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72-430: The usual composition of the panel varies by jurisdiction but may consist of a legal member, a medical member and a community/specialist member. The legal member may be a senior lawyer or judge (often senior counsel ) and acts as the chair; the medical member may be a senior (e.g. consultant) psychiatrist and has often held clinical responsibility for detained patients before; and the community/specialist/'non-legal' member

144-643: A dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations . John O'Byrne was the sole King's Counsel (KC) appointed after independence, in June 1924 when he was Attorney General of Ireland . Shortly after the Courts of Justice Act 1924 came into effect, Chief Justice Hugh Kennedy , in conjunction with the Bar Council of Ireland , revived the issue of patents of precedence , which had been used in

216-743: A Consent and Capacity Board which operates under the Mental Health Act as well as the Health Care Consent Act , the Substitute Decisions Act and other legislation. The tribunals are also subject to the constitutional rights of Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Appeals may rarely reach the Supreme Court of Canada . In addition, each province and territory has

288-549: A black robe and silk gown together with a wig when appearing in open court. In Ireland , Senior Counsel wear a silk gown which differs from that of a Junior Counsel; the wig is optional. The rank of Senior Counsel has also been introduced in most states and territories of Australia , even though the King remains head of state . Between 1993 and 2008 all Australian jurisdictions except the Northern Territory replaced

360-437: A decrease in the number of academic disciplines. One key question is how well the challenge can be decomposed into subparts, and then addressed via the distributed knowledge in the community. The lack of shared vocabulary between people and communication overhead can sometimes be an issue in these communities and projects. If challenges of a particular type need to be repeatedly addressed so that each one can be properly decomposed,

432-579: A hearing at the High Court is possible. The related legislation is the Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment & Treatment) Act 1992 (and Amendment Act 1999 of the same name). As Canada has a federal system of government , Mental Health Review Boards are specific to each province or territory in Canada. For example, British Columbia 's operates under its Mental Health Act. Ontario has instead

504-459: A lay member appointed by the Minister for Justice . The relevant part of the 2015 act was commenced in 2019. It allows the bestowal of the title "Senior Counsel" on solicitors . The LSRA advisory committee replaces an earlier advisory committee which had no statutory basis, and no solicitor or lay member. The 2015 Act also specifies the criteria for both solicitors and barristers: It is still

576-526: A legal hearing, with legal representation provided. Some countries with fewer resources may initially only require a paper review in straightforward cases, or may not review very short detentions (e.g. less than 72 hours). However, the WHO states that there must always be a right of appeal in a timely manner as well as "ongoing, automatic, mandatory and regular reviews of status." The hearing authority should not be influenced by any external instruction at all. A balance

648-415: A multidisciplinary community can be exceptionally efficient and effective. There are many examples of a particular idea appearing in different academic disciplines, all of which came about around the same time. One example of this scenario is the shift from the approach of focusing on sensory awareness of the whole, "an attention to the 'total field ' ", a "sense of the whole pattern, of form and function as

720-543: A press release about a 1943 election candidate; they regarded "K.C." as pro-British and thus violating Irish neutrality . In 1949, shortly before the coming into force of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 , which created the Republic of Ireland and broke the final link with the British Crown , Frank Aiken asked John A. Costello during Taoiseach's questions "whether, in view of the fact that certain members of

792-516: A scale, around a norm, hierarchize individuals in relation to one another and, if necessary, disqualify and invalidate." (Foucault, 1975/1979, p. 223) Communities of academic disciplines can be found outside academia within corporations, government agencies, and independent organizations, where they take the form of associations of professionals with common interests and specific knowledge. Such communities include corporate think tanks , NASA , and IUPAC . Communities such as these exist to benefit

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864-533: A separate Review Board (Criminal Code), established under the Criminal Code , which adjudicates mentally disordered offenders found unfit to stand trial or not criminally responsible by reason of mental disorder. South Africa has Mental Health Review Boards in each province, as mandated by the country's Mental Health Care Act 2002. Although the Act has been noted for improving aspects of the mental health system,

936-661: A specific academic discipline, are classified as generalists . While academic disciplines in and of themselves are more or less focused practices, scholarly approaches such as multidisciplinarity/interdisciplinarity , transdisciplinarity , and cross-disciplinarity integrate aspects from multiple academic disciplines, therefore addressing any problems that may arise from narrow concentration within specialized fields of study. For example, professionals may encounter trouble communicating across academic disciplines because of differences in language, specified concepts, or methodology. Some researchers believe that academic disciplines may, in

1008-418: A transdisciplinary team is more holistic and seeks to relate all disciplines into a coherent whole. Cross-disciplinary knowledge is that which explains aspects of one discipline in terms of another. Common examples of cross-disciplinary approaches are studies of the physics of music or the politics of literature . Bibliometrics can be used to map several issues in relation to disciplines, for example,

1080-620: A tribunal revoked an order. Concerns regarding inaccurate and out-of-date medical reports have been raised in Canada. Risk is a component of decision making of tribunals but risk estimates are difficult. Individuals in New Zealand report disagreeing with risk assessments and felt that risk was exaggerated. The Mental Health Tribunal in England is now technically known as the First-tier Tribunal (Mental Health) but in practice

1152-445: A unity", an "integral idea of structure and configuration". This has happened in art (in the form of cubism), physics, poetry, communication and educational theory. According to Marshall McLuhan , this paradigm shift was due to the passage from the era of mechanization, which brought sequentiality, to the era of the instant speed of electricity, which brought simultaneity. Multidisciplinary approaches also encourage people to help shape

1224-483: Is a subdivision of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined (in part) and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties within colleges and universities to which their practitioners belong. Academic disciplines are conventionally divided into the humanities (including philosophy , language , art and cultural studies ),

1296-427: Is made up of people from different academic disciplines and professions. These people are engaged in working together as equal stakeholders in addressing a common challenge. A multidisciplinary person is one with degrees from two or more academic disciplines. This one person can take the place of two or more people in a multidisciplinary community. Over time, multidisciplinary work does not typically lead to an increase or

1368-426: Is neither a lawyer or medical doctor but has relevant qualifications (often at postgraduate level) and/or specialist experience in mental health, either as a mental health professional or a specialist layperson. Attendees may include the patient, a patient advocate , legal representatives (lawyers), any family (especially next of kin), and mental health professionals involved in the person's care (typically including

1440-568: Is no established system of review or appeal of detentions. As it has a federal system of government , the tribunals vary by state in Australia. Examples include the Mental Health Review Tribunal of New South Wales and the Mental Health Review Tribunal (NT) ( Northern Territories ). In New Zealand there is a right to apply for a review in a family court prior to applying for a Mental Health Review Tribunal. Rarely

1512-478: Is no right of appeal to a higher judicial court or to legal representation. The United States uses a purely judicial model, rather than mental health tribunals ('mental health boards' in the US are regional government groups that monitor or advise on policy etc.). Civil commitment hearings are generally held before a judge, and operate under the laws of that state. India has traditionally had no oversight body, even since

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1584-472: Is no right to a legal hearing and no guarantee of legal representation. Official sites: Senior counsel The title of senior counsel or state counsel ( post-nominal letters : SC ) is given to a senior lawyer in some countries that were formerly part of the British Empire . "Senior Counsel" is used in current or former Commonwealth countries or jurisdictions that have chosen to change

1656-750: Is often called the Mental Health Tribunal. The First-tier Tribunal , created by the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (TCEA 2007) in 2008, is subdivided into chambers: Mental Health Tribunals come within the Health, Education and Social Care Chamber . The Mental Health Review Tribunal for Wales was created by the Mental Health Act 1983 and has separate, but similar, procedural rules. John Geoffrey Jones , QC served as its chairman from 1996 to 1999. A new Upper Tribunal

1728-721: Is required between avoiding delays in necessary admission/treatment, reviewing as soon as possible, preventing harm, and recognising rights to mental health care as well as to refuse treatment. International legal agreements which can have a bearing on mental health tribunals include the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 13 Access to justice), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or regional human rights conventions such as Article 5(4) ( liberty and security of person ) and Article 6 of

1800-683: Is used in the law of Singapore . There is no independent bar in Singapore and senior counsel practice as members of law firms. Prior to independence, select members were given the title of King's Counsel or Queen's Counsel. "Senior Counsel" (in Afrikaans Senior Advokaat ) replaced QC in South Africa after the Union became a republic on 31 May 1961, with appointments being made by the state president until 1994, when

1872-481: Is used to denote an experienced solicitor (who need not be an advocate), who is not on the path to partnership. This position is therefore analogous to the American title of counsel and is not directly comparable to the position of King's Counsel/Senior Counsel, which is held by barristers. Other jurisdictions have adopted similar titles: Multidisciplinary An academic discipline or academic field

1944-675: The Executive Council (government). Although the 1937 Constitution of Ireland created the office of President of Ireland , it was still the Taoiseach as head of government who signed patents of precedence under the Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937. The title "K.C." continued to be used by many Senior Counsel, both those created before July 1924 and those after. Sir John L. Esmonde complained that wartime censors had changed "K.C." to "S.C." in

2016-606: The Secretary of State for Justice 's Mental Health Casework Section, but are still reviewed by the Mental Health Tribunal (often led by a Circuit Judge ). Three patients in the early 2010s were allowed to have their hearings in public, with the media in attendance. The Mental Health Tribunal for Scotland was created on 5 October 2005 by virtue of section 21 of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 . The Mental Health Review Tribunal for Northern Ireland

2088-408: The scientific disciplines (such as physics , chemistry , and biology ), the formal sciences like mathematics and computer science ; the social sciences are sometimes considered a fourth category. Individuals associated with academic disciplines are commonly referred to as experts or specialists . Others, who may have studied liberal arts or systems theory rather than concentrating in

2160-402: The 18th and 19th century as an alternative to a patent as KC, but had fallen into disuse from 1883 as the strictures formerly associated with the rank of KC were abolished. The Irish Free State patent wording was based on that issued to Daniel O'Connell ; the recipient would be styled "Senior Counsel" (SC; Irish abhcóide sinsir or abhcóide sinsearach ). According to the view held at

2232-531: The 1924 patent omitted the appointment as "one of our counsel learned in the law" from the KC patent, but retained its grant of "precedence and preaudience" to rank next after the previously appointed KC or SC. The Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936 abolished the office of Governor-General and the Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937 was held to have transferred the royal prerogative to

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2304-508: The 1987 Mental Health Act. However a Draft Mental Health Care Bill (2012) looks to set up a national Mental Health Review Commission and state Mental Health Review Boards. Mental health in China has traditionally had no oversight body or national mental health law. The Mental Health Care Act 2012 creates some rights for detained patients to request a second opinion from another state psychiatrist and then an independent psychiatrist; however there

2376-855: The British change from King to Queen in 1952. The Legal Services Regulation Act 2015 provides for the Legal Services Regulatory Authority (LSRA) to establish an Advisory Committee on the grant of Patents of Precedence. The committee comprises the Chief Justice, the Presidents of the Court of Appeal and High Court , the Attorney General , heads of the Bar Council and Law Society of Ireland , and

2448-470: The European Convention on Human Rights ( right to a fair trial ). However, tribunals are not necessarily legally enabled to deal with humans rights claims. In particular, claims for rights to mental health care and support still generally remain outside their remit, though they can sometimes make non-binding recommendations regarding care plans or supervisory arrangements. The Principles for

2520-511: The Inner Bar who received their patents as senior counsel continue to describe themselves as king's counsel, he will introduce a bill entitled an act to declare that the description of a senior counsel shall be senior counsel"; Costello said he had "no intention of wasting public time and money" on the idea. As late as the 1960s, R.G.L. Leonard (made KC before 1922) was described in the official Irish law reports as "Queen's Counsel", reflecting

2592-486: The Mental Health Commission. The related law is the Mental Health Act 2001 . The Tribunal panel consists of a psychiatrist, a lawyer (either a solicitor or a barrister) and a lay member. In many other jurisdictions, where mental health reviews are stipulated they tend to be carried out by a judge rather than by specialist tribunals. Turkey does not yet have a single coherent mental health law and there

2664-729: The Protection of Persons with Mental Illness ('MI Principles'), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1991, has some basic standards concerning the need for a legal hearing for patients who are detained or treated against their will or whose capacity to make decisions is questioned. Principle 17 (Review body) includes 7 points. Point 1 states: "The review body shall be a judicial or other independent and impartial body established by domestic law and functioning in accordance with procedures laid down by domestic law. It shall, in formulating its decisions, have

2736-545: The South Australian Government restored the rank of Queen's Counsel. The formal difference appears to be that KCs receive a warrant signed by the relevant state governor, who is the formal viceregal representative of the sovereign in the Australian states , whereas SCs receive a certificate issued by the relevant bar association or bureaucracy such as by the judicature of the state supreme court as

2808-418: The arts and social sciences. Communities of academic disciplines would contribute at varying levels of importance during different stages of development. These categories explain how the different academic disciplines interact with one another. Multidisciplinary (or pluridisciplinary) knowledge is associated with more than one existing academic discipline or profession. A multidisciplinary community or project

2880-467: The assistance of one or more qualified and independent mental health practitioners and take their advice into account." The final point states: "A patient or his personal representative or any interested person shall have the right to appeal to a higher court against a decision that the patient be admitted to, or be retained in, a mental health facility." Evidence suggests that despite their multidisciplinary nature, tribunals are significantly influenced by

2952-615: The bar could be designated as a Senior Advocate upon a selection process that employs various criteria for designation. The said designation happens by the Supreme Court directly, or through the concerned state High Court . In August 2018 the Supreme Court issued guidelines to regulate the conferment of designation of Senior Advocate. Senior advocates' gowns have a flap at the back to distinguish them from junior counsels. The Irish Free State came into existence in December 1922 as

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3024-557: The benefit of all societies' growth and wellbeing. Regional examples such as Biopeople and industry-academia initiatives in translational medicine such as SHARE.ku.dk in Denmark provide evidence of the successful endeavour of multidisciplinary innovation and facilitation of the paradigm shift. In practice, transdisciplinary can be thought of as the union of all interdisciplinary efforts. While interdisciplinary teams may be creating new knowledge that lies between several existing disciplines,

3096-472: The case may be. The title of Senior Counsel has replaced that of Queen's Counsel in Barbados, which became a republic on 30 November 2021. Those who were appointed as Q.C. are now free to change their postnominal letters to K.C., due to the death of Queen Elizabeth II and the accession of King Charles III to the British throne. They are not required to become S.C.s. For example, Dame Sandra Mason , who

3168-599: The clinician with primary responsibility for the patient) or brought in for an independent view. The hearings may be held privately or may be open to the public, depending on the jurisdiction and individual circumstances. Many Western developed nations use a tribunal model (they may be termed review boards) for mental health. There is usually provision to appeal decisions to a court ( judicial review ). By contrast some countries use an entirely judicial (courts) model, while some have no oversight or review body at all. The World Health Organization observes that most countries around

3240-527: The courts, although they have the advantage of unambiguous legal status, the court process can become a 'rubber stamp' exercise where judges make decisions in the absence of patients, representatives or witnesses, and endorse medical recommendations without independent analysis. Independent tribunals of specially selected members with expertise in the area are said to be more competent bodies if operated properly. Many countries require that every person recommended for detention or involuntary treatment be reviewed in

3312-694: The current physical sciences. Prior to the twentieth century, few opportunities existed for science as an occupation outside the educational system. Higher education provided the institutional structure for scientific investigation, as well as economic support for research and teaching. Soon, the volume of scientific information rapidly increased and researchers realized the importance of concentrating on smaller, narrower fields of scientific activity. Because of this narrowing, scientific specializations emerged. As these specializations developed, modern scientific disciplines in universities also improved their sophistication. Eventually, academia's identified disciplines became

3384-433: The early twentieth century, new academic disciplines such as education and psychology were added. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an explosion of new academic disciplines focusing on specific themes, such as media studies , women's studies , and Africana studies . Many academic disciplines designed as preparation for careers and professions, such as nursing , hospitality management , and corrections , also emerged in

3456-582: The first 17 (out of 60 applicants) solicitors. In Northern Ireland , the designation King's Counsel (KC) or Queen's Counsel (QC) has continued since 1921, as in the rest of the United Kingdom . In 1983 Richard Ferguson , former head of the Northern Ireland bar, was called to the Inner Bar in Dublin, becoming the first to be simultaneously QC and SC. Conversely, the first SC to become QC

3528-446: The flow of ideas within and among disciplines (Lindholm-Romantschuk, 1998) or the existence of specific national traditions within disciplines. Scholarly impact and influence of one discipline on another may be understood by analyzing the flow of citations. The Bibliometrics approach is described as straightforward because it is based on simple counting. The method is also objective but the quantitative method may not be compatible with

3600-563: The foundations for scholars of specific specialized interests and expertise. An influential critique of the concept of academic disciplines came from Michel Foucault in his 1975 book, Discipline and Punish . Foucault asserts that academic disciplines originate from the same social movements and mechanisms of control that established the modern prison and penal system in eighteenth-century France , and that this fact reveals essential aspects they continue to have in common: "The disciplines characterize, classify, specialize; they distribute along

3672-549: The future, be replaced by what is known as Mode 2 or "post-academic science", which involves the acquisition of cross-disciplinary knowledge through the collaboration of specialists from various academic disciplines. It is also known as a field of study , field of inquiry , research field and branch of knowledge . The different terms are used in different countries and fields. The University of Paris in 1231 consisted of four faculties : Theology , Medicine , Canon Law and Arts . Educational institutions originally used

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3744-530: The government which grants the patent of privilege and the Chief Justice of Ireland who calls patentees to the Inner Bar. As of 2020 , there were about 325 SCs among about 2,300 barristers registered with the Bar Council of Ireland . On 1 September 2020 the cabinet approved the first batch of 37 recommendations of the LSRA advisory committee. These were appointed senior counsel the following day, including

3816-498: The handover became senior counsel automatically. King's Counsel from England or other senior counsel from other jurisdictions is not accorded any precedence if they are admitted generally in Hong Kong. However, visiting King's Counsel from another jurisdiction who have been admitted for a specific case are entitled to use the title, and to be accorded the status, of Senior Counsel for the purposes of those proceedings. A member of

3888-584: The influence of the treating teams and particularly psychiatrist in decision making. Individuals involved in the tribunal process describe feelings of powerlessness and complain about the limited scope of tribunals that prevent them discussing their experience of treatment. Individuals may feel intimidated by the number of people present at the tribunal particularly if their friends and family members in attendance. There have been issues in Ireland with of psychiatrists defying tribunals are readmitting patients after

3960-608: The innovation of the future. The political dimensions of forming new multidisciplinary partnerships to solve the so-called societal Grand Challenges were presented in the Innovation Union and in the European Framework Programme, the Horizon 2020 operational overlay. Innovation across academic disciplines is considered the pivotal foresight of the creation of new products, systems, and processes for

4032-527: The medical domain through the use of medical discourse and respect for medical expertise. Further, medical jargon can as barrier to patient autonomy as it can be difficult for individuals to express arguments in medical language. Concerns have been raised about the lack of scrutiny of medical evidence in Australia; carers in Scotland have criticised a "hierarchy of opinion" mirroring decision making in medical settings; and forensic patients in Canada commented on

4104-559: The monarch as head of state, but have nonetheless opted for the new title include some states and territories of Australia , as well as Belize . Just as a junior counsel is " called to the [Outer] Bar ", a Senior Counsel is, in some jurisdictions, said to be " called to the Inner Bar ". Senior Counsel may informally style themselves as silks , like their British counterparts. This is the case in Ireland , Australia, Hong Kong, and South Africa. In Hong Kong, every Senior Counsel must wear

4176-552: The office was succeeded by that of president . A judge in the High Court in the province of Gauteng ruled that under the 1993 constitution , the president did not have the power to grant Senior Counsel status. This judgment has been overturned by the Supreme Court of Appeal and also the Constitutional Court. See Advocate § South Africa . In the United Kingdom , the position of senior counsel (lowercase)

4248-458: The organizations affiliated with them by providing specialized new ideas, research, and findings. Nations at various developmental stages will find the need for different academic disciplines during different times of growth. A newly developing nation will likely prioritize government, political matters and engineering over those of the humanities, arts and social sciences. On the other hand, a well-developed nation may be capable of investing more in

4320-524: The political science field (emphasizing the policy analysis aspect). As the twentieth century approached, these designations were gradually adopted by other countries and became the accepted conventional subjects. However, these designations differed between various countries. In the twentieth century, the natural science disciplines included: physics , chemistry , biology , geology , and astronomy . The social science disciplines included: economics , politics , sociology , and psychology . Prior to

4392-456: The review boards "contend with limited resources, administrative challenges and limited political support." Japan has regional Psychiatric Review Boards, but their independence is questioned. The members are appointed by the governor of each region, who is the same person who orders involuntary detentions. Half or over half of each panel is made up of psychiatrists, who are often owners of the hospitals, and only one legal member. Furthermore, there

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4464-721: The term "discipline" to catalog and archive the new and expanding body of information produced by the scholarly community. Disciplinary designations originated in German universities during the beginning of the nineteenth century. Most academic disciplines have their roots in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century secularization of universities, when the traditional curricula were supplemented with non-classical languages and literatures , social sciences such as political science , economics , sociology and public administration , and natural science and technology disciplines such as physics , chemistry , biology , and engineering . In

4536-538: The time, the "privilege of patent" was part of the royal prerogative within the Free State. The early patents were issued under the Free State's [internal] Great Seal by the Governor-General as the King's representative, on the advice of the Executive Council (government). On 14 July 1924 the Chief Justice called the first recipients to the "within the bar" and bestowed their patents. The form of

4608-482: The title " King's Counsel " to a name without monarchical connotations, usually related to the British monarch that is no longer head of state, such that reference to the King is no longer appropriate. Examples of jurisdictions that have made the change because of the latter reason include Mauritius , Zambia , India (senior advocate), Hong Kong , Ireland , South Africa , Kenya , Malawi , Singapore , Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago . Jurisdictions that have retained

4680-763: The title of Queen's Counsel with that of Senior Counsel. However, in 2013 Queensland restored the rank of Queen's Counsel and there was talk of other Australian states following suit. On 3 February 2014, the Victorian Attorney-General announced that the rank of Queen's Counsel would shortly be reinstated in the State of Victoria , with existing and future Senior Counsel having the option to apply to be issued with letters patent appointing them as Queen's Counsel; some 89% of barristers entitled to be called Senior Counsel were reported to have applied for letters patent to become Queen's Counsel. On 18 February 2019,

4752-424: The twentieth century, categories were broad and general, which was expected due to the lack of interest in science at the time. With rare exceptions, practitioners of science tended to be amateurs and were referred to as "natural historians" and "natural philosophers"—labels that date back to Aristotle—instead of "scientists". Natural history referred to what we now call life sciences and natural philosophy referred to

4824-446: The universities. Finally, interdisciplinary scientific fields of study such as biochemistry and geophysics gained prominence as their contribution to knowledge became widely recognized. Some new disciplines, such as public administration , can be found in more than one disciplinary setting; some public administration programs are associated with business schools (thus emphasizing the public management aspect), while others are linked to

4896-411: The world use some type of "independent authority such as a review body, tribunal or a court to confirm involuntary admission based on medical/psychiatric/professional expertise." Such authorities generally also adjudicate findings of incapacity to consent to or refuse medical treatment, and the issuing of community treatment orders (outpatient commitment) in countries that have them. In countries that use

4968-489: Was Paddy MacEntee in 1985. The title "Senior Counsel" was briefly established in New Zealand from 2007 until 2009. It was abolished by the following government in favour of restoring the title of Queen's Counsel on the basis of the respect felt accorded to those appointed Queen's Counsel. Those appointed as Senior Counsel were given the option of becoming Queen's Counsel or remaining as Senior Counsel. "Senior Counsel"

5040-575: Was also created by the TCEA 2007. It hears appeals (and sometimes judicial reviews ) relating to decisions of the First-tier Tribunal and MHRT for Wales. Appeals from the Upper Tribunal are heard by the Court of Appeal . A tribunal panel has three members: the legal, medical and specialist lay member. Some patients held in the mental health system after facing criminal charges are termed 'restricted' patients and are subject to additional controls via

5112-623: Was appointed as Q.C. is now free to change to K.C., even though she is the first President of Barbados . All new appointments will be as S.C. only. Senior Counsel is appointed in Belize, even though King Charles III is King of Belize . "Senior Counsel" ( Chinese : 資深大律師 ) replaced QC in the law of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China in 1997. King's Counsel who had been appointed KC in Hong Kong or British King's Counsel who had been admitted to practice in Hong Kong generally prior to

5184-624: Was set up under the Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986. Following the commencement of parts of the Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016, it was renamed as simply the Review Tribunal. It deals with cases of detention under the 1986 Order and of deprivation of liberty under the 2016 Act. Mental Health Tribunals in Ireland are administered by the Mental Health Tribunals Division of

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