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62-518: Mi-Go are first named as such in Lovecraft's short story "The Whisperer in Darkness" (1931). However, since they are described in this story as "fungi" that come "from Yuggoth," they can be considered an elaboration on earlier references to alien vegetation on dream-worlds in Lovecraft's sonnet cycle Fungi from Yuggoth (1929–30). The Mi-Go are large, pinkish, fungoid, crustacean -like entities

124-582: A recusant Roman Catholic family when practice of that religion was illegal in England. Donne was the third of six children. His father, also named John Donne, was married to Elizabeth Heywood. He was of Welsh descent and a warden of the Ironmongers Company in the City of London . He avoided unwelcome government attention out of fear of religious persecution. His father died in 1576, when Donne

186-458: A "brain cylinder", which can be attached to external devices to allow it to see, hear, and speak. In " The Whisperer in Darkness " the Mi-Go are heard to give praise to Nyarlathotep and Shub-Niggurath , suggesting some form of worship. Their moral system is completely alien, making them seem highly malicious from a human perspective. One of the moons of Yuggoth holds designs that are sacred to

248-407: A "teleological narrative of Donne's growth" from young rake "Jack Donne" to reverend divine "Dr. Donne". For example, while the first edition of Poems, by J. D. (1633) mingled amorous and pious verse indiscriminately, all editions after 1635 separated poems into "Songs and Sonnets" and "Divine Poems". This organization "promulgated the tale of Jack Donne's transformation into Doctor Donne and made it

310-443: A comment on Donne by John Dryden . Dryden had written of Donne in 1693: "He affects the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign; and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love." In Life of Cowley (from Samuel Johnson's 1781 work of biography and criticism Lives of

372-453: A constant state of financial insecurity. Anne gave birth to twelve children in sixteen years of marriage, including two stillbirths —their eighth and then, in 1617, their last child. The ten surviving children were Constance, John , George , Francis, Lucy (named after Donne's patron Lucy, Countess of Bedford , her godmother), Bridget, Mary, Nicholas, Margaret and Elizabeth. Three, Francis, Nicholas and Mary, died before they were ten. In

434-675: A degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, since he refused to take the Oath of Supremacy required to graduate. In 1591 he was accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school, one of the Inns of Chancery in London. On 6 May 1592, he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn , one of the Inns of Court . In 1593, five years after the defeat of the Spanish Armada and during

496-526: A memorial statue of him by Nicholas Stone was erected with a Latin epigraph probably composed by himself. The memorial was one of the few to survive the Great Fire of London in 1666 and is now in St Paul's Cathedral . The statue was said by Izaac Walton in his biography, to have been modelled from the life by Donne to suggest his appearance at the resurrection. It started a vogue of such monuments during

558-439: A nearly fatal illness, thought to be either typhus or a combination of a cold followed by a period of fever. During his convalescence he wrote a series of meditations and prayers on health, pain and sickness that were published as a book in 1624 under the title of Devotions upon Emergent Occasions . One of these meditations, Meditation XVII , contains the well-known phrases "No man is an Iland " (often modernised as " No man

620-410: A particular person or theme, and designed to be read both as a collection of fully realized individual poems and as a single poetic work comprising all the individual sonnets. A sonnet cycle may have any theme, but unrequited love is the most common. The arrangement of the sonnets generally reflects thematic concerns, with chronological arrangements (whether linear, like a progression, or cyclical, like

682-557: A rake-turned-preacher was Donne's first biographer Izaak Walton . Walton's biography separated Donne's life into two stages, comparing Donne's life to the transformation of St. Paul . Walton writes, "where [Donne] had been a Saul… in his irregular youth," he became "a Paul, and preach[ed] salvation to his brethren." The idea that Donne's writings reflect two distinct stages of his life remains common; however, many scholars have challenged this understanding. In 1948, Evelyn Simpson wrote, "a close study of his works... makes it clear that his

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744-513: A small house in Pyrford , Surrey, owned by Anne's cousin, Sir Francis Wooley, where they lived until the end of 1604. In spring 1605 they moved to another small house in Mitcham , Surrey, where he scraped a meagre living as a lawyer, while Anne Donne bore a new baby almost every year. Though he also worked as an assistant pamphleteer to Thomas Morton writing anti-Catholic pamphlets, Donne was in

806-466: A society populated by fools and knaves. His third satire, however, deals with the problem of true religion, a matter of great importance to Donne. He argued that it was better to examine carefully one's religious convictions than blindly to follow any established tradition, for none would be saved at the Final Judgment , by claiming "A Harry, or a Martin taught [them] this." Donne's early career

868-477: A state of despair that almost drove him to kill himself, Donne noted that the death of a child would mean one mouth fewer to feed, but he could not afford the burial expenses. During this time, Donne wrote but did not publish Biathanatos , his defence of suicide. His wife died on 15 August 1617, five days after giving birth to their twelfth child, a still-born baby. Donne mourned her deeply, and wrote of his love and loss in his 17th Holy Sonnet . In 1602, Donne

930-486: A symbol for the fall of man and the destruction of the universe . The increasing gloominess of Donne's tone may also be observed in the religious works that he began writing during the same period. Having converted to the Anglican Church , Donne quickly became noted for his sermons and religious poems. Towards the end of his life Donne wrote works that challenged death, and the fear that it inspired in many, on

992-541: A visionary painting to John Donne arriving in heaven (1911) which is now in the Fitzwilliam Museum . Donne's reception until the 20th century was influenced by the publication of his writings in the 17th century. Because Donne avoided publication during his life, the majority of his works were brought to the press by others in the decades after his death. These publications present what Erin McCarthy calls

1054-470: A wealthy widower with three children of his own. Donne was educated privately. There is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught by Jesuits . In 1583, at the age of 11, he began studies at Hart Hall , now Hertford College, Oxford . After three years of studies there, Donne was admitted to the University of Cambridge , where he studied for another three years. Donne could not obtain

1116-428: Is also known for his sermons . Donne's style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations. These features, along with his frequent dramatic or everyday speech rhythms, his tense syntax and his tough eloquence, were both a reaction against the smoothness of conventional Elizabethan poetry and an adaptation into English of European baroque and mannerist techniques. His early career

1178-479: Is also the choral setting of "Negative Love" that opens Harmonium (1981), as well as the aria setting of "Holy Sonnet XIV" at the end of the 1st act of Doctor Atomic , both by John Adams. There have been settings in popular music as well. One is the version of the song " Go and Catch a Falling Star " on John Renbourn 's debut album John Renbourn (1966), in which the last line is altered to "False, ere I count one, two, three". On their 1992 album Duality ,

1240-552: Is an island ") and " ...for whom the bell tolls ". In 1624, he became vicar of St Dunstan-in-the-West , and in 1625 a prolocutor to Charles I . He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher. 160 of his sermons have survived, including Death's Duel , his famous sermon delivered at the Palace of Whitehall before King Charles I in February 1631. Donne died on 31 March 1631. He was buried in old St Paul's Cathedral , where

1302-489: Is noted for his poetic metre , which was structured with changing and jagged rhythms that closely resemble casual speech (it was for this that the more classical-minded Ben Jonson commented that "Donne, for not keeping of accent, deserved hanging"). Some scholars believe that Donne's literary works reflect the changing trends of his life, with love poetry and satires from his youth and religious sermons during his later years. Other scholars, such as Helen Gardner , question

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1364-610: Is shown darkly brooding on his love. The portrait was described in Donne's will as "that picture of myne wych is taken in the shaddowes", and bequeathed by him to Robert Kerr, 1st Earl of Ancram . Other paintings include a 1616 head and shoulders after Isaac Oliver , also in the National Portrait Gallery, and a 1622 head and shoulders in the Victoria and Albert Museum . In 1911, the young Stanley Spencer devoted

1426-520: Is the subject of Elizabeth Gray Vining 's Take Heed of Loving Me: A novel about John Donne (1963) and Maeve Haran's The Lady and the Poet (2010). Both characters also make interspersed appearances in Mary Novik 's Conceit (2007), where the main focus is on their rebellious daughter Pegge. English treatments include Garry O'Connor 's Death's Duel: a novel of John Donne (2015), which deals with

1488-692: The Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America for his life as both poet and priest. His commemoration is on 31 March. During his lifetime several likenesses were made of the poet. The earliest was the anonymous portrait of 1594 now in the National Portrait Gallery , London, which was restored in 2012. One of the earliest Elizabethan portraits of an author, the fashionably dressed poet

1550-798: The Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh against the Spanish at Cadiz (1596) and the Azores (1597) , and witnessed the loss of the Spanish flagship, the San Felipe . According to Izaak Walton , his earliest biographer, ... he returned not back into England till he had stayed some years, first in Italy, and then in Spain, where he made many useful observations of those countries, their laws and manner of government, and returned perfect in their languages. By

1612-859: The princes of Germany . Donne did not return to England until 1620. In 1621, Donne was made Dean of St Paul's , a leading and well-paid position in the Church of England, which he held until his death in 1631. In 1616 he was granted the living as rector of two parishes, Keyston in Huntingdonshire and Sevenoaks in Kent, and in 1621 of Blunham , in Bedfordshire , all held until his death. Blunham Parish Church has an imposing stained glass window commemorating Donne, designed by Derek Hunt. During Donne's period as dean his daughter Lucy died, aged eighteen. In late November and early December 1623 he suffered

1674-468: The 'winding sheet' of the womb is the same as that of the grave. Hope is seen in salvation and immortality through an embrace of God, Christ and the Resurrection . His work has received much criticism over the years, especially concerning his metaphysical form. Donne is generally considered the most prominent member of the metaphysical poets , a phrase coined in 1781 by Samuel Johnson , following

1736-455: The 17th century. In 2012, a bust of the poet by Nigel Boonham was unveiled outside in the cathedral churchyard. Donne's earliest poems showed a developed knowledge of English society coupled with sharp criticism of its problems. His satires dealt with common Elizabethan topics, such as corruption in the legal system, mediocre poets and pompous courtiers. His images of sickness, vomit, manure and plague reflected his strongly satiric view of

1798-467: The Author" over the course of the next two centuries. Six of these were written by fellow churchmen, others by such courtly writers as Thomas Carew , Sidney Godolphin and Endymion Porter . In 1963 came Joseph Brodsky 's "The Great Elegy for John Donne". Beginning in the 20th century, several historical novels appeared taking as their subject various episodes in Donne's life. His courtship of Anne More

1860-622: The English Neoclassical dark wave band In the Nursery used a recitation of the entirety of Donne's "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" for the track "Mecciano" and an augmented version of "A Fever" for the track "Corruption." Prose texts by Donne have also been set to music. In 1954, Priaulx Rainier set some in her Cycle for Declamation for solo voice. In 2009, the American Jennifer Higdon composed

1922-488: The Father " by John Hilton the younger and Pelham Humfrey (published 1688). After the 17th century, there were no more until the start of the 20th century with Havergal Brian ("A nocturnal on St Lucy's Day", first performed in 1905), Eleanor Everest Freer ("Break of Day, published in 1905) and Walford Davies ("The Cross", 1909) among the earliest. In 1916–18, the composer Hubert Parry set Donne's "Holy Sonnet 7" ("At

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1984-587: The Mi-Go; these are useful in various processes mentioned in the Necronomicon . It is said that transcriptions of these designs can be sensed by the Mi-Go, and those possessing them shall be hunted down by the few remaining on Earth. The narrator of "The Whisperer in Darkness" learns that, ostensibly, a group known as the Brotherhood of the Yellow Sign is dedicated to hunting down and exterminating

2046-602: The Most Eminent English Poets ), Johnson refers to the beginning of the 17th century in which there "appeared a race of writers that may be termed the metaphysical poets". Donne's immediate successors in poetry therefore tended to regard his works with ambivalence, with the Neoclassical poets regarding his conceits as abuse of the metaphor . However, he was revived by Romantic poets such as Coleridge and Browning , though his more recent revival in

2108-633: The World (1611) and Of the Progress of the Soul (1612) for Drury. Donne sat as an MP again, this time for Taunton , in the Addled Parliament of 1614. Though he attracted five appointments within its business he made no recorded speech. Although King James was pleased with Donne's work, he refused to reinstate him at court and instead urged him to take holy orders. At length, Donne acceded to

2170-604: The age of 25 he was well prepared for the diplomatic career he appeared to be seeking. He was appointed chief secretary to the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal , Sir Thomas Egerton , and was established at Egerton's London home, York House, Strand , close to the Palace of Whitehall , then the most influential social centre in England. During the next four years, Donne fell in love with Egerton's niece Anne More. They were secretly married just before Christmas in 1601, against

2232-423: The conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notably Petrarchan conceits, which formed clichéd comparisons between more closely related objects (such as a rose and love), metaphysical conceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects. One of the most famous of Donne's conceits is found in " A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning " where he compares the apartness of two separated lovers to

2294-927: The dominant way of understanding Donne's life and work." A similar effort to justify Donne's early writings appeared in the publication of his prose. This pattern can be seen in a 1652 volume that combines texts from throughout Donne's career, including flippant works like Ignatius His Conclave and more pious writings like Essays in Divinity . In the preface, Donne's son "unifies the otherwise disparate texts around an impression of Donne's divinity" by comparing his father's varied writing to Jesus' miracles. Christ " began his first Miracle here , by turning Water into Wine , and made it his last to ascend from Earth to Heaven ." Donne first wrote " things conducing to cheerfulness & entertainment of Mankind," and later " change[d] his conversation from Men to Angels." Another figure who contributed to Donne's legacy as

2356-400: The early 20th century by poets such as T. S. Eliot and critics like F. R. Leavis tended to portray him, with approval, as an anti-Romantic. Donne is considered a master of the metaphysical conceit , an extended metaphor that combines two vastly different ideas into a single idea, often using imagery. An example of this is his equation of lovers with saints in " The Canonization ". Unlike

2418-445: The fungoid threat, though it is unknown if this is actually true since it was given as a pat explanation for the Mi-Go remaining hidden. The name " Hastur " is mentioned in passing among several other places and things, was eventually applied into a god-like alien being by August Derleth who gave Hastur the title "Him Who is Not to be Named". However, in Lovecraft's story, a human ally of the Mi-Go mentions "Him Who Is Not to Be Named" in

2480-505: The grounds of his belief that those who die are sent to Heaven to live eternally. One example of this challenge is his Holy Sonnet X, " Death Be Not Proud ". Even as he lay dying during Lent in 1631, he rose from his sickbed and delivered the Death's Duel sermon, which was later described as his own funeral sermon. Death's Duel portrays life as a steady descent to suffering and death; death becomes merely another process of life, in which

2542-405: The intermittent Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) , Queen Elizabeth issued the first English statute against sectarian dissent from the Church of England, titled "An Act for restraining Popish recusants". It defined "Popish recusants" as those "convicted for not repairing to some Church, Chapel, or usual place of Common Prayer to hear Divine Service there, but forbearing the same contrary to the tenor of

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2604-464: The king's wishes, and in 1615 was an ordained priest in the Church of England . In 1615, Donne was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity from Cambridge University . He became a Royal Chaplain in the same year. He became a reader of divinity at Lincoln's Inn in 1616, where he served in the chapel as minister until 1622. In 1618, he became chaplain to Viscount Doncaster , who was an ambassador to

2666-604: The laws and statutes heretofore made and provided in that behalf". Donne's brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest, William Harrington , and died in Newgate Prison of bubonic plague , leading Donne to begin questioning his Catholic faith. During and after his education, Donne spent much of his considerable inheritance on women, literature, pastimes and travel. Although no record details precisely where Donne travelled, he crossed Europe. He later fought alongside

2728-500: The list of honored entities along with Nyarlathotep and Shub-Niggurath, and "Hastur" in connection with the cult of the Yellow Sign opposing the Mi-Go's work on Earth. Lovecraft never made a connection between Hastur and "Him Who Is Not to Be Named", and indeed did not even imply Hastur was a being; Derleth was the one to do so. Sonnet cycle A sonnet cycle or sonnet sequence is a group of sonnets , arranged to address

2790-403: The marriage was proved to be valid, and he soon secured the release of the other two. Walton tells us that when Donne wrote to his wife to tell her about losing his post, he wrote after his name: John Donne, Anne Donne, Un-done. It was not until 1609 that Donne was reconciled with his father-in-law and received his wife's dowry . After his release, Donne had to accept a retired country life in

2852-435: The money he inherited during and after his education on womanising, literature, pastimes and travel. In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne More, with whom he had twelve children. In 1615 he was ordained Anglican deacon and then priest, although he did not want to take holy orders and only did so because the king ordered it. He served as a member of Parliament in 1601 and in 1614. Donne was born in London in 1571 or 1572, into

2914-417: The original short story, the creatures cannot be recorded using ordinary photographic film, due to their bodies being formed from otherworldly matter. They are capable of going into suspended animation until softened and reheated by the sun or some other source of heat. The Mi-Go can transport humans from Earth to Pluto (and beyond) and back again by removing the subject's living brain and placing it into

2976-563: The poet as a young man. He also plays a significant role in Christie Dickason's The Noble Assassin (2012), a novel based on the life of Donne's patron and (the author claims) his lover, Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford . Finally there is Bryan Crockett's Love's Alchemy: a John Donne Mystery (2015), in which the poet, blackmailed into service in Robert Cecil's network of spies, attempts to avert political disaster and at

3038-545: The round earth's imagined corners") to music in his choral work, Songs of Farewell . Regina Hansen Willman set Donne's "First Holy Sonnet" for voice and string trio. In 1945, Benjamin Britten set nine of Donne's Holy Sonnets in his song cycle for voice and piano The Holy Sonnets of John Donne . in 1968, Williametta Spencer used Donne's text for her choral work "At the Round Earth's Imagined Corners." Among them

3100-422: The same time outwit Cecil. There were musical settings of Donne's lyrics even during his lifetime and in the century following his death. These included Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger 's ("So, so, leave off this last lamenting kisse" in his 1609 Ayres); John Cooper 's ("The Message"); Henry Lawes ' ("Break of Day"); John Dowland 's ("Break of Day" and "To ask for all thy love"); and settings of " A Hymn to God

3162-874: The seasons) being the most common. A sonnet cycle may also have allegorical or argumentative structures which replace or complement chronology. While the thematic arrangement may reflect the unfolding of real or fictional events, the sonnet cycle is very rarely narrative; the narrative elements may be inferred, but provide background structure, and are never the primary concern of the poet's art. Notable sonnet cycles have been written by France Prešeren , Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Pierre de Ronsard , Edmund Spenser , Rupert Brooke , Sir Philip Sidney , William Shakespeare , John Donne , Justus de Harduwijn , William Wordsworth , Elizabeth Barrett Browning , Hans Irrigmann , Jacques Perk , Rainer Maria Rilke , and Edna St. Vincent Millay . John Donne John Donne ( / d ʌ n / DUN ; 1571 or 1572 – 31 March 1631)

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3224-481: The size of a man; where a head would be, they have a "convoluted ellipsoid" composed of pyramided, fleshy rings and covered in antennae. They are about five feet (1.5 m) long, and their crustacean-like bodies bear numerous sets of paired appendages. They possess a pair of membranous bat-like wings which are used to fly through the " aether " of outer space. The wings do not function well on Earth. Several other races in Lovecraft's Mythos also have wings like these. In

3286-476: The validity of this dating—most of his poems were published posthumously (1633). The exception to these is his Anniversaries , which were published in 1612 and Devotions upon Emergent Occasions published in 1624. His sermons are also dated, sometimes specifically by date and year. Donne is remembered in the Calendar of Saints of the Church of England , the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar and

3348-518: The wishes of both Egerton and Anne's father George More , who was Lieutenant of the Tower. Upon discovery, this wedding ruined Donne's career, getting him dismissed and put in Fleet Prison , along with the Church of England priest Samuel Brooke , who married them, and his brother Christopher, who stood in, in the absence of George More, to give Anne away. Donne was released shortly thereafter when

3410-449: The working of the legs of a compass . Donne's works are also witty, employing paradoxes , puns and subtle yet remarkable analogies. His pieces are often ironic and cynical, especially regarding love and human motives. Common subjects of Donne's poems are love (especially in his early life), death (especially after his wife's death) and religion. John Donne's poetry represented a shift from classical forms to more personal poetry. Donne

3472-410: Was also notable for his erotic poetry, especially his elegies , in which he employed unconventional metaphors , such as a flea biting two lovers being compared to sex . Donne did not publish these poems, although they circulated widely in manuscript form. One such, a previously unknown manuscript that is believed to be one of the largest contemporary collections of Donne's work (among that of others),

3534-499: Was an English poet , scholar, soldier and secretary born into a recusant family, who later became a cleric in the Church of England . Under Royal Patronage , he was made Dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London (1621–1631). He is considered the preeminent representative of the metaphysical poets . His poetical works are noted for their metaphorical and sensual style and include sonnets , love poems, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams , elegies , songs and satires. He

3596-800: Was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for the constituency of Brackley , but the post was not a paid position. Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, being succeeded by King James VI of Scotland as King James I of England. The fashion for coterie poetry of the period gave Donne a means to seek patronage . Many of his poems were written for wealthy friends or patrons, especially for MP Sir Robert Drury of Hawsted (1575–1615), whom he met in 1610 and who became his chief patron, furnishing him and his family an apartment in his large house in Drury Lane . In 1610 and 1611, Donne wrote two anti-Catholic polemics : Pseudo-Martyr and Ignatius His Conclave for Morton. He then wrote two Anniversaries, An Anatomy of

3658-555: Was found at Melford Hall in November 2018. Some have speculated that Donne's numerous illnesses, financial strain and the deaths of his friends all contributed to the development of a more sombre and pious tone in his later poems. The change can be clearly seen in " An Anatomy of the World " (1611), a poem that Donne wrote in memory of Elizabeth Drury, daughter of his patron, Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk. This poem treats Elizabeth's demise with extreme gloominess, using it as

3720-480: Was four years old, leaving his mother, Elizabeth, with the responsibility of raising the children alone. Heywood was also from a recusant Roman Catholic family, the daughter of John Heywood , the playwright, and sister of the Reverend Jasper Heywood , a Jesuit priest and translator. She was a great-niece of Thomas More . A few months after her husband died, Donne's mother married John Syminges,

3782-494: Was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of English society. Another important theme in Donne's poetry is the idea of true religion, something that he spent much time considering and about which he often theorised. He wrote secular poems as well as erotic and love poems. He is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceits . Despite his great education and poetic talents, Donne lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on wealthy friends. He spent much of

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3844-520: Was no case of dual personality. He was not a Jekyll-Hyde in Jacobean dress... There is an essential unity underlying the flagrant and manifold contradictions of his temperament." After Donne's death, a number of poetical tributes were paid to him, of which one of the principal (and most difficult to follow) was his friend Lord Herbert of Cherbury 's "Elegy for Doctor Donne". Posthumous editions of Donne's poems were accompanied by several "Elegies upon

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