") should be replaced as the ferialis terminatio cuiuscumque diei with

936-421: The four-sided shape of the menologia preserved an original four-month Roman "year" or festival cycle. Aside from their recovery within Rome, Wissowa had allowed for such speculation by affirming that the menologia and their exemplar appeared to have been created with Roman farmers in mind, pointing out the mentions of temple foundation dates, the correspondence of the solar information with Rome's latitude , and

975-657: The fourth left blank. Despite its cosmetic differences, however, it seems to derive with the Colotian calendar from a single source. The pillar was discovered before 1480 in the Circus Flaminius area of Rome or in a ruinous old church " apud Augustam ", usually taken to indicate the Mausoleum of Augustus . (The Solarium was nearby.) It was held by Andrea della Valle at his Palazzo di Giove. Its artwork and details on Roman daily life and science made it one of

1014-481: The interpolation of the day's Martyrologium into the choral recitation of Prime in Roman Catholicism. Synaxaria , also known as menologia, are collections of saints' lives without the other liturgical material of the menaia. They correspond with Roman Catholic Martyrologies , although the usual Orthodox style is to provide fewer but fuller entries on the saints' lives. The most famous example

1053-529: The justice system and was genuinely concerned about the welfare of his subjects. During his reign, Tuscany revived and regained the independence his brother had given up. Ferdinando fostered commerce and gained great wealth through the Medici banks , which were established in all the major cities of Europe. He enacted an edict of tolerance for Jews and non-Catholics, and Livorno became a haven for Spanish Jews as well as other persecuted foreigners. He established

1092-486: The large collection of antiquities established by Andrea della Valle in 1584, as well as other works of art like the Medici lions . These were subsequently divided among the various Medici estates. When his brother Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany , died in 1587, Ferdinando succeeded as grand duke at the age of 38. In many ways, Ferdinando was the opposite of his brother who preceded him. Approachable and generous, he set out to rule mildly. He re-established

1131-484: The order but not for inclusion into the liturgy . The Church prohibited reading from such works as part of the Divine Office but allowed them to be read aloud in the chapter-house or refectory . Henríquez's menologium had already included the remark that "it would not appear unsuitable if it were read aloud in public or in chapter or at least in the refectory at the beginning of dinner or supper" and it remained

1170-632: The preserved text and several include misspellings and other errors, including in one instance changing summer to winter. Menaia , also known as menologia, are the office books of the Orthodox Church covering the propers assigned to fixed dates in the calendar. They correspond with the Proprium Sanctorum of the Roman Catholic Breviary . They are usually issued in sets of 12 volumes, one for each month of

1209-525: The relationship cool, maintaining his cherished independence. He supported Philip III of Spain in his campaign in Algeria and Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor in his against the Ottoman Empire . For these undertakings, he found it necessary to raise taxes on his subjects. He finally obtained the formal investiture of Siena , which his father had conquered. Ferdinando sought to reconquer Cyprus for

Menologia rustica - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-477: The rustic nature of the surviving examples of the genre, however, given their expensive material, mathematical detail, and—most importantly—the omission of most of the principal agricultural festivals from the era of their creation, including the Cerialia , Fordicidia , Robigalia , and Vinalia . The Menologium Rusticum Colotianum ( CIL VI 2305, EDR 143318 ) is a short four-sided marble pillar with

1287-489: The suitability of the stated times for agricultural work around Rome. Against this, Broughton noted that Italy had adopted Rome's calendar by the imperial period and that the exactness of the information to within a quarter of an hour for certain months—even if it were perfectly accurate—could not establish location any more narrowly than within a range of 4 degrees of latitude, a distance allowing for any location between Rimini and Brindisi . Such exactness and reliability

1326-415: The three verses of Revelation beginning " Post hæc vidi turbam magnam ..." Ferdinando I de%27 Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (30 July 1549 – 3 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I , who presumably died from malaria . Ferdinando was the fifth son (the third surviving at

1365-574: The time of his birth) of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany , and Eleanor of Toledo , the daughter of Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca , the Spanish viceroy of the Kingdom of Naples . He was made a Cardinal in 1562 at the age of 13, but was never ordained into the priesthood. At Rome , he proved an able administrator. He founded the Villa Medici in Rome. He acquired

1404-416: The year, but are sometimes bound in three, each covering four months together. The propers cover the part of the day's liturgy that varies from the usual ordinary . They thus cover the commemoration of the days' saints in the service and in the canons sung at Orthros , particularly the synaxaries . These lives of the saints are inserted between the 6th and 7th odes of the canon in similar fashion to

1443-538: The year. There are similar but distinct equivalents in documents from the Celtic Church and in other Anglo-Saxon texts, generally known as kalendars . It has been printed in 18 separate editions beginning with George Hickes in 1703. Hickes entitled the poem "A Calendar or Poetical Menologium" ( Calendarium seu Menologium Poeticum ), picked up by Samuel Fox and the probable origin of its usual name. Most editions to date have added various emendations of

1482-414: Was purchased in 1584 by Ferdinando de' Medici and subsequently broken up and dispersed among the various Medici estates. Lost by the early 20th century. Villas on working estates often displayed mosaics and wall paintings depicting seasonal or monthly agricultural activities, with elaborate examples serving as a kind of menologia rustica. In 1966, archeologists excavating under Maria Maggiore on

1521-574: Was transferred to Naples by King Ferdinand IV in 1787. It is now held by the National Archaeological Museum in Naples (Inv 2632). The Menologium Rusticum Vallense ( CIL VI 2306) was a short four-sided marble pillar with an inset horologium or concave sundial . It was inscribed with similar information about each month of the year , although its twelve columns were organized into sets of four on three sides with

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