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44-623: The origin of the name is unclear, but some have asserted that it might mean 'the river of ugly fishes' or 'ugly water' in Algonquian . Early variant spellings of the name were Mearamigoua, Maramig, Mirameg, Meramecsipy, Merramec, Merrimac, Mearmeig, and Maramecquisipi. The first European explorer was French Jesuit priest Jacques Gravier , who traveled the river in 1699–1700. Early on, the river became an important industrial shipping route, with lead , iron , and timber being sent downstream by flatboat and shallow- draft steamboat . Today,

88-584: A Corps of Engineers project was stopped once construction had begun, and it marked a major victory for the American environmental movement. Algonquian languages The Algonquian languages ( / æ l ˈ ɡ ɒ ŋ k ( w ) i ə n / al- GONG -k(w)ee-ən ; also Algonkian ) are a family of Indigenous languages of the Americas and most of the languages in the Algic language family are included in

132-400: A game room with video and board games along with a fenced off basketball/volleyball court. Amenities and services are open to all children between the ages of 10-17 free of charge. As of 2024, Tougaloo College maintains Sullivan's listing as a sundown town. However, the college's assessment reads that Sullivan is "probably not [still a sundown town], although very few Black people." As of

176-410: A non-binding referendum to be put on ballots in twelve surrounding counties. On August 8, 1978, 64 percent of the voters rejected the dam proposal. The referendum carried no legal weight but caused Congress to reconsider. Under President Jimmy Carter , funding was removed from the project. In 1981, President Ronald Reagan signed the bill de-authorizing the project. This was one of the first times that

220-449: A noun, that it must be a purely linguistic characterization. Anthropological linguists have conversely argued the strong connection between animacy and items viewed as having spiritual importance. Another important distinction involves the contrast between nouns marked as proximate and those marked as obviative . Proximate nouns are those deemed most central or important to the discourse, while obviative nouns are those less important to

264-459: A single word. Ex: ( Menominee ) paehtāwāēwesew "He is heard by higher powers" ( paeht - 'hear', - āwāē - 'spirit', - wese - passivizer, - w third-person subject) or ( Plains Cree ) kāstāhikoyahk "it frightens us". These languages have been extensively studied by Leonard Bloomfield , Ives Goddard , and others. Algonquian nouns have an animate/inanimate contrast: some nouns are classed as animate , while all other nouns are inanimate . There

308-437: A total of 60 full-time employees. The city operates on a very solid financial basis as demonstrated in its reserves. The local tax levy of 43.39 cents and utility rates are among the lowest in the area. A two cent sales tax for general revenue, capital improvements, and transportation provides the largest revenue source. The Board of Aldermen meets at 7:00 p.m. on the first and third Tuesday of each month. The Board relies on

352-507: Is 11.6% Black according to the US census definition, in the 2010 census 0.2% of the population of Sullivan was Black. In 2014, a group of 15 white schoolgirls blackened their faces for a game of powderpuff football, prompting national media coverage. Black is one of Sullivan's school colors. A few months prior, as protests took place in Ferguson, MO after the police killing of Michael Brown,

396-693: Is compatible with the proposal from J.P. Denny (1991) that Proto-Algonquian people may have moved east from the Plateau region of Idaho and Oregon or the Rocky Mountain-Great Plains boundary of Montana , dropping off subgroups as people migrated. Goddard also points out that there is clear evidence for pre-historical contact between Eastern Algonquian and Cree-Montagnais, as well as between Cheyenne and Arapaho–Gros Ventre. There has long been especially extensive back-and-forth influence between Cree and Ojibwe. It has been suggested that

440-405: Is ongoing debate over whether there is a semantic significance to the categorization of nouns as animate or inanimate, with scholars arguing for it as either a clearly semantic issue, or a purely syntactic issue, along with a variety of arguments in between. More structurally inclined linguistic scholars have argued that since there is no consistent semantic system for determining the animacy of

484-678: Is sometimes said to have included the extinct Beothuk language of Newfoundland , whose speakers were both in geographic proximity to Algonquian speakers and who share DNA in common with the Algonquian-speaking Miꞌkmaq . However, linguistic evidence is scarce and poorly recorded, and it is unlikely that reliable evidence of a connection can be found. The Algonquian language family is known for its complex polysynthetic morphology and sophisticated verb system. Statements that take many words to say in English can be expressed with

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528-646: Is the home of an historic iron works and trout fishery. As a free-flowing river with no flood control dams , the Meramec is subject to flooding . In addition to a flood in December 1982, there was major flooding December 2015 and in May 2017. Only the community of Valley Park , protected by a $ 50 million levee designed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was spared. For the first time in state history, MoDOT had to shut down I-55 from flooding in 2015. Flood risk along

572-686: The Central Algonquian groups are not genetic groupings but rather areal groupings. Although these areal groups often do share linguistic features, these commonalities are usually attributed to language contact . Paul Proulx has argued that this traditional view is incorrect, and that Central Algonquian (in which he includes the Plains Algonquian languages) is a genetic subgroup, with Eastern Algonquian consisting of several different subgroups. However, this classification scheme has failed to gain acceptance from other specialists in

616-599: The Corps of Engineers . The United States Congress authorized several large dams in the upper Mississippi and Meramec river basins in 1938 following severe flooding in 1927 and 1937. World War II intervened, and plans were delayed and altered, but the Meramec Basin Project finally started moving forward in the 1960s. The main dam was to be at Sullivan, Missouri , at Meramec State Park , with several additional dams upstream. These plans ran into opposition from

660-489: The census of 2020, there were 6,906 people, 3,061 households, and 1,789 families living in the city. The population density was 842.2 inhabitants per square mile (325.2/km ). There were 3,174 housing units at an average density of 387.1 per square mile (149.5/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 92.7% White , 0.5% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.5% Asian , 0.9% from other races , and 5.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of

704-489: The "Eastern Great Lakes" languages – what Goddard has called "Core Central", e.g., Ojibwe–Potawatomi, Shawnee, Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo, and Miami-Illinois (but not Cree–Montagnais or Menominee) – may also constitute their own genetic grouping within Algonquian. They share certain intriguing lexical and phonological innovations. However, this theory has not yet been fully fleshed out and is still considered conjectural. Algonquian

748-710: The Algonquian languages is their direct-inverse (also known as hierarchical ) morphosyntactic alignment , distinguishing between an unmarked voice where the subject outranks the object in a person hierarchy and a marked voice where the opposite relation obtains. Because Algonquian languages were some of the first with which Europeans came into contact in North America, the language family has given many words to English . Many eastern and midwestern U.S. states have names of Algonquian origin ( Massachusetts , Connecticut , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin , etc.), as do many cities: Milwaukee , Chicago , et al. Ottawa ,

792-450: The Algonquian languages. Instead, the commonly accepted subgrouping scheme is that proposed by Ives Goddard (1994). The essence of this proposal is that Proto-Algonquian originated with people to the west who then moved east, although Goddard did not attempt to identify a specific western urheimat for Proto-Algonquian in his 1994 paper. By this scenario, Blackfoot was the first language to branch off, which coincides well with its being

836-696: The KKK held a rally in the Sullivan area, prompting the town's mayor to write a formal denouncement of racial bigotry in the area. Attempting to overcome past prejudices, the Sullivan Chamber of Commerce selected Stefan Wehmeyer, an African American, as the community's 2017 Man of the Year. Later that year to open Life House Youth Center, a non-profit youth center that assists children with homework, learning, counseling, socializing, and sports/exercise etc. It has

880-625: The Meramec is increasing, with the communities of cities like Eureka , Pacific and Valley Park bracing for “100-year” floods twice during a 16-month period between 2015 and 2017. A St. Louis Post Dispatch headline stated that "Two catastrophic floods in less than two years wasn't just a case of bad luck," and attributed the flooding to " worrisome climate trends " and "failed flood policy that both constricts and swells waterways through levee construction and flood plain development." The free-flowing Meramec River and several of its tributaries narrowly avoided being impounded by several dams proposed by

924-514: The U.S. Government to Garretson (also spelled Garrison) P. Hardy. Purchased according to provisions of the Act of Congress for the sale of public lands (dated April 1820). Then in June 1848, Garretson sold the acreage to William & Mary Smith for $ 150. In June 1856, Stephen & Dorcas Sullivan purchased the acreage, plus an additional 49 acres from Smith for the sum of $ 400. This was the future site of

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968-428: The age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.6% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age in

1012-436: The age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.97. In the city, the population was spread over several age groups: 25.9% under

1056-460: The age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 30,046, and the median income for a family was $ 36,260. Males had a median income of $ 29,817 versus $ 20,385 for females. The per capita income for

1100-471: The aid and counsel of numerous boards and commissions, including the Planning & Zoning, Airport Board, Industrial Development Authority and Board of Adjustment that meet as needed. The Planning and Zoning Commission meets on the second Tuesday of each month at 7:00 p.m. As late as 1990, Sullivan had a sundown town sign warning Blacks against being present in Sullivan after dark. While Missouri

1144-516: The capital of Canada , is named after the Algonquian nation, the Odawa people . For a more detailed treatment of geographical names in three Algonquian languages, see the external link to the book by Trumbull. Sullivan, Missouri Sullivan is a city that straddles the border of Franklin and Crawford counties in the U.S. state of Missouri . The population was 6,906 at the 2020 census . On January 28, 1839, 120 acres were conveyed by

1188-474: The city was $ 17,518. About 6.9% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over. Public education in Sullivan is administered by Sullivan School District , which operates one primary school, one elementary school, one middle school and Sullivan High School . St. Anthony Catholic School is a private institution which operates for Pre-K through eighth grade. Sullivan has

1232-402: The city was 35.6 years. 26.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 21.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.4% male and 52.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,351 people, 2,585 households, and 1,682 families living in the city. The population density

1276-475: The city. The population density was 896.3 inhabitants per square mile (346.1/km ). There were 3,136 housing units at an average density of 397.0 per square mile (153.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 97.4% White , 0.2% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.4% Asian , 0.6% from other races , and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population. There were 2,829 households, of which 34.3% had children under

1320-491: The discourse. There are personal pronouns which distinguish three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), inclusive and exclusive first person plural , and proximate and obviative third persons. Verbs are divided into four classes: transitive verbs with an animate object (abbreviated "TA"), transitive verbs with an inanimate object ("TI"), intransitive verbs with an animate subject ("AI"), and intransitive verbs with an inanimate subject ("II"). A very notable feature of

1364-482: The east coast of North America to the Rocky Mountains . The proto-language from which all of the languages of the family descend, Proto-Algonquian , was spoken around 2,500 to 3,000 years ago. There is no scholarly consensus about where this language was spoken. This subfamily of around 30 languages is divided into three groups according to geography: Plains , Central , and Eastern Algonquian . Of

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1408-690: The east of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 8.2 square miles (21.24 km ), all land. Governed by a Mayor and six members of the Board of Aldermen and assisted by a City Administrator, the City oversees a budget of $ 25 million. The City of Sullivan provides services in the areas of electric distribution, water, sewer, streets, aviation, parks and recreation, engineering, economic development, solid waste collection and law enforcement with

1452-575: The group. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the Indigenous Ojibwe language (Chippewa), which is a senior member of the Algonquian language family. The term Algonquin has been suggested to derive from the Maliseet word elakómkwik ( pronounced [ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik] ), "they are our relatives/allies". Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from

1496-477: The growing environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as from recreational users of the free-flowing Meramec. The failure of the Teton Dam in 1976 increased the public's doubt about the wisdom of the project. Grass-roots opposition forced politicians originally in favor of the project to reconsider. At the request of Senators Jack Danforth and Tom Eagleton , Missouri Governor Kit Bond allowed

1540-480: The most divergent language of Algonquian. In west-to-east order, the subsequent branchings were: This historical reconstruction accords best with the observed levels of divergence within the family, whereby the most divergent languages are found furthest west (since they constitute the earliest branchings during eastern migration), and the shallowest subgroupings are found furthest to the east (Eastern Algonquian, and arguably Core Central). This general west-to-east order

1584-520: The original town. On July 25, 1856, when a post office was established in present-day Sullivan, the local postmaster named the place " Mount Helicon ". This short-lived name was after an actual mountain in Greece that was the mythical sanctuary of the Muses . In 1859, Stephen Sullivan donated ground for railroad right-of-way and built the depot himself. The railroad named the station “Sullivan” prompting

1628-441: The population. There were 3,061 households, of which 21.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 34% had a female householder with no husband present, 20.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.5% were non-families. 37.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

1672-632: The post office to change to Sullivan. Between 1920 and 1960 the city grew from 900 to more than 4,000 residents, making Sullivan the second fastest-growing city in the state during that time. The Maj. Gen. William S. Harney Summer Home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Sullivan is located on the Franklin-Crawford county line at the intersection of Interstate 44 and Missouri Route 185 . The Meramec River flows through Meramec State Park just to

1716-520: The river have taken steps in cleaning it up. Today the river is one of the most diverse waters in Missouri. The river is plentiful in black crappie , channel catfish , flathead catfish , largemouth bass , paddlefish , rainbow trout , brown trout , rock bass , smallmouth bass , walleye , white crappie , and some of the richest mussel beds in the state. The endangered Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) also lives in

1760-456: The river is used commercially by tour boats and sand and gravel mining barges . It also is used by canoe outfitters and ferry boat excursions. Numerous trails travel along the river and up over the bluffs, giving the hiker a glimpse of ducks , herons , beavers and other species of wildlife which may be seen along the river. At one time, the river was listed as one of the most polluted rivers in Missouri. Local and state government along

1804-543: The river. The Meramec River includes one of only three Red Ribbon Trout Areas in the state of Missouri, hosting healthy rainbow trout and brown trout populations where large springs flowing into the river provide the cool water required by these species. Red Ribbon trout streams are managed by the Missouri Department of Conservation to produce trophy-sized fish. Maramec Spring is the fifth-largest spring in Missouri. Maramec Spring Park, south of St. James,

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1848-431: The three, only Eastern Algonquian constitutes a true genetic subgroup. The languages are listed following the classifications of Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999). Extinct languages are marked with †, and endangered languages are noted as such. For dialects and subdialects, consult the separate main articles for each of the three divisions. Eastern Algonquian is a true genetic subgrouping. The Plains Algonquian and

1892-436: Was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.66. The median age in the city was 43.2 years. 21.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 27.1% were from 45 to 64; and 20.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,081 people, 2,829 households, and 1,793 families living in

1936-477: Was 828.4 inhabitants per square mile (319.8/km ). There were 2,775 housing units at an average density of 362.0 per square mile (139.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 98.38% White , 0.20% African American , 0.20% Native American , 0.55% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 0.20% from other races , and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population. There were 2,585 households, out of which 31.6% had children under

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