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69-471: Merseburg acquired importance beyond the immediate region in the 10th century when it came to King Heinrich I (Henry I) by marriage. He built a Kaiserpfalz there overlooking the Saale and founded a church next to it, consecrated in 919. His son and successor, Otto I swore an oath on 10 August 955 to establish a diocese at Merseburg if God would grant him victory at the upcoming Battle of Lechfeld . In 968,

138-585: A 13th-century Bible, a fragment of the Ravenna Annals, a manuscript from the 9th century and a 10th-century sacramentary . The incantations vault holds a facsimile of the Merseburg Incantations or Merseburger Zaubersprüche . The southern wing now houses de:Europäisches Romanik Zentrum (European Centre for Romanesque Art). Merseburg Cathedral is known in musical circles for its large romantic organ , built by Friedrich Ladegast in

207-448: A bishop on the anniversary of his consecration could only be used by the pope of Rome: "Lord God ... who, although Thou dost not cease to enrich with many gifts Thy Church spread throughout the world, nevertheless dost look more favourably upon the see of Thy blessed Apostle Peter, as Thou hast desired that it should be most exalted, etc." The Preface for St John and St Paul remembers that they are buried within "the boundaries of this city";

276-686: A character in Richard Wagner 's opera, Lohengrin (1850), trying to gain the support of the Brabantian nobles against the Magyars. After the attempts to achieve German national unity failed with the Revolutions of 1848 , Wagner strongly relied on the picture of Henry as the actual ruler of all German tribes as advocated by pan-Germanist activists like Friedrich Ludwig Jahn . There are indications that Heinrich Himmler saw himself as

345-637: A collapse of royal power, as had happened in West Francia , and left a much stronger kingdom to his successor Otto I . He was buried at Quedlinburg Abbey , established by his wife Matilda in his honour. Born in Memleben , in what is now Saxony-Anhalt , Henry was the son of Otto the Illustrious , Duke of Saxony, and his wife Hedwiga , who was probably the daughter of Henry of Franconia . In 906 he married Hatheburg of Merseburg , daughter of

414-504: A few years and had to be rebuilt. It was only on 29 June 1042 that the cathedral was formally opened. Despite later construction, this early Romanesque structure still influences the appearance of today's cathedral. The lower parts of sanctuary (or choir ), transept and western towers remain Romanesque as do the eastern towers almost to their roofs. Only the crypt still maintains the original spatial impression, however. The hall crypt

483-445: A foot (gressum pedis) of land. This was also the reason – by God's will (Dei nutu) – for him having been defeated in this first campaign. This can be seen as proof that Henry did campaign against Bavaria, and Arnulf, more than once. In the second chapter, the unknown chronicler hints that Henry's predecessor on the throne, Conrad I , had also invaded Bavaria in an equally unlawful and hostile (non regaliter, sed hostiliter) fashion. Conrad

552-585: A lesser extent, the prayer formulas. This necessitated a return to having the readings in a separate book, known as the Lectionary . A separate Book of the Gospels , with texts extracted from the Lectionary, is recommended, but is not obligatory. The Roman Missal continues to include elaborate rubrics, as well as antiphons etc., which were not in sacramentaries. Of the textual groups of sacramentaries of

621-470: A new elite cavalry force. Henry built fortified settlements as a defense against Magyar and Slav invaders. In 932 Henry refused to pay the annual tribute to the Magyars. When they began raiding again, Henry, with his improved army in 933 at the Battle of Riade , crushed the Magyars so completely that they never returned to the northern lands of Henry's kingdom. During the truce with the Magyars, Henry subdued

690-471: A new porch (or narthex ) was added to the church. This was built circa 1230. At the same time, western façade, western towers and the part in between including transept and sanctuary were mostly reconstructed under Bishop Ekkehard Rabils (1215/6-1240). It is also likely that the nave was changed substantially and largely attained its final form. Two vestries accessible from the sanctuary were likely also added during this period. The southern one today houses

759-586: A new sarcophagus. Sacramentary In the Western Church of the Early and High Middle Ages , a sacramentary was a book used for liturgical services and the mass by a bishop or priest . Sacramentaries include only the words spoken or sung by him, unlike the missals of later centuries that include all the texts of the mass whether read by the bishop, priest, or others. Also, sacramentaries, unlike missals, include texts for services other than

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828-399: A recent deliverance from enemies. This allusion he understands to refer to the raising of the siege of Rome by Vitiges and his Goths at Easter-time, 538. Another writer attributed the allusion to Alaric 's invasion in 402, and held that the compilation was made between 366 and 461. Another considered that the book was composed under Pope Felix III (483-492). Yet another suggests that the book

897-561: Is a compilation of Roman Masses made in the sixth or seventh century for use in Gaul, so that the composers of Roman books who were at that time introducing the Roman Rite into Gaul might have a source from which to draw their material. He suggests Gregory of Tours (died 594) as possibly the compiler. The " Gelasian Sacramentary " contains everything needed by a priest in charge of a Roman titular or parish church. The archetype, now lost,

966-677: Is a meticulous re-working of material from the Old Gelasian Sacramentary and certain other sacramentaries of the Gregorian type usually called Type 2 Gregorian (known today only from a single extant manuscript, the Paduense Sacramentary , Padua, Bibl. Cap., cod. D.47). The Gellone Sacramentary is divided into two parts. The first part includes the Temporal and Sanctoral in one continuous series, following

1035-644: Is described as a glorious leader (gloriosus dux), being blessed by heaven (ex alto) with all kinds of virtues, brave and dynamic. He alone had saved his people from the scourge of the Saxons (de sevienti gladio paganorum) and given them back their freedom. This panegyric to the Bavarian duke is unparalleled for its time and underlines his position of power in the southeast of the East Frankish realm, so endangered by disintegration, so that "Arnulf ... nearly [found]

1104-471: Is one of the oldest mostly unchanged structures of this type in Germany. Around the middle of the 12th century the western towers were rebuilt, with late Romanesque octagonal upper levels put on top of the lower quadratic structures. The earlier quarry stone masonry was replaced by worked stones. The shape of the windows was later changed to Gothic style, probably in the second quarter of the 13th century when

1173-407: Is said to have marauded through the land, murdering and pillaging, having made many children orphans (orphanos) and women widows (viduas). Ratisbon , the duke's seat, was set to light and looted. After Conrad committed all these crimes (peccatis), it reports that divine providence (divino nutu) forced him to withdraw. The reason for this is not mentioned. The last section is a eulogy to Duke Arnulf who

1242-611: Is sometimes called the Sacrementary of King Pepin . The family of manuscripts copied from it are generally called Frankish Gelasian or Eighth-Century Gelasian sacramentaries. The most faithful copy is considered to be the Sacramentary of Gellone , Bibliothèque nationale de France MS Latin 12048, copied around 780. About a dozen other manuscripts of the Frankish Gelasian type are extant. The Frankish Gelasian

1311-584: The Duchy of Bohemia and forced Duke Wenceslaus I to resume the annual payment of tribute to the king. Meanwhile, the Slavic Redarii had driven away their chief, captured the town of Walsleben and massacred its inhabitants. Counts Bernard and Thietmar marched against the fortress of Lenzen beyond the Elbe, and, after fierce fighting , completely routed the enemy on 4 September 929. The Lusatians and

1380-551: The Kingdom of Italy . Henry became Duke of Saxony after his father's death in 912. An able ruler, he continued to strengthen the position of his duchy within the weakening kingdom of East Francia , and was frequently in conflict with his neighbors to the South in the Duchy of Franconia . On 23 December 918 Conrad I , king of East Francia and Franconian duke, died. Although Henry had rebelled against Conrad I between 912 and 915 over

1449-588: The Polabian Slavs who lived on his eastern borders. In the winter of 928 he marched against the Slavic Hevelli tribes and seized their capital, Brandenburg . He then invaded the Glomacze lands on the middle Elbe river, conquering the capital Gana (Jahna) after a siege , and had a fortress (the later Albrechtsburg ) built at Meissen . In 929, with the help of Arnulf of Bavaria, Henry entered

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1518-599: The Quedlinburg Abbey where Henry and Matilda are buried. She was later canonized . His son Otto I , traditionally known as Otto the Great , continued his father's work of unifying all German tribes into a single kingdom and greatly expanded the king's powers. He installed members of his family in the kingdom's most important duchies, subjected the clergy to his personal control, defeated the Magyars and conquered

1587-501: The Roman Rite still extant, either complete or in part, the most important are the three known by the names Leonine, Gelasian, and Gregorian. The "Leonine Sacramentary" is the oldest. Only one manuscript of it is known, written in the seventh century. This manuscript was found in the library of the cathedral chapter of Verona, was published by Joseph Bianchini in 1735, and was by him attributed arbitrarily to Pope Leo I (440-61). On

1656-559: The Ukrani on the lower Oder were subdued and made tributary in 932 and 934, respectively. In conquered lands Henry did not create march administration, which was implemented by his successor Otto I. Henry also pacified territories to the north, where the Danes had been harrying the Frisians by sea. The monk and chronicler Widukind of Corvey in his Res gestae Saxonicae reports that

1725-418: The reincarnation of Henry, who was proclaimed to be the first king of Germany. Himmler traveled to Quedlinburg several times to hold a ceremony in the crypt on the anniversary of the king's death, 2 July. This started in 1936, 1,000 years after Henry died. Himmler considered him to be the "first German king" and declared his tomb a site of pilgrimage for Germans. In 1937, the king's remains were reinterred in

1794-529: The Bavarian March of Carinthia by Eberhard and the Count of Meran and another group was routed by Liutfried , count of Elsass (French reading: Alsace ), the Magyars continued raiding East Francia. Henry, having captured a Hungarian prince, managed to arrange a ten-year truce in 924, though he agreed to pay annual tribute. By doing so he and the dukes gained time to build new fortified towns and to train

1863-619: The Canon of the Mass, what would today be called votive masses (e.g., for travellers, in time of trouble, for kings, and so on), masses for the dead, some blessings (of holy water, fruits, trees and so on), and various prayers for special occasions. The Gelasian Sacramentary was revised in the 8th century at the prompting of Pepin the Short , work that was likely undertaken at Flavigny Abbey and completed between 760 and 770. The sacramentary, now lost,

1932-762: The Danes were subjects of Henry the Fowler. Henry incorporated into his kingdom territories held by the Wends , who together with the Danes had attacked Germany, and also conquered Schleswig in 934. As the first Saxon king of East Francia, Henry was the founder of the Ottonian dynasty . He and his descendants ruled East Francia, and later the Holy Roman Empire, from 919 until 1024. Henry had two wives and at least six children: Henry returned to public attention as

2001-467: The Diocese of Merseburg was established but dissolved in 981. In 1004 it was reestablished by King Heinrich II (Henry II). Construction of the early Romanesque cathedral was begun by Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg in 1015. It was consecrated on 1 October 1021 in the presence of Emperor Heinrich II (Henry II) and his wife, Kunigunde . However, the eastern part of the building collapsed twice within

2070-610: The Magyar threat and in 933 routed them at the Battle of Riade , ending Magyar attacks for the next 21 years and giving rise to a sense of German nationhood. Henry greatly expanded German hegemony in Europe with his defeat of the Slavs in 929 at the Battle of Lenzen along the Elbe river, by compelling the submission of Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia through an invasion of the Duchy of Bohemia

2139-768: The Mass not said by the priest. Other books used in the celebration of Mass included the Graduale (texts mainly from the Psalms , with musical notes added), the Evangeliarium or Gospel Book , and the Epistolary with texts from other parts of the New Testament , mainly the Epistles (letters) of Saint Paul . In late mediaeval times, these books began to be combined, for the use of priests saying Mass without

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2208-666: The Masses of the Patrons of Rome, St Peter and St Paul, continually allude to the city. Louis Duchesne concluded that the Leonine book is a private collection of prayers copied without much intelligence from the official books at Rome about the year 538. He arrives at this date especially through an allusion in the Secret of a Mass placed in June (but really an Easter Mass), which refers to

2277-608: The Saxon count Erwin. She had previously been a nun. The marriage was annulled in 909 because her vows as a nun were deemed by the church to remain valid. She had already given birth to Henry's son Thankmar . The annulment placed a question mark over Thankmar's legitimacy. Later that year he married Matilda , daughter of Dietrich of Ringelheim , Count in Westphalia . Matilda bore him three sons and two daughters, Hedwig and Gerberga , and founded many religious institutions, including

2346-497: The addition of his own feast as well as other feasts that had not been celebrated before the seventh century. The book sent by Pope Adrian to Charlemagne has gone through inevitable development over the centuries since Gregory finished it. It represents the Roman Rite of the time when it was sent - the eighth century. In the Frankish kingdom, copies were made for churches and additions of other Masses and prayers were added according to

2415-399: The anniversary of a bishop's consecration, and so on. Evidently the writer has compiled as many alternative Masses for each occasion as he could find. In many cases he shows carelessness. Many of his Masses in natali episcoporum have nothing at all to do with that anniversary, and are really Masses for Sundays after Pentecost ; in the middle of a Mass of St Cornelius and St Cyprian he has put

2484-629: The assistance of a choir and other ministers. This led to the appearance of the Missale plenum ("full or complete Missal ") containing all the texts of the Mass (without the music of the choir parts). Pope Pius V published in 1570 an official version of such a Missal, known as the Roman Missal . At the behest of the Second Vatican Council , Pope Paul VI greatly increased the amount of Sacred Scripture read at Mass and, to

2553-518: The author gives a very lively impression of the disconcert Henry's claims caused in Bavaria: The piece abruptly starts with a clause. It relates that Henry I ( Saxo Heimricus ), following the advice of an unnamed bishop, had invaded the Bavarian kingdom ( regnum Baioariae ) in a hostile way. Decidedly, it hints at the unlawfulness of this encroachment, namely in that Bavaria was a territory in which none of Henry's forefathers had ever possessed even

2622-482: The book to Charlemagne, said that it was composed "by our holy predecessor, the divinely speaking Pope Gregory". The fact that the essential foundation of this sacramentary goes back to St Gregory, indeed to long before his time, is certain. We do not doubt that he made such changes as those that are acclaimed to him by his biographer, and that these changes stand in this book. But his work has not remained untouched, additions have been made to it since his time. For example,

2691-542: The cathedral. A statue of Thietmar von Merseburg was added to the cloister in 2007. The church is now owned and used by a Protestant congregation within the Evangelical Church in Central Germany . It is open to the public. The Treasury exhibits altars from the 16th century, liturgical equipment, the so-called cloak of Otto I and the hand of Rudolf of Rheinfelden . The manuscript vault contains

2760-442: The civil year. It begins in the middle of the sixth Mass for April, and ends with a blessing for the font "In ieiunio mensis decimi" (i. e. the winter Ember days ). In each month groups of Masses are given, often very large groups, for each feast and occasion. Thus, for instance, in June we find twenty-eight Masses for St Peter and St Paul, one after another, each headed: "Item alia"; there are fourteen for St Lawrence, twenty-three for

2829-413: The duchy and besieged Gilbert at Zülpich (Tolbiac), captured the town, and became master of a large portion of his lands. Allowing Gilbert to remain in power as duke, Henry arranged the marriage of his daughter Gerberga to his new vassal in 928. Thus he brought that realm, which had been lost in 910, back into the kingdom as the fifth stem duchy. The threat of Magyar raiders improved his situation, as all

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2898-402: The dukes and nobles realized that only a strong state could defend their lands against barbarian incursions. In 919 Henry was defeated by the Magyars in the Battle of Püchen , hardly escaping from being killed in battle, managing to take refuge in the town of Püchen. In 921 the Magyars once again invaded East Francia and Italy. Although a sizable Magyar force was defeated near Bleiburg in

2967-428: The election. Archbishop Heriger of Mainz offered to anoint Henry according to the usual ceremony, but he refused – the only king of his time not to undergo that rite – allegedly because he wished to be king not by the church's but by the people's acclaim. Henry, who was elected to kingship by only the Saxons and Franconians at Fritzlar, had to subdue the other dukes. Duke Burchard II of Swabia soon swore fealty to

3036-399: The first non- Frankish king of East Francia, he established the Ottonian dynasty of kings and emperors , and he is generally considered to be the founder of the medieval German state , known until then as East Francia. An avid hunter , he obtained the epithet "the Fowler" because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king. He

3105-586: The first part, down to this note, as being the book sent by Hadrian. However, its attribution to Pope Gregory I (590-604) shows us that Gregory did much to reform the liturgy. A constant tradition ascribes such a work to him, as to Gelasius. John the Deacon (eighth century) in his Life of Gregory expresses this tradition: "He collected the Sacramentary of Gelasius in one book, leaving out much, changing little, adding something." Pope Adrian himself, in sending

3174-471: The foundation of the Roman Missal . A non-comprehensive list of significant sacramentaries from the 7th to the 13th centuries. In addition: The benedictional is a related type of book containing a collection of benedictions or blessings in use in the Roman Catholic Church , essentially collected from those in sacramentaries. The Anglo-Saxon Benedictional of St. Æthelwold is

3243-584: The kingdom together in the face of internal revolts and external Magyar raids . Henry was elected and crowned king in 919. He went on to defeat the rebellious dukes of Bavaria and Swabia , consolidating his rule. Through successful warfare and a dynastic marriage, Henry acquired Lotharingia as a vassal in 925. Unlike his Carolingian predecessors, Henry did not seek to create a centralized monarchy, ruling through federated autonomous stem duchies instead. Henry built an extensive system of fortifications and mobile heavy cavalry across Germany to neutralize

3312-735: The lands in Thuringia , Conrad recommended Henry as his successor. Kingship now changed from the Franks to the Saxons , who had suffered greatly during the conquests of Charlemagne and were proud of their identity. Henry, as Saxon, was the first non-Frank on the throne. Conrad's choice was conveyed by his brother, duke Eberhard III of Franconia at the Imperial Diet of Fritzlar in 919. The assembled Franconian and Saxon nobles elected Henry to be king with other regional dukes not participating in

3381-592: The mass such as ordinations, the consecration of a church or altar, exorcisms, and blessings, all of which were later included in Pontificals and Rituals instead. In the late 20th century, the word sacramentary was used in the United States and some other English-speaking countries for the English translation of the Roman Missal , particularly those that, like earlier sacramentaries, omitted parts of

3450-436: The mid-19th century. Merseburg Cathedral also had a brief appearance in the 2014 film " The Monuments Men ", directed by George Clooney . Henry I, Holy Roman Emperor Henry the Fowler ( German : Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler ; Latin : Henricus Auceps ; c.  876 – 2 July 936 ) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and the king of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936. As

3519-432: The new king, but when he died, Henry appointed a noble from Franconia to be the new duke. Duke Arnulf of Bavaria , lord over a realm of impressive extent, with de facto powers of a king and at times even named so in documents, proved a much harder nut to crack. He would not submit until Henry defeated him in two campaigns in 921. In the short remnant of a more lengthy text, " Fragmentum de Arnulfo duce Bavariae ( de )",

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3588-696: The octave of Pentecost (there were at the time no special masses for the season after Pentecost), together with ordinations, prayers for all the rites of the catechumenate, blessing of the font and oil at the Easter Vigil, dedication of churches, and reception of nuns. Book II includes the Proper of Saints throughout the year, the Common of Saints , and the Advent Masses. Book III includes a great number of masses marked simply "For Sunday" (i.e., any Sunday),

3657-540: The position of the monarchy could only be consolidated gradually. Even under Otto the Great and later monarchs, consensus building would remain important. In 920, the king of West Francia , Charles the Simple , invaded and marched as far as Pfeddersheim near Worms , but retreated when he learned that Henry was organizing an army. On 7 November 921, Henry and Charles met and concluded the Treaty of Bonn , in which Henry

3726-471: The preface of a Mass of St Euphemia, a Mass for the new civil year is inserted among those for martyrs; Masses for St Stephen's day (26 December) with evident allusions to Christmas are put in August, obviously through a confusion with the feast of the finding of his relics (3 August). That the collection is Roman is obvious. It is full of local allusions to Rome. For instance, one of the collects to be said by

3795-646: The sacramentary, a book now often called the Old Gelasian Sacramentary , Vatican Reg. lat. 316, was made in the 7th or early 8th century for use in the abbey of St Denis at Paris. It includes five interpolated sections that introduce liturgical practices of Gaul from the time the manuscript was copied, but the interpolations are easily distinguished from the Roman sections of the text. The Old Gelasian Sacramentary consists of three books. Book I includes masses for feasts and Sundays from Christmas Eve to

3864-517: The sacraments and prayers, but Gelasius did not compile the later sacramentary that bears his name. Alongside the sacramentaries of the Gelasian type, all of them hybrids of Roman and Frankish practices, several older Gallican sacramentaries survive from the Merovingian period, all based on a mix of Gallican and some Irish traditions with little emphasis on Roman practices. We know most about

3933-487: The same resonance in the scarce historiography of his time, as did King Henry". Henry besieged Arnulf's residence at Ratisbon and forced the duke into submission. Arnulf had crowned himself as king of Bavaria in 919, but in 921 renounced the crown and submitted to Henry while maintaining significant autonomy and the right to mint his own coins. In his time, the king was considered primus inter pares (first among equals) . The king and princes formulated policies together and

4002-399: The same year and by conquering Danish realms in Schleswig in 934. Henry's hegemonic status north of the Alps was acknowledged by the kings Rudolph of West Francia and Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy , who both accepted a place of subordination as allies in 935. Henry planned an expedition to Rome to be crowned emperor by the pope , but the design was thwarted by his death. Henry prevented

4071-399: The specific church's requests. These additions were taken partly from the Gelasian book, partly from Gallican sources. Though at first the additions were carefully distinguished from the original book, they were eventually incorporated in it. Between the ninth and eleventh centuries the book, including the additions, returned to Rome, took the place of the original pure Roman Rite, and so became

4140-453: The strength of this attribution the book still bears the name Leonine. It represents a pure Roman use with no Gallican elements. But it is not a book compiled for use at the altar. The confusion of its parts shows this. It is a fragment, containing no Canon nor Ordinary of the Mass, but a collection of Propers (Collects, Secrets, Prefaces, Postcommunions, and Orationes super populum), of various Masses with ordination forms, arranged according to

4209-465: The third of these books, the so-called "Gregorian Sacramentary", which is in three parts: Charlemagne, anxious to introduce the Roman Rite into his kingdom, wrote to Pope Hadrian I between the years 781 and 791 asking him to send him the service-book of the Roman Church. The book sent by the pope is the nucleus of the Gregorian Sacramentary. It was then copied a great number of times, so that there are many versions of it, all containing additions made by

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4278-422: The tombs, high altar, organ and the façade of the princely vault). Damage sustained by palace and cathedral during World War II bombing were repaired starting in 1946. The interior was only finished in 1955. More exterior repairs followed in 1962-71 and the interior was renovated in 1972–4. Following reunification in 1990 (and especially after 2003) more extensive work was done both on the exterior and interior of

4347-493: The treasury and the manuscript collection. Finally, the eastern towers were raised around the middle of the 13th century. One of them retains a Gothic roof, the other is topped by a Baroque roof. Under Bishop Thilo von Trotha (1466–1514) the nave was rebuilt, due to the building of the adjacent Schloss /palace. The old nave was demolished in 1510 and the new nave built between 1510 (cornerstone laid) and 1514 (roof added). Von Trotha's successor, Adolf von Anhalt (1514–26) completed

4416-404: The usual Gregorian structure, with the canon of the mass given at Easter. The second part includes the episcopal blessings and other episcopal material, prayers for monastic use, the ordo of baptism, and a summary of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum . The attribution to Pope Gelasius (r. 492–496) likely derives from the Liber Pontificalis , which states that Gelasius wrote various prefaces to

4485-405: The various scribes. The original book sent by Hadrian to Charlemagne is easily distinguished from the different editions because the first to supplement Hadrian's book from other sources was a conscientious person who carefully noted where his additions begin, adding a note: "So far the preceding book of Sacraments is certainly that edited by the holy Pope Gregory." In the earlier versions we may take

4554-496: The work. The consecration was in 1517. In 1515 the west portal was added. From 1535 to 1537 the porch was redesigned as the burial chapel of Bishop Sigismund von Lindenau. The rood screen was demolished in 1588. Since the Reformation the cathedral has not been the seat of a bishop. Martin Luther gave a sermon here in August 1545. Renovations aimed at restoring the "original" look of the church took place in 1839, 1844/5 and 1883–6, Baroque elements were mostly removed (excluding

4623-411: Was born into the Liudolfing line of Saxon dukes. His father Otto I of Saxony died in 912 and was succeeded by Henry. The new duke launched a rebellion against the king of East Francia, Conrad I of Germany , over the rights to lands in the Duchy of Thuringia . They reconciled in 915 and on his deathbed in 918, Conrad recommended Henry as the next king, considering the duke the only one who could hold

4692-450: Was likely written in the mid-7th century, possibly for the Church of St Peter in Chains in Rome. It features modifications introduced by Gregory the Great (590–604) in the canon of the Mass (notably the insertion of the prayer Hanc igitur ), but does not yet contain either the Agnus Dei made official by Pope Sergius I (r. 687–701) or the Masses for the Thursdays in Lent added by Pope Gregory II (r. 715–731). The oldest extant copy of

4761-466: Was recognized as the east Frankish king and Charles rule in Lotharingia was recognized. Henry then saw an opportunity to take Lotharingia when a civil war over royal succession began in West Francia after the coronation of King Robert I . In 923 Henry crossed the Rhine twice, capturing a large part of the duchy. The eastern part of Lotharingia was left in Henry's possession until October 924. In 925 Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia rebelled. Henry invaded

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