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19-568: Until the 17th century, the Minorcan subdialect had been a very uniform variant of Eastern Catalan (and therefore, with few differentiating points Balearic), and today it is still in certain aspects, especially by the closure of unstressed /o/ in [ʊ] , which is one of the main differences that the phonetics of Menorca presents in relation to Mallorca (except for Sóller and its dialect, which otherwise has some points of resemblance to that of Ciutadella ). A point in which Menorca remained outside

38-485: A common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish, Asturian , and Aragonese . Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/ . Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction , and the incidence of the pair /ɛ, e/ . In Eastern Catalan (except most of Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a, e, ɛ/ → [ ə ] ; /o, ɔ, u/ → [ u ] ; /i/ remains distinct. There are

57-477: A few instances of unreduced [ e ] , [ o ] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [ a ] , similar to Eastern dialects spoken in the Barcelona metropolitan area (however, in the latter dialects the vowels are distinct as [ ɐ ] vs. [ a ] ). In Majorcan (except in some parts of in the northern of the island), unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a, e, ɛ/ follow

76-495: A relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary , semantics , syntax , morphology , and phonology . Mutual intelligibility between its dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect . In 1861, linguist Manuel Milà i Fontanals split Catalan into two main dialectal blocks: Western and Eastern . The most obvious phonetic difference lies in

95-450: A wide range of contextual allophones . For further information see Catalan phonology#Vowels . Catalan and Valencian dialects are characterised by final-obstruent devoicing , lenition and voicing assimilation . Additionally, many dialects contrast two rhotics ( /r, ɾ/ ) and two laterals ( /l, ʎ/ ). Most Catalan and Valencian dialects are also renowned by the usage of dark l (i.e. velarisation of /l/ → [ ɫ ] ), which

114-530: Is especially noticeable in syllable final position, in comparison to neighbouring languages, such as Spanish, Italian and French (that lack this pronunciation). There is dialectal variation in regard to: Consonant mergers (between dialects) include: In Western Catalan, the 1st person present indicative ending for verbs is -e ( ∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o . For example, parle , tem , sent (Valencian); parlo , temo , sento (North-Western). In Eastern Catalan,

133-563: Is lost, although in the imperfect preterite in western Menorquín, the "i" is felt, pronouncing deia , veía , etc. The deafening of the "ll" is also given: gúə (agulla), véə (vella), fúə (fulla), uréə (orella), páə (palla). This same phenomenon occurs in certain villas in Mallorca, especially in Sóller, Alcúdia and Capdepera . Eastern Catalan The Catalan dialects (and restrictively also, Valencian dialects ) feature

152-668: Is the intonation. Not so resistant had shown the western sector of the island with the influence coming from Catalonia to Mahón of the morphemes flexives -és , -essis , -essin . Sixty years ago, the primitive forms -às , -assis , -assin were substituted in Ciutadella. In the treatment of the atonic group "ua", the Menorcan follows the example of the Mallorcan and removes the last vowel, but pronouncing "u" instead of "o": aigu , llegu , Pascu . The weak "i" between vowels

171-456: The /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone nouns and adjectives is maintained. For example, hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In Eastern Catalan, the /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone nouns and adjectives is lost. For example, homes 'men', joves 'youth'. Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of

190-449: The 1st person present indicative ending for verbs is -o , -i or ∅ in all conjugations. For example, parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern); all meaning "I speak". In Western Catalan, the inchoative desinences for verbs are -isc / -ixo , -ix , -ixen , -isca . In Eastern Catalan, the inchoative desinences for verbs are -eixo , -eix , -eixen , -eixi . In Western Catalan,

209-694: The Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o, ɔ/ reduce to [ o ] , with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. In Western Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e, ɛ/ → [ e ] ; /o, ɔ/ → [ o ] ; /a, u, i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance , is also found in Italian and Portuguese . Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. Central, Western, and Balearic differ in

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228-646: The Valencian Community. The Continental varieties of Catalan and Valencian may refer to: Insular Catalan may refer to: Classifications of the different varieties of Valencian: Comarcal extension of the dialects of Model C (within the Valencian Community only): Northern: els Ports , l' Alt and el Baix Maestrat . Castellonenc : l' Alcalatén , el Pla de l'Arc , la Plana Alta and Baixa . Central: South of la Plana Baixa ( Almenara and la Llosa ), el Camp de Morvedre , l' Horta de València , el Camp de Túria , most of la Ribera Alta and

247-557: The Western zone of la Ribera Baixa . Upper Southern: non-apitxat zones of la Ribera Alta and Baixa, la Safor , Costera , la Vall d'Albaida , l' Alcoià , la Marina Alta and Baixa , Northern zone of l' Alacantí . Lower Southern: the towns on the South of the line that connects the localities of Biar and Busot . Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes: /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/ ,

266-605: The evolutionary process of continental Catalan was with the use of stressed "ə", which was general throughout the island. This uniformity is maintained until the end of the 19th century. From the twentieth century, the stressed "ə" became in a closed "e" in Maó , and the same transfer was made in Alaior and Mercadal . Instead, in Ferreries and Ciutadella, the neutral sound had been maintained, partly for psychological reasons, according to

285-512: The language based on the Eastern and Western dialects respectively: Valencians are only surpassed in number of Catalan-speakers by Catalans themselves, representing approximately a third of the whole Catalan-speaking population. Therefore, in the context of linguistic conflict , recognition and respect towards the dual standard, as well as the dual Catalan–Valencian denomination, pacifies the tense central–periphery relations between Catalonia and

304-458: The lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/ . Usually, words with /ɛ/ in central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in central and western Catalan as well. As a result, Western Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/ . Note, the quality of vowels also varies across dialects, and they may present

323-410: The statement of Francesc de Borja Moll i Casasnovas , for the reaction of the ciutadelenses against the mahoneses, a consequence of secular antipathies. The pronunciation of the closed "e" of Mahon has been mocked by the ciutadelenses, and that has inhibited the progression of its use in the western sector of the island. Another notable difference between the cities of the island, Mahón and Ciutadella,

342-611: The treatment of unstressed a and e, which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary. Western Catalan comprises the two varieties of North-Western Catalan and Valencian ; the Eastern block comprises three to four varieties (depending on their classification): Central Catalan , Roussillonese (Northern Catalan), and Insular ( Balearic and Alguerese ). Each variety can be further subdivided into several subdialects. There are two spoken standards for

361-433: The two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. Ports (comarca) Ports ( Valencian: [ˈpɔɾts] ; Spanish : Los Puertos de Morella [los ˈpweɾtos ðe moˈɾeʎa] ) is a comarca in the province of Castellón , Valencian Community , Spain . It mostly overlaps the historical comarca known as Ports de Morella . The comarca

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