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21-721: Merkid may refer to: Merkit , a clan or a tribe of the Mongols Flag of the Faroe Islands , also known as Merkið Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Merkid . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merkid&oldid=950585322 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

42-614: A hard "g" is a plural form derived from the Mongolian word mergen (мэргэн), which means both "wise" and "skillful marksperson", as in adept in the use of bow and arrow. The word is also used in many phrases in which it connotes magic, oracles, divination, augury, or religious power. Mongolian language has no clear morphological or grammatical distinction between nouns and adjectives, so mergen may mean "a sage" as much as "wise" or mean "skillful" just as much as "a master." Merged becomes plural as in "wise ones" or "skillful markspeople". In

63-531: A language commonly used in the territories to which they had relocated. This led to the development of the modern Chuvash language . Some historians hypothesize that during the rule of the Mongols, the ethnic makeup of the population of Volga Bulgaria did not change, remaining largely Bulgar and partly Finno-Ugric . Alternatively, some hypothesize that some Kipchaks and Russians were forcibly relocated to Bulgaria. Undoubtedly, some Bulgars were forcibly relocated to

84-629: A part of the Ulus Jochi , later known as the Golden Horde . The territory was later divided into duchies; each of which eventually received or gained varying levels of autonomy as vassals of the Golden Horde. The surviving agricultural population was forced to leave the steppe lands. The majority settled along the Kama river and in adjacent areas further north. The area around Kazan , which

105-517: A severe decline. Over time, the cities of Volga Bulgaria were rebuilt and became trade and craft centers of the Golden Horde. Some Bulgarians, primarily masters and craftsmen, were forcibly moved to Sarai and other southern cities of the Golden Horde. Volga Bulgaria remained a center of agriculture and handicraft. The population of Volga Bulgaria was mostly Muslim . Under the influence of Bulgar culture, more and more nomadic Mongols and Kipchaks were converted to Islam . The language used by Muslims of

126-520: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Merkit The Merkits lived in the basins of the Selenga and lower Orkhon River (modern south Buryatia and Selenge Province ). After a struggle of over 20 years, they were defeated in 1200 by Genghis Khan and were incorporated into the Mongol Empire . The word Merged (мэргэд) with

147-619: The Battle of Kalka , a Mongol army under the generals Subutai and Jebe was sent to subdue Volga Bulgaria . Genghis Khan 's troops were seen as invincible at that time. However, in late 1223 (or 1224), the Bulgars may have fought with the Mongols. There is no historical mention except a short account by the Arab historian Ibn al-Athir, writing in Mosul some 1,800 km (1,100 mi) away from

168-562: The Keraites , attacked the Merkit and rescued Börte within the year. The Mergids were dispersed after this attack. Shortly thereafter she gave birth to a son named Jochi . Temüjin accepted paternity but the question lingered throughout Jochi's life. These incidents caused a strong animosity between Temüjin's family and the Merkits. From 1191 to 1207, Temujin fought the Merkits five times. By

189-626: The Golden Horde transformed into the Kipchak language , adopted by all Muslim Volga Bulgars. As a result of a later mixing of Kipchak and Bulgar , the literary language of the Golden Horde became what is now called the Old Tatar language , and eventually evolved into the modern Tatar language . Some of Bulgaria's non-Islamic population kept the Bulgar language, which was influenced by the Mari language ,

210-592: The Kasan Duchy (Kazan Ulus) under the Ghiasetdin 's leadership became practically independent from the Golden Horde. In 1440s, all lands with Volga Bulgar population were included into the Khanate of Kazan , which was ruled by Mongol dynasties. The Khanate also included Mari and Chuvash lands, while the rulers of the territories of Bashkirs , Udmurts , and Mordvins were considered vassals of Kazan . These were

231-670: The Merged. Genghis Khan had a Merged khatun (queen) named Khulan. She died while Mongol forces besieged Ryazan in 1236. In 1236, during the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria , a body of the Merkit was found in the area of land dominated by the Bulgar and Kipchak . A few Mergeds achieved prominent position among the Mongols, but they were classified as Mongols in Mongolian society. Great Khan Guyuk 's beloved khatun Oghul Qaimish , who

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252-628: The event. After several sharp skirmishes with the Bulgars, the tiring Mongols moved back down to the Volga. Meanwhile, the Rus continuously attacked the Bulgar State trying to attain supremacy over their wealthy region. In 1229, Ögedei Khan , sent another Mongol army under the command of Kukday and Bubedey to conquer the region. This force defeated Bulgar frontier guards at the Ural River and occupied

273-655: The general sense, mergen usually denotes someone who is skillful and wise in their affairs. The Mergeds were a confederation of three tribes, inhabiting the basin of the Selenga and Orkhon Rivers. The Merkits were related to the Mongols, Naimans , Keraites , and Khitan people . Temüjin's first wife Börte was kidnapped by Merkit raiders from their campsite by the Onon river around 1181 and given to one of their warriors. Temüjin, supported by his brother (blood-related) Jamukha and his khan etseg ('khan father') Toghrul of

294-471: The nobility. The Mongols then returned and put down the rebellions. According to some historians, over 80% of the country's population was killed during the invasion. The remaining population mostly relocated to the northern forested areas (territories of modern Chuvashia and Tatarstan ). Some autonomous duchies appeared in those areas. The southern steppe areas of Volga Bulgaria may have been settled by nomadic Kipchaks , and agricultural development suffered

315-415: The territory of modern Astrakhan Oblast , the population of which was previously nomadic. Volga Bulgaria's Muslim community preferred to call themselves Muslims ( Möselmannar ), but used the word Bulghar to distinguish themselves from nomadic Muslim Kipchaks. They did not call themselves Tatars until the 19th century. Russian sources originally distinguished Volga Bulgars from nomadic Tatars, but later

336-639: The time he had united the other Mongol tribes and received the title Genghis Khan in 1206, the Mergids seem to have disappeared as an ethnic group. Those who survived were absorbed by the Kipchaks and mixed with them. In 1215–1218, Jochi and Subutai crushed the remnants of them under their former leader Toghta Beki's family. The Mongols clashed with the Kankalis or the Kipchaks because they had sheltered

357-536: The upper Ural valley. In 1232 the Mongol cavalry subjugated the southeastern part of the Bashkiria and occupied southern portions of Volga Bulgaria. Led by Batu Khan , Mongol forces numbering 25-35,000 invaded Europe in 1236. The Mongols besieged and sacked Bilär , Bolghar , Suar , Cükätaw , and most other cities and castles of Volga Bulgaria; killing or enslaving virtually all inhabitants. Volga Bulgaria became

378-530: The word "Tatar" became synonymous with "Turkic Muslim". To distinguish between themselves, they started to use names of the khanates: the population of Khanate of Kazan called themselves the people of Kazan ( Qazanlı ); this name was also used by the steppe Tatars and by the Russians. In the middle of the 14th century some duchies of Volga Bulgaria became more independent and even coined their own money. The duchies were sometimes ruled by Bulgar nobles. In 1420s

399-589: Was a regent from 1248–1251, was a Merged woman. The traditionalist Bayan and his nephew Toqto'a served as grand chancellors of the Yuan dynasty . After the fall of the Yuan dynasty, they were a clan of a banner in the Northern Yuan dynasty . Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. The Bulgar state, centered in lower Volga and Kama ,

420-479: Was settled by Mari people some years before, became the nucleus of the (" Kazan Tatar ") population. Kazan and Çallı became new major political and trade centers . Some cities, such as Bolghar and Cükätaw , were rebuilt, but they were primarily trading centers and the population was not, for the most part, Bolgar . After the Mongols left Volga Bulgaria to conquer the Russian land, the Bulgars rebelled, led by

441-537: Was the center of the fur trade in Eurasia throughout most of its history. Before the Mongol conquest, Russians of Novgorod and Vladimir repeatedly looted and attacked the area, thereby weakening the Bulgar state's economy and military power. The latter ambushed the Mongols in the later 1223 or in 1224. Several clashes occurred between 1229–1234, and the Mongol Empire conquered the Bulgars in 1236. In 1223, after defeating Russian and Cuman / Kipchak armies at

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