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83-481: The Mil Mi-28 ( NATO reporting name "Havoc" ) is a Soviet all-weather, day-night, military tandem, two-seat anti-armor attack helicopter . It is an attack helicopter with no intended secondary transport capability, and is better optimized than the Mil Mi-24 gunship for the role. It carries a single gun in an undernose barbette , plus external loads carried on pylons beneath stub wings. In 1972, following

166-516: A Mi-28NM prototype was seen accompanied by a Mi-24/Mi-35M during a combat sortie over rebel-held territory in the northern Hama . It was reported the helicopter was sent to Syria to undergo testing in difficult weather and climate conditions. The Russian Aerospace Forces received the first two serial Mi-28NMs on 23 June 2019. A month later, during the International Military-Technical Forum ARMY-2019,

249-573: A US$ 4.2–$ 5.0 billion weapons contract, including purchase of 30 Mi-28NE helicopters. The deal was confirmed on 9 October. The deal was reportedly cancelled due to Iraqi concerns of corruption, but that concern was addressed, and the Iraqi defence minister stated that "the deal is going ahead." As of December 2015, 15 Mi-28NEs had been delivered. Iraqi Mi-28s reportedly saw their first use in combat in September 2014, only several days after their arrival in

332-433: A combination of sensors such as inertial and optical to improve tracking accuracy, update rate, and latency. Hybrid inertial tracking systems employ a sensitive Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and an optical sensor to provide reference to the aircraft. MEMS based IMUs benefit from high update rates such as 1,000 Hz but suffer from precession and drift over time, so they cannot be used alone. In this class of tracker,

415-539: A crash program to counter the technology . As a result, the MiG-29 was fielded in 1985 with an HMD and a high off-boresight weapon ( R-73 ), giving them an advantage in close maneuvering engagements. Several nations responded with programs to counter the MiG-29/HMD/R-73 (and later Su-27 ) combination once its effectiveness was known, principally through access to former East German MiG-29s that were operated by

498-626: A design that is 95% common to all platforms. Unlike the DASH, which is integrated into the helmet itself, JHMCS assemblies attach to modified HGU-55/P, HGU-56/P or HGU-68/P helmets. JHMCS employs a newer, faster digital processing package, but retains the same type of electromagnetic position sensing as the DASH. The CRT package is more capable, but remains limited to monochrome presentation of cursive symbology. JHMCS provides support for raster scanned imagery to display FLIR/ IRST pictures for night operations and provides collimated symbology and imagery to

581-411: A dual-feed, which allows for a cyclic rate of fire between 200 and 800 rounds per minute. Its effective range varies from 1,500 meters for ground vehicles to 2,500 meters for airborne targets. Rounds from High Explosive Incendiary (HEI) to Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (APDS) can be used. Stated penetration for the 3UBR8 round is 25 mm of RHA at 1,500 meters. The standard missile armament of

664-593: A modified Mi-28 prototype fitted with French and Belgian avionics. Russian manufacturers discussed how to meet these requirements. In October 2011, it was reported that the American AH-64D had emerged as the front-runner ahead of the Mi-28N to fill a requirement for 22 attack helicopters. India ordered 22 AH-64Es in 2015. In November 2023, Deputy Defense Minister Brigadier General Mahdi Farahi said plans have been finalized for Mil Mi-28 attack helicopters to join

747-523: A new system recently introduced by Elbit Systems especially to meet Apache and other rotary wing platform requirements. The system is designed for day, night and brownout flight environments. Jedeye has a 70 x 40 degree FOV and 2250x1200 pixels resolution. Sweden's JAS 39C/D Gripen fighter utilizes the Cobra HMD. The helmet is a further development and refinement of the Striker helmet developed for

830-530: A new, advanced helmet system designed to display visual information for aiming at targets in any field of view was under development for the MI-28N. The Mi-28 is a new-generation attack helicopter that functions as an air-to-air and air-to-ground partner for the Mi-24 Hind and Ka-50 Hokum. The five-blade main rotor is mounted above the body midsection, short, wide, tapered, weapon-carrying wings are mounted to

913-489: A novel optical system featuring a light-guide optical element (LOE) which provides a compact color collimated image to the pilot. The display can be positioned by each pilot, thereby eliminating the need for precise helmet position on the user's head or special helmet fitting. Software correction accommodates the display position, providing an accurate image to the pilot and allowing the Scorpion HMCS to be installed onto

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996-406: A pilot's existing helmet. A visor can be deployed in front of the display providing protection during ejection. The visor can be clear, glare, high contrast, gradient, or laser protective. For night operations, an NVG mount can be installed in place of the visor during flight. Once installed, NVGs can be placed in front of the display, thus allowing the pilot to view both the display symbols as well as

1079-573: A shorter range and smaller warhead than the S-13, but compensates with numbers. Currently, the Russian Aerospace Forces are upgrading their S-8 and S-13 rockets to laser guided missiles with the proposed Ugroza ("Menace") system. Rockets upgraded under Ugroza received the designations S-8Kor and S-13Kor, respectively. The Mi-28 can also carry the IR guided R-73 air-to-air missiles,

1162-591: A statement. On 6 August 2024, the Ukrainian SBU stated that a Russian Mi-28 in Kursk Oblast was damaged by an FPV drone. The SBU claimed that it the first successful intercept of a helicopter, mid-flight, using a drone. As of 16 September 2024, six Mi-28s have been visually confirmed as lost since start of 2022 Invasion by the Oryx blog. In October 2012, it was reported that Russia and Iraq may sign

1245-722: A target located behind the wing-line of the ‘shooter' aircraft, was demonstrated by a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) F/A-18 using JHMCS. Elbit designed system is used by Qatar and India on Rafale F3R Gentex / Raytheon introduced the Scorpion® Head/Helmet-Mounted Display System to the military aviation market in 2008. In 2010, Scorpion was the winner of the USAF/ANG/AFRes Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT) program. The Gentex helmet mounted display and motion tracking division

1328-418: A vertical fall of up to 12 m/s. The Mi-28 has a fully armoured cabin, including the windshield, which withstands 7.62 and 12.7mm armor piercing bullets and 20 mm shell fragments. The helicopter design is based on the conventional pod and boom configuration, with a tail rotor. The main rotor head has elastomeric bearings and the main rotor blades are made from composite materials. The tail rotor

1411-476: Is 800 mm Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA) . The 9M120F thermobaric variant is used against infantry , buildings, bunkers, and caves. The 9M120O expanding rod warhead variant is used against helicopters. All the variants have a range of 6 km. The 9M120M improved version has a longer range (8 km) and better penetration (900 mm of RHA). All variants use SACLOS missile guidance. Unguided weapons such as rockets can be carried on four pylons under

1494-543: Is a radar in a round cover above the main rotor, similar to that of the American AH-64D Apache Longbow . The Mi-28N also has improved tor vision and an aiming device under the nose, including a TV camera and FLIR . Due to funding problems, development was interrupted. A second prototype with an improved rotor design was unveiled in March 2004 at Rosvertol. The first serial Mi-28N was delivered to

1577-719: Is a derivative of the DASH III and the Kaiser Agile Eye HMDs, and was developed by Vision Systems International (VSI), a joint venture company formed by Rockwell Collins and Elbit (Kaiser Electronics is now owned by Rockwell Collins). Boeing integrated the system into the F/A-18 and began low-rate initial production delivery in fiscal year 2002. JHMCS is employed in the F/A-18 A++/C/D/E/F, F-15C/D/E/S/K/SG/SA/QA/EX, and F-16 Block 40/50/50+/60/70 with

1660-547: Is deployed on IDF F-15, and F-16 aircraft. Additionally, it has been certified on the F/A-18 and F-5 . The DASH III has been exported and integrated into various legacy aircraft, including the MiG-21 . It also forms the baseline technology for the US JHMCS. The DASH GEN III is a wholly embedded design, where the complete optical and position sensing coil package is built within the helmet (either USAF standard HGU-55/P or

1743-432: Is designed on a biplane configuration, with independently controlled X-shaped blades. A new design of all-plastic rotor blades, which can sustain 30 mm shells, is installed on the Mi-28N night attack variant. It is equipped with two heavily armored cockpits, a windshield able to withstand 12.7–14.5 mm caliber bullets, in-nose electronics, and a narrow-X tail rotor (55 deg), with reduced noise characteristics . It

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1826-556: Is designed to provide the pilot with a wholly unobstructed field of view. TopNight, a Topsight derivative, is designed specifically for adverse weather and night air to ground operations, employing more complex optics to project infrared imagery overlaid with symbology. The most recent version the Topsight has been designated TopOwl-F, and is qualified on the Mirage-2000-5 Mk2 and Mig-29K. The Eurofighter Typhoon utilizes

1909-508: Is devised. The Soviet Union did not always assign official "popular names" to its aircraft, but unofficial nicknames were common as in any air force . Generally, Soviet pilots did not use the NATO names, preferring a native Russian nickname. An exception was that Soviet airmen appreciated the MiG-29 's codename "Fulcrum", as an indication of its pivotal role in Soviet air defence. To reduce

1992-456: Is not made for helicopters. Before the 1980s, reporting names for submarines were taken from the NATO spelling alphabet . Modifications of existing designs were given descriptive terms, such as " Whiskey Long Bin ". From the 1980s, new designs were given names derived from Russian words, such as " Akula ", or "shark". These names did not correspond to the Soviet names. Coincidentally, "Akula", which

2075-414: Is not sure if it is an attack or transport helicopter. The possibility of buying Mi-26 transport helicopter is much more than MI -28NEs Attack Helicopters. Bangladesh or Russian any officials do not have any statement about the deal. In 2022, Russian arms sales agency Rosoboronexport dismissed media reports that suggest Bangladesh has acquired Mil Mi-28NE attack helicopters. The Indian Military requested

2158-487: Is powered by two 2,200 hp Isotov TV-3-117VM (t/n 014) turboshaft engines. While the Mi-28 is not intended for use as a transport, it does have a small passenger compartment capable of carrying three people. The planned purpose of this is the rescue of downed helicopter crews. The Mi-28N features a helmet mounted display for the pilot. The pilot designates targets for the navigator/weapons officer, who proceeds to fire

2241-481: Is then able to employ guided weapons or guns against the target. The targeting system follows the direction of the pilot's eyes. Russia's military rotary-wing aircraft fleet has been fully refitted with new night vision goggles (NVG). Mil Mi-28N attack helicopters of the Russian Aerospace Forces (VKS) received GEO-ONV1-family NVGs. The Mi-28 is equipped with a chin-mounted NPPU-28 turret with 30 mm automatic Shipunov 2A42 autocannon . It has selective fire , and

2324-573: The Army on 5 June 2006. By 2015, 67 Mi-28Ns were planned to be purchased, when the Mi-24 was to be completely replaced. The Rostvertol plant delivered about 140 Mi-28N and Mi-35M helicopters in 2012–14 to domestic and foreign customers; 28 helicopters were delivered in 2015. Mil also developed an export variant of the Mi-28N, designated Mi-28NE , and a simpler day helicopter variant, the Mi-28D , based on

2407-552: The Bangladesh Air Force with necessary equipment, along with operation and maintenance training. At the end of 2021, BDT 4100 crore from the Bangladesh's Bangladesh's Ministry of Finance approved approximately $ 520 million "At this time 1 USD equal 80 BDT " For the purchase of 8 helicopters "Attack or Transport". Bangladesh is spending around 65 million for each helicopter which is 2 times its market value and it

2490-708: The Kh-25 air-to-surface missiles as well as up to 500 kg aerial bombs. The first production examples of the Mi-28N completed factory flight and armament tests in late May 2006, and were received by the Russian Air Force on 5 June 2006. The Mi-28N was officially accepted three years later, in October 2009. It was assumed the Mi-28N would fully replace the older Mi-24 variant in the Russian Armed Forces by 2015. In September 2011, six Mi-28Ns of

2573-452: The NATO reporting names in some cases. NATO refers to surface-to-air missile systems mounted on ships or submarines with the same names as the corresponding land-based systems, but the US DOD assigns a different series of numbers with a different suffix (i.e., SA-N- versus SA-) for these systems. The names are kept the same as a convenience. Where there is no corresponding system, a new name

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2656-619: The T-129 Turkish Attack Helicopter. The French thrust vectoring Matra MICA (missile) for its Dassault Rafale and late-model Mirage 2000 fighters was accompanied by the Topsight HMD by Sextant Avionique. TopSight provides a 20 degree FoV for the pilot's right eye, and cursive symbology generated from target and aircraft parameters. Electromagnetic position sensing is employed. The Topsight helmet uses an integral embedded design, and its contoured shape

2739-570: The U.S. Army fielded the AH-64 Apache and with it the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS), a new helmet concept in which the role of the helmet was expanded to provide a visually coupled interface between the aviator and the aircraft. The Honeywell M142 IHADSS is fitted with a 40°-by-30° field of view, video-with-symbology monocular display. IR emitters allow a slewable thermographic camera sensor, mounted on

2822-491: The Helmet-Mounted Symbology System (HMSS) developed by BAE Systems and Pilkington Optronics . Named the Striker and later version Striker II, it is capable of displaying both raster imagery and cursive symbology, with provisions for embedded NVGs . As with the DASH helmet, the system employs integrated position sensing to ensure that symbols representing outside-world entities move in line with

2905-474: The Israeli standard HGU-22/P) using a spherical visor to provide a collimated image to the pilot. A quick-disconnect wire powers the display and carries video drive signals to the helmet's cathode-ray tube (CRT). DASH is closely integrated with the aircraft's weapon system, via a MIL-STD-1553 B bus. Latest model DASH IV is currently integrated on India's HAL Tejas . After the U.S. withdrawal from ASRAAM ,

2988-402: The Mi-28's technologies. Later, a few Mi-24Ds were fitted up with the Mi-28's radome mount to test the sighting-flight-navigational complex's abilities, and others had redesigned fuselages that closely resembled the future Mi-28, but with rounded cockpits. In January 1988, the first Mi-28A prototype (no. 032) flew. It was fitted with more powerful engines and an "X" type tail rotor instead of

3071-447: The Mi-28N design, but without radar and FLIR. A fifth-generation derivative, dubbed Mi-28NM, has been in development since 2008. According to then chief executive officer at Russian Helicopters Andrey Shibitov , the criteria for the modernized helicopter include low-radar signature , extended flight range, advanced weapons control system, some capability of a fighter jet and speed up to 600 km/h. In 2016, Russian media reported

3154-497: The Mi-28N is the supersonic 9M120 Ataka -V missile, which uses radio beam-riding guidance. Two racks can each carry 8 Ataka missiles, giving a total of 16 missile, although 8 Atakas is a more normal load. There are four variants of the Ataka missile for different tasks. The 9M120 Tandem High Explosive Anti-Tank (THEAT) warhead variant is used against tanks fitted with Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) , its stated penetrative ability

3237-814: The Mi-28N. An initial batch of 24 Mi-28UB training-and-combat helicopters was ordered in April 2016, and the first two serial Mi-28UBs arrived at the Torzhok Air Base on 16 November 2017. During the Russian military intervention of the Syrian civil war , the Mi-28N had its combat debut during the 2016 Battle of Palmyra when several Mi-28Ns of the Russian Aerospace Forces supported the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) in their advance towards

3320-548: The MiG-29 and Su-27 a significantly improved close combat capability. The Elbit Systems DASH III was the first modern Western HMD to achieve operational service. Development of the DASH began during the mid-1980s, when the IAF issued a requirement for F-15 and F-16 aircraft. The first design entered production around 1986, and the current GEN III helmet entered production during the early to mid-1990s. The current production variant

3403-889: The NVG image simultaneously. Scorpion is also used by Tactical Air Support Inc. on F-5AT, by French Air Force for Rafale F4, by the Spanish Air Force on EF-18s, the AC-130W Stinger II Gunship, the F-22 Raptor , and Belgian Air Force F-16AM/BM and U.S. Air National Guard F-16C. Aselsan of Turkey is working to develop a similar system to the French TopOwl Helmet, called the AVCI Helmet Integrated Cueing System. The system will also be utilized into

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3486-669: The Russian Air Force took part in the 2011 Union Shield joint Russian- Belarusian military exercise at the Ashuluk training ground in Astrakhan Oblast , Russia . To improve the training of pilots for the Mi-28N, the Russian Defense Ministry announced the procurement of up to 60 Mi-28UB training-and-combat versions by 2020. Four to six Mi-28UBs would be purchased for every unit that operates

3569-532: The Russian Defence Ministry and Rostec signed a long-term contract for the supply of 98 Mi-28NMs by 2027. A new contract was signed in August 2022. The Mi-28N was deployed by Russia during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine . The Times reported that Ukrainian forces had successfully used a UK -made Starstreak system to shoot down a Russian Mi-28N attack helicopter in early April. On 26 April,

3652-663: The South African Air Force (SAAF) used a locally developed helmet-mounted sight integrated with the Armscor V3A heat seeking missile. This enables the pilot to make off-bore attacks, without having to maneuver to the optimum firing position. After the South African system had been proven in combat, playing a role in downing Soviet aircraft over Angola, it is popularly claimed the Soviets embarked on

3735-590: The U.S. did not pursue fielding it except for integration into late-model Navy F-4 Phantoms equipped with the AIM-9 Sidewinder from 1969. HMDs were also introduced in helicopters during this time – examples include the Boeing AH-64 Apache with the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSiSy) demonstrated in 1985. At the same time (1975) the Mirage 3CZ and Mirage F1AZ of

3818-599: The U.S. pursued and fielded JHMCS in conjunction with the Raytheon AIM-9X , in November 2003 with the 12th and 19th Fighter Squadrons at Elmendorf AFB , Alaska. The Navy conducted RDT&E on the F/A-18 C as lead platform for JHMCS, but fielded it first on the F/A-18 Super Hornet E and F aircraft in 2003. The USAF is also integrating JHMCS into its F-15E , F-15C , and F-16C aircraft. JHMCS

3901-480: The city. During their support to SAA, Russia's Mi-28Ns targeted several Islamic State positions with S-8 unguided rockets and 9M120 Ataka anti-tank guided missiles. In October 2016, a prototype of an upgraded Mi-28NM helicopter performed its maiden flight. The Russian Defence Ministry ordered the first batch of Mi-28NM helicopters in December 2017, not disclosing the number of helicopters ordered. In March 2019,

3984-620: The combat units of the Iranian Armed Forces. In late 2011, Kenya began the process of acquiring 16 Mi-28s for its Embakasi based 50th Air Cavalry Division. They were set to be delivered to the 50th Air Cavalry Division in Kenya on 3 January 2012, from the Russian state owned corporation Rosoboronexport , which is an intermediary for all imports and exports of military related hardware. However, in 2013, Oboronprom denied reports that

4067-615: The completion of the Mil Mi-24 , development began on a unique attack helicopter with transport capability. The new design had a reduced transport capability (3 troops instead of 8) and omitted the cabin to provide better overall performance and higher top speed. Improved performance was important for its intended role fighting against tanks and enemy helicopters and covering helicopter landing operations. Initially, many different designs were considered, including an unconventional project with two main rotors , placed with engines on tips of wings (in perpendicular layout); and in one similarity with

4150-431: The country. However, official confirmation by the Iraqi ministry of defence only came on 30 October of the same year. In June 2010, Algeria was expected to place an order for 42 Mi-28NE helicopters. On 30 August 2016, Algeria displayed its first batch of Mi-28NE helicopters on television. In late December 2021, it was reported that Bangladesh is finalizing a government-to-government (G2G) deal to buy eight Mi-28NEs for

4233-463: The distinction of being the first HMD introduced and deployed that can display full-color conformal symbology. It is used along with the aircraft mission system to cue the aircraft targeting pods, gimbaled sensors, and high off-boresight missiles. Scorpion provides an "eyes out" capability: even when objects may be obscured from view, Scorpion can provide visual graphic cues to the near-field display. Unlike most HMDs which require custom helmets, Scorpion

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4316-466: The first aircraft with simple HMD devices appeared for experimental purpose in the mid-1960s to aid in targeting heat seeking missiles . The US Navy 's Visual Target Acquisition System (VTAS), made by Honeywell Corporation that was flown in early 1970s in F-4J and 1974–78 ACEVAL/AIMVAL on U.S. F-14 and F-15 fighters. VTAS received praise for its effectiveness in targeting off-boresight missiles, but

4399-441: The helmet) placed in an alternating field (generated in the flightdeck) to produce alternating electrical voltages based on the movement of the helmet in multiple axes. This technique requires precise magnetic mapping of the flightdeck to account for ferrous and conductive materials in the seat, flightdeck sills and canopy to reduce angular errors in the measurement. Acoustic sensing designs use ultrasonic sensors to monitor

4482-497: The late 1960s-era American Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne attack helicopter design, with an additional pusher propeller on the tail. In 1977, a preliminary design was chosen in a classic single-rotor layout. It lost its similarity to the Mi-24, and even the canopies were smaller, with flat surfaces. Design work on the Mi-28 began under Marat Tishchenko in 1980. In 1981, a design and a mock-up were accepted. The prototype (no. 012) first flew on 10 November 1982. The second prototype (no. 022)

4565-687: The late 1990s and early 2000s. The first civilian use of HMD on aircraft was the Elbit SkyLens HMD on ATR 72/42 airplane. While conceptually simple, implementation of aircraft HMDs is quite complex. There are many variables: HMD designs must sense the orientation (elevation, azimuth and roll) and in some cases the position (x, y, and z) of the pilot's head relative to the airframe with sufficient precision even under high " g ", vibration, and during rapid head movement. Five basic methods are used in current HMD technology – inertial, optical, electromagnetic, sonic, and hybrid. Hybrid trackers use

4648-602: The letter "B", and names like "Badger" ( Tupolev Tu-16 ), "Blackjack" ( Tupolev Tu-160 ) and "Bear" ( Tupolev Tu-95 ) have been used. "Frogfoot", the reporting name for the Sukhoi Su-25 , references the aircraft's close air support role. Transports have names starting with "C" (for "cargo"), resulting in names like "Condor" for the Antonov An-124 or "Candid" for the Ilyushin Il-76 . The initial letter of

4731-599: The militaries of three NATO members (Canada, the United Kingdom and United States) and two non-NATO countries (Australia and New Zealand). When the system was introduced in the 1950s, reporting names also implicitly designated potentially hostile aircraft. However, since the end of the Cold War, some NATO air forces have operated various aircraft types with reporting names (e.g. the "Fulcrum" Mikoyan MiG-29 ). The United States Department of Defense (DOD) expands on

4814-654: The name indicates the use of that equipment. The alphanumeric designations (eg AA-2) are assigned by the Department of Defense . The first letter indicates the type of aircraft, e.g., "Bear" for a bomber aircraft refers to the Tupolev Tu-95 , or "Fulcrum" for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 fighter aircraft. For fixed-wing aircraft, one-syllable names are used for propeller aircraft and two-syllable names for aircraft with jet engines. This distinction

4897-662: The nose of the aircraft, to be slaved to the aviator's head movements. The display also enables Nap-of-the-earth night navigation. IHADSS is also used on the Italian Agusta A129 Mangusta . The Russian designed Shchel-3UM HMD design from 1981, has been fitted to the ZSh-5 series helmet (and later ZSh-7 helmets), and has been used on the MiG-29 and Su-27 in conjunction with the R-73 missile ( NATO reporting name : AA-11 Archer). The HMD/Archer combination gave

4980-418: The optical sensor is used to constrain IMU drift. As a result, hybrid inertial/optical trackers feature low latency and high accuracy. The Thales Scorpion® HMCS and HMIT HMDs utilize a tracker made by InterSense called the Hybrid Optical-based Inertial Tracker (HObIT). Optical systems employ infrared emitters on the helmet (or flightdeck ) infrared detectors in the flightdeck (or helmet), to measure

5063-448: The original Mi-28. The main difference is the installation of an integrated electronic combat system. Other modifications include: new main gearbox for transmitting higher power to the rotor, new high-efficiency blades with swept-shaped tips, and an engine fuel injection control. The pilot uses a helmet-mounted target designator, which allocates the target to the navigator's surveillance and fire control system. The navigator/weapons officer

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5146-400: The pilot video with imagery in day or night conditions. Consequently, the F-35 is the first tactical fighter jet in 50 years to fly without a HUD. A BAE Systems helmet was considered when HMDS development was experiencing significant problems, but these issues were eventually worked out. The Helmet-Mounted Display System was fully operational and ready for delivery in July 2014. Jedeye is

5229-406: The pilot's head movements. Vision Systems International (VSI; the Elbit Systems / Rockwell Collins joint venture) along with Helmet Integrated Systems, Ltd. developed the Helmet-Mounted Display System (HMDS) for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter aircraft. In addition to standard HMD capabilities offered by other systems, HMDS fully utilizes the advanced avionics architecture of the F-35 and provides

5312-414: The pilot's head position while being updated by computer software in multiple axes. Typical operating frequencies are in the 50 to 100  kHz range and can be made to carry audio sound information directly to the pilot's ears via subcarrier modulation of the ultrasonic sensing signals. Older HMDs typically employ a compact CRT embedded in the helmet, and suitable optics to display symbology on to

5395-413: The pilot's head position. The main limitations are restricted fields of regard and sensitivity to sunlight or other heat sources. The MiG-29/AA-11 Archer system uses this technology. The Cobra HMD as used on both the Eurofighter Typhoon and the JAS39 Gripen both employ the optical helmet tracker developed by Denel Optronics (now part of Zeiss Optronics ). Electromagnetic sensing designs use coils (in

5478-498: The pilot's visor or reticle, focused at infinity . Modern HMDs have dispensed with the CRT in favor of micro-displays such as liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) or liquid crystal display (LCD) along with an LED illuminator to generate the displayed image. Advanced HMDs can also project FLIR or night vision imagery. A recent improvement is the capability to display color symbols and video. Systems are presented in rough chronological order of initial operating capability . In 1985,

5561-435: The pilot. The integration of the night-vision goggles with the JHMCS was a key requirement of the program. When combined with the AIM-9X, an advanced short-range dogfight weapon that employs a Focal Plane Array seeker and a thrust vectoring tail control package, JHMCS allows effective target designation up to 80 degrees either side of the aircraft's nose. In March 2009, a successful 'Lock on After Launch' firing of an ASRAAM at

5644-410: The pilot. These systems allow targets to be designated with minimal aircraft maneuvering, minimizing the time spent in the threat environment, and allowing greater lethality, survivability, and pilot situational awareness . In 1962, Hughes Aircraft Company revealed the Electrocular , a compact CRT , head-mounted monocular display that reflected a TV signal onto a transparent eyepiece. One of

5727-409: The rear of the body midsection. Two turboshaft engines in pods are mounted alongside the top of the fuselage with downturned exhausts. The fuselage is slender and tapers to the tail boom and nose. It features tandem, stepped-up cockpits, a cannon mounted beneath the belly, and a non-retractable tricycle tail-wheel type landing gear. Due to the energy-absorbing landing gear and seats the crew can survive

5810-428: The risk of confusion, unusual or made-up names are allocated, the idea being that the names chosen are unlikely to occur in normal conversation and are easier to memorise. For fixed-wing aircraft, the number of syllables indicates the type of the aircraft's engine. Single-syllable code names denote reciprocating engine or turboprop , while two-syllable code names denote jet engine . Bombers have names starting with

5893-435: The stub wings. Typical rockets carried are the 122 mm (4.8 in) S-13 , fired from five-round B-13 rocket pods, and the 80 mm (3.1 in) S-8 , fired from 20-round B8V-20 pods. The S-8 and S-13 rockets used by the Mi-28 are usually unguided. In the most common configuration, one can expect 40 S-8 rockets or 10 S-13 rockets. Both rockets have their variants, from HEAT warheads to thermobaric warheads. The S-8 has

5976-596: The three-blade version. The Mi-28A debuted at the Paris Air Show in June 1989. In 1991 the second Mi-28A (no. 042) was completed. The Mi-28A program was cancelled in 1993 because it was deemed uncompetitive with the Ka-50, in particular it was not all-weather capable. The Mi-28N was unveiled in 1995, the N designation meaning "night". The prototype (no. 014) first flew on 14 November 1996. Its most significant feature

6059-586: The type had been accepted for service with the Kenyan military. In April 2010, Venezuela agreed to order 10 Mi-28s for the Venezuelan Army . However, no deal was signed after this. Data from RIA Novosti, Russian Helicopters, JSC, Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2000–2001 General characteristics Performance Armament Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era The initial version of this article

6142-722: The unified German Air Force. One successful HMD was the Israeli Air Force Elbit DASH series, fielded in conjunction with the Python 4 , in the early 1990s. The U.S., UK, and Germany pursued a HMD combined with ASRAAM systems. Technical difficulties led to the U.S. abandoning ASRAAM, instead funding development of the AIM-9X and the Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System in 1990. American and European fighter HMDs became widely used in

6225-675: The user where head protection is required – most notably in military aircraft. The display-optics assembly can be attached to a helmet or integrated into the design of the helmet. An HMD provides the pilot with situation awareness , an enhanced image of the scene, and in military applications cue weapons systems , to the direction their head is pointing. Applications which allow cuing of weapon systems are referred to as helmet-mounted sight and display (HMSD) or helmet-mounted sights (HMS). Aviation HMD designs serve these purposes: HMD systems, combined with High Off- Boresight (HOBS) weapons, allow aircrew to attack and destroy nearly any target seen by

6308-421: The weapons required to fulfill that particular task. The integrated surveillance and fire control system has two optical channels providing wide and narrow fields of view, a narrow-field-of-view optical television channel, and laser rangefinder . The system can move within 110 degrees in azimuth and from +13 to −40 degrees in elevation. The night attack variant helicopter retains most of the structural design of

6391-513: The wreck of a Mi-28 was found by Ukrainian forces outside the town of Hostomel in the Kyiv Oblast . The craft was likely destroyed during the Battle of Hostomel Airport . On 9 May, one Mi-28 was destroyed in north of Kharkiv , the attack helicopter with registration number RF-13654 was the third visually reported loss of that type. On 16 May, another Mi-28N with registration number RF-13628

6474-498: Was assigned to an attack submarine by NATO, was the actual Soviet name for the ballistic missile submarine NATO named " Typhoon-class ". The NATO names for submarines of the People's Republic of China are taken from Chinese dynasties . Helmet-mounted display A helmet-mounted display ( HMD ) is a headworn device that uses displays and optics to project imagery and/or symbology to the eyes. It provides visual information to

6557-727: Was based on material from aviation.ru . It has been released under the GFDL by the copyright holder. NATO reporting name The assignment of reporting names is managed by the Five Eyes Air Force Interoperability Council (AFIC), previously known as the Air Standardization Coordinating Committee (ASCC), which is separate from NATO . Based in Washington DC, AFIC comprises representatives from

6640-544: Was completed in 1983. In 1984, the Mi-28 completed the first stage of state trials, but in October 1984 the Soviet Air Force chose the more advanced Kamov Ka-50 as the new anti-tank helicopter. Mi-28 development continued, but given lower priority. In December 1987, Mi-28 production at Rosvertol in Rostov-on-Don was approved. An early production Mi-24 was fitted with an air data boom as an early test for

6723-425: Was designed to be installed on a standard issue HGU-55/P and HGU-68/P helmets and is fully compatible with standard issue U.S. Pilot Flight Equipment without special fitting. It is also fully compatible with standard unmodified AN/AVS-9 Night Vision Goggles (NVG) and Panoramic Night Vision Goggles (PNVG). Pilots, using Scorpion, can view both the night vision image and the symbols on the display. Scorpion uses

6806-547: Was destroyed in Kharkiv. On 12 June 2022, a Mi-28N was destroyed and its wreck recorded in video by Ukrainian troops, the crew of the helicopter died at the crash site. On 18 September 2023, the Ukrainian military intelligence claimed a raid against Chkalovsky Air Base , near Moscow , occurred. During which they claimed damaged the tail rotor of a Mi-28N. It had been used in the shooting down of Ukrainian drones, according to

6889-459: Was subsequently acquired by Thales in 2012. The HMIT system was qualified and deployed on both A-10 and F-16 platforms in 2012. Starting in 2018, the installed base of HMIT systems went through a helmet tracker upgrade. The original AC magnetic tracking sensor was replaced by an inertial-optical hybrid tracker called Hybrid Optical based Inertial Tracker (HObIT). The HObIT was developed by InterSense and tested by Thales in 2014. Scorpion has

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