Active radar homing ( ARH ) is a missile guidance method in which a missile contains a radar transceiver (in contrast to semi-active radar homing , which uses only a receiver ) and the electronics necessary for it to find and track its target autonomously.
33-463: The Mitsubishi AAM-4 (Type 99 air-to-air missile, 99式空対空誘導弾 ( 99 Shiki Kūtaikū Yūdōdan ) ) is a medium-range active radar homing air-to-air missile . It is a modern beyond-visual-range missile developed in Japan and intended to replace the semi-active radar homing AIM-7 Sparrow missile in service. It has been operational since 1999. The main contractor is Mitsubishi Electric . The 2010 AAM-4B
66-487: A closed room, then deleted immediately upon search completion. Privacy advocates are concerned. "We're getting closer and closer to a required strip-search to board an airplane," said Barry Steinhardt of the American Civil Liberties Union. To address this issue, upgrades have eliminated the need for an officer in a separate viewing area. The new software generates a generic image of a human. There
99-429: A few kilometers. Thus, they are useful for densely packed communications networks such as personal area networks that improve spectrum utilization through frequency reuse . Millimeter waves show "optical" propagation characteristics and can be reflected and focused by small metal surfaces and dielectric lenses around 5 to 30 cm (2 inches to 1 foot) diameter. Because their wavelengths are often much smaller than
132-757: A small beam width , further increasing frequency reuse potential. Millimeter waves are used for military fire-control radar , airport security scanners , short range wireless networks , and scientific research. In a major new application of millimeter waves, certain frequency ranges near the bottom of the band are being used in the newest generation of cell phone networks, 5G networks. The design of millimeter-wave circuit and subsystems (such as antennas, power amplifiers, mixers and oscillators) also presents severe challenges to engineers due to semiconductor and process limitations, model limitations and poor Q factors of passive devices. Millimeter waves propagate solely by line-of-sight paths. They are not refracted by
165-424: A small 100 MHz range has been reserved for space-borne radios, limiting this reserved range to a transmission rate of under a few gigabits per second. The band is essentially undeveloped and available for use in a broad range of new products and services, including high-speed, point-to-point wireless local area networks and broadband Internet access . WirelessHD is another recent technology that operates near
198-485: Is Fox Three . There are two major advantages to active radar homing: Many missiles employing passive homing have an additional capability: if the target does attempt to use noise jamming , the missile can home in on the target's radiation passively ( home-on-jam ). This gives such missiles improved performance against noise jamming targets and allows anti-aircraft munitions to attack targets they would not otherwise be able to fire on effectively. . Active radar homing
231-437: Is called millimeter waves , sometimes abbreviated MMW or mmWave . Millimeter-length electromagnetic waves were first investigated by Jagadish Chandra Bose , who generated waves of frequency up to 60 GHz during experiments in 1894–1896. Compared to lower bands, radio waves in this band have high atmospheric attenuation : they are absorbed by the gases in the atmosphere. Absorption increases with frequency until at
264-412: Is no anatomical differentiation between male and female on the image, and if an object is detected, the software only presents a yellow box in the area. If the device does not detect anything of interest, no image is presented. Passengers can decline scanning and be screened via a metal detector and patted down. According to Farran Technologies, a manufacturer of one model of the millimeter wave scanner,
297-454: Is particularly associated with the range of 40–70 GHz . This type of treatment may be called millimeter wave therapy or extremely high frequency therapy . This treatment is associated with eastern European nations (e.g., former USSR nations). The Russian Journal Millimeter waves in biology and medicine studies the scientific basis and clinical applications of millimeter wave therapy. Traffic police use speed-detecting radar guns in
330-460: Is rarely employed as the only guidance method of a missile. It is most often used during the terminal phase of the engagement, mainly because since the radar transceiver has to be small enough to fit inside a missile and has to be powered from batteries, therefore having a relatively low ERP , its range is limited. To overcome this, most such missiles use a combination of command guidance with an inertial navigation system (INS) in order to fly from
363-526: Is the International Telecommunication Union designation for the band of radio frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum from 30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz). It lies between the super high frequency band and the far infrared band, the lower part of which is the terahertz band . Radio waves in this band have wavelengths from ten to one millimeter, so it is also called the millimeter band and radiation in this band
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#1732788053206396-558: Is used commonly in flat terrain. The 71–76, 81–86 and 92–95 GHz bands are also used for point-to-point high-bandwidth communication links. These higher frequencies do not suffer from oxygen absorption, but require a transmitting license in the US from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). There are plans for 10 Gbit/s links using these frequencies as well. In the case of the 92–95 GHz band,
429-623: The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on one NASA satellite (Aqua) and four NOAA (15–18) satellites and the special sensor microwave/imager (SSMI/S) on Department of Defense satellite F-16 make use of this frequency range. In the United States, the band 36.0–40.0 GHz is used for licensed high-speed microwave data links, and the 60 GHz band can be used for unlicensed short range (1.7 km) data links with data throughputs up to 2.5 Gbit /s. It
462-572: The ionosphere nor do they travel along the Earth as ground waves as lower frequency radio waves do. At typical power densities they are blocked by building walls and suffer significant attenuation passing through foliage. Absorption by atmospheric gases is a significant factor throughout the band and increases with frequency. However, this absorption is maximum at a few specific absorption lines , mainly those of oxygen at 60 GHz and water vapor at 24 GHz and 184 GHz. At frequencies in
495-484: The upper atmosphere by measuring radiation emitted from oxygen molecules that is a function of temperature and pressure. The International Telecommunication Union non-exclusive passive frequency allocation at 57–59.3 GHz is used for atmospheric monitoring in meteorological and climate sensing applications and is important for these purposes due to the properties of oxygen absorption and emission in Earth's atmosphere. Currently operational U.S. satellite sensors such as
528-418: The "windows" between these absorption peaks, millimeter waves have much less atmospheric attenuation and greater range, so many applications use these frequencies. Millimeter wavelengths are the same order of size as raindrops , so precipitation causes additional attenuation due to scattering ( rain fade ) as well as absorption. The high free space loss and atmospheric absorption limit useful propagation to
561-450: The 60 GHz range. Highly directional, "pencil-beam" signal characteristics permit different systems to operate close to one another without causing interference. Potential applications include radar systems with very high resolution. The Wi-Fi standards IEEE 802.11ad and IEEE 802.11ay operate in the 60 GHz ( V band ) spectrum to achieve data transfer rates as high as 7 Gbit/s and at least 20 Gbit/s , respectively. Uses of
594-796: The F-15J and F-2, but it is too large to be carried in the weapons bay of the F-35 Lightning II. On 17 July 2014, Japan announced a collaboration with the United Kingdom to study the development of a new Joint New Air-to-Air Missile ( JNAAM ). MBDA UK is prime contractor on the Meteor missile which entered service on the Saab JAS 39 Gripen in 2016 and on the Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale in 2018, and can fit in
627-580: The beam to feel an intense burning pain, as if their skin is going to catch fire. The military version had an output power of 100 kilowatts (kW), and a smaller law enforcement version, called Silent Guardian that was developed by Raytheon later, had an output power of 30 kW. Clothing and other organic materials are transparent to millimeter waves of certain frequencies, so a recent application has been scanners to detect weapons and other dangerous objects carried under clothing, for applications such as airport security. Privacy advocates are concerned about
660-507: The equipment that manipulates them, the techniques of geometric optics can be used. Diffraction is less than at lower frequencies, although millimeter waves can be diffracted by building edges. At millimeter wavelengths, surfaces appear rougher so diffuse reflection increases. Multipath propagation , particularly reflection from indoor walls and surfaces, causes serious fading. Doppler shift of frequency can be significant even at pedestrian speeds. In portable devices, shadowing due to
693-535: The human body is a problem. Since the waves penetrate clothing and their small wavelength allows them to reflect from small metal objects they are used in millimeter wave scanners for airport security scanning. This band is commonly used in radio astronomy and remote sensing . Ground-based radio astronomy is limited to high altitude sites such as Kitt Peak and Atacama Large Millimeter Array ( ALMA ) due to atmospheric absorption issues. Satellite-based remote sensing near 60 GHz can determine temperature in
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#1732788053206726-623: The internal weapons bay of the F-35. It has a unique variable-flow ramjet motor that according to MBDA gives the Meteor the largest no-escape zone of any air-to-air missile. The JNAAM will "[combine] the UK's missile-related technologies and Japanese seeker technologies", possibly with some adjustments to help the missile fit better in the F-35 weapons bay. Active radar homing The NATO brevity code for an air-to-air active radar homing missile launch
759-456: The launch point until the target is close enough to be detected and tracked by the missile. The missile therefore requires guidance updates via a datalink from the launching platform up until this point, in case the target is maneuvering, otherwise the missile may get to the projected interception point and find that the target is not there. Sometimes the launching platform (especially if it is an aircraft) may be in danger while continuing to guide
792-444: The millimeter wave bands include point-to-point communications, intersatellite links , and point-to-multipoint communications . In 2013 it was speculated that there were plans to use millimeter waves in future 5G mobile phones. In addition, use of millimeter wave bands for vehicular communication is also emerging as an attractive solution to support (semi-)autonomous vehicular communications. Shorter wavelengths in this band permit
825-703: The missile in this way until it 'goes active'; In this case it may turn around and leave it to luck that the target ends up in the projected "acquisition basket" when the missile goes active. It is possible for a system other than the launching platform to provide guidance to the missile before it switches its radar on; This may be other, similar fighter aircraft or perhaps an AWACS . Most anti-ship missiles use active radar homing for terminal guidance. Many ARH missiles with targets on land or sea use millimeter wave guidance . Examples of missiles known to use active radar homing (all in their terminal phase) include: Millimeter wave guidance Extremely high frequency
858-517: The net result is greater frequency reuse , and higher density of users. The high usable channel capacity in this band might allow it to serve some applications that would otherwise use fiber-optic communication or very short links such as for the interconnect of circuit boards. Millimeter wave radar is used in short-range fire-control radar in tanks and aircraft, and automated guns ( CIWS ) on naval ships to shoot down incoming missiles. The small wavelength of millimeter waves allows them to track
891-403: The stream of outgoing bullets as well as the target, allowing the computer fire control system to change the aim to bring them together. With Raytheon the U.S. Air Force has developed a nonlethal antipersonnel weapon system called Active Denial System (ADS) which emits a beam of millimeter radio waves with a wavelength of 3 mm (frequency of 95 GHz). The weapon causes a person in
924-547: The technology exists to extend the search area to as far as 50 meters beyond the scanning area which would allow security workers to scan a large number of people without their awareness that they are being scanned. Recent studies at the University of Leuven have proven that millimeter waves can also be used as a non-nuclear thickness gauge in various industries. Millimeter waves provide a clean and contact-free way of detecting variations in thickness. Practical applications for
957-519: The technology focus on plastics extrusion , paper manufacturing , glass production and mineral wool production . Low intensity (usually 10 mW/cm or less) electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency may be used in human medicine for the treatment of diseases . For example, "A brief, low-intensity MMW exposure can change cell growth and proliferation rates, activity of enzymes , state of cell genetic apparatus, function of excitable membranes and peripheral receptors." This treatment
990-410: The top end of the band the waves are attenuated to zero within a few meters. Absorption by humidity in the atmosphere is significant except in desert environments, and attenuation by rain ( rain fade ) is a serious problem even over short distances. However the short propagation range allows smaller frequency reuse distances than lower frequencies. The short wavelength allows modest size antennas to have
1023-400: The use of smaller antennas to achieve the same high directivity and high gain as larger ones in lower bands. The immediate consequence of this high directivity, coupled with the high free space loss at these frequencies, is the possibility of a more efficient use of frequencies for point-to-multipoint applications. Since a greater number of highly directive antennas can be placed in a given area,
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1056-423: The use of this technology because, in some cases, it allows screeners to see airport passengers as if without clothing. The TSA has deployed millimeter wave scanners to many major airports. Prior to a software upgrade the technology did not mask any part of the bodies of the people who were being scanned. However, passengers' faces were deliberately masked by the system. The photos were screened by technicians in
1089-565: Was the world's first air-to-air missile with an AESA radar seeker. The AAM-4 is too large to fit in the internal weapons bay of the F-35 Lightning II . This has led to a program with MBDA UK to adapt the latest AAM-4 seeker technology to MBDA's Meteor missile airframe to produce the JNAAM . The improved AAM-4B was the world's first air-to-air missile with an AESA radar seeker. The AAM-4B entered production in 2010 for service on
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