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99-646: The first 76 aircraft entered service by 2008, with a total of 98 airframes produced. The first active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar on a combat aircraft was the J/APG-1 introduced on the Mitsubishi F-2 in 1995. The F-2 is nicknamed Viper Zero , a reference to the F-16's unofficial nickname of "Viper" and the Mitsubishi A6M Zero . The JASDF and its contractors considered developing

198-587: A drogue parachute , like the version of the F-16 used by South Korea , the Netherlands , Norway , Greece , Turkey , Indonesia , Taiwan , and Venezuela . On 7 February 2013, two Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 fighters briefly entered Japanese airspace off Rishiri Island near Hokkaido , flying south over the Sea of Japan before turning back to the north. Four F-2 fighters were scrambled to visually confirm

297-414: A passive electronically scanned array (PESA), in which all the antenna elements are connected to a single transmitter and/or receiver through phase shifters under the control of the computer. AESA's main use is in radar , and these are known as active phased array radar (APAR). The AESA is a more advanced, sophisticated, second-generation of the original PESA phased array technology. PESAs can only emit

396-463: A Japanese-designed, Japanese-produced replacement for the aging Mitsubishi F-1 fighter as early as 1981. A formal feasibility study commenced in 1985. Japan's initial intentions to develop the aircraft domestically built upon Japan's previous success in producing the F-15J fighter under license from McDonnell Douglas . Japanese defense contractors argued that they needed to build a new aircraft from

495-504: A coalition with other small parties including Osaka Mayor Toru Hashimoto 's Japan Restoration Party (Nippon Ishin no Kai). In November 2012, Ishihara and his co-leader Hiranuma said that the Sunrise Party would pursue "establishment of an independent Constitution, beefing up of Japan's defense capabilities, and fundamental reform of fiscal management and tax systems to make them more transparent". The future of nuclear power and

594-407: A former senator and exiled critic of Ferdinand Marcos , on 21 August 1983. Ishihara was often critical of Japan's foreign policy as being non-assertive. Regarding Japan's relationship with the U.S., he stated that "The country I dislike most in terms of U.S.–Japan ties is Japan, because it's a country that can't assert itself." As part of the criticism, Ishihara published a book co-authored with

693-506: A highly contested race for the party presidency, Ishihara came to the attention of the West through his book The Japan That Can Say No , co-authored with Sony chairman Akio Morita . The book called on his fellow countrymen to stand up to America. In the 1999 Tokyo gubernatorial election , he ran on an independent platform and was elected as Governor of Tokyo. Among Ishihara's moves as governor, he: He won re-election in 2003 with 70.2% of

792-486: A holocaust but that is not true. It is a story made up by the Chinese. It has tarnished the image of Japan, but it is a lie." He continued to defend this statement in the uproar that ensued. He also backed the film The Truth about Nanjing , a Japanese film that denies the atrocity, framing it as Chinese communist propaganda. In 2000, Ishihara, one of the eight judges for a literary prize, commented that homosexuality

891-626: A hybrid approach, the benefits of AESA (e.g., multiple independent beams) can be realized at a lower cost compared to pure AESA. Bell Labs proposed replacing the Nike Zeus radars with a phased array system in 1960, and was given the go-ahead for development in June 1961. The result was the Zeus Multi-function Array Radar (ZMAR), an early example of an active electronically steered array radar system. ZMAR became MAR when

990-493: A lawsuit from several language schools in 2005. Ishihara subsequently responded to comments that he did not disrespect French culture by professing his love of French literature on Japanese TV news. At a Tokyo IOC press briefing in 2009, Governor Ishihara dismissed a letter sent by environmentalist Paul Coleman regarding the contradiction of his promoting the Tokyo Olympic 2016 bid as 'the greenest ever' while destroying

1089-550: A motorcycle. He wrote a memoir of his journey, Nanbei Odan Ichiman Kiro . From 1966 to 1967, he covered the Vietnam War at the request of Yomiuri Shimbun , and the experience influenced his decision to enter politics. He also was mentored by the influential author and political "fixer" Tsûsai Sugawara . In 1968, Ishihara ran as a candidate on the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) national slate for

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1188-589: A movie director, I can assure you that I would have at least become a better one than Akira Kurosawa ". In the early 1960s, he concentrated on writing, including plays, novels, and a musical version of Treasure Island . One of his later novels, Lost Country (1982), speculated about Japan under the control of the Soviet Union . He also ran a theatre company, and found time to visit the North Pole , race his yacht The Contessa and cross South America on

1287-497: A much simpler radar whose primary purpose was to track the outgoing Sprint missiles before they became visible to the potentially distant MAR. These smaller Missile Site Radars (MSR) were passively scanned, forming only a single beam instead of the MAR's multiple beams. While MAR was ultimately successful, the cost of the system was enormous. When the ABM problem became so complex that even

1386-441: A much wider range of frequencies, to the point of changing operating frequency with every pulse sent out. Shrinking the entire assembly (the transmitter, receiver and antenna) into a single "transmitter-receiver module" (TRM) about the size of a carton of milk and arraying these elements produces an AESA. The primary advantage of an AESA over a PESA is the capability of the different modules to operate on different frequencies. Unlike

1485-420: A narrow range of frequencies to high power levels. To scan a portion of the sky, the radar antenna must be physically moved to point in different directions. Starting in the 1960s new solid-state devices capable of delaying the transmitter signal in a controlled way were introduced. That led to the first practical large-scale passive electronically scanned array (PESA), or simply phased array radar. PESAs took

1584-611: A pledge of unity in their own blood . Ishihara ran for Governor of Tokyo in 1975 but lost to the popular Socialist incumbent Ryokichi Minobe . Minobe was 71 at the time, and Ishihara criticized him as being "too old". Ishihara returned to the House of Representatives afterward, and worked his way up the party's internal ladder, serving as Director-General of the Environment Agency under Takeo Fukuda (1976) and Minister of Transport under Noboru Takeshita (1989). During

1683-456: A rotating antenna, or similar passive array using phase or amplitude comparison . Typically RWRs store the detected pulses for a short period of time, and compare their broadcast frequency and pulse repetition frequency against a database of known radars. The direction to the source is normally combined with symbology indicating the likely purpose of the radar – airborne early warning and control , surface-to-air missile , etc. This technique

1782-664: A routine physical exam. Ishihara died from its complications on 1 February 2022, at the age of 89. Shintaro Ishihara was born on 30 September 1932 in Suma-ku, Kobe . His father, Kiyoshi Ishihara (1899–1951), an employee, later a general manager, of a shipping company , and his mother, Mitsuko Ishihara (1909–1992), a daughter of Sannosuke Kato from Hiroshima . He grew up in Zushi, Kanagawa , parts of Greater Tokyo Area . In 1952, Ishihara entered Hitotsubashi University , and he graduated in 1956. Just two months before graduation, Ishihara won

1881-471: A ruling coalition even though JRP was showing strength relative to the ruling DPJ. In December 2014 general elections , he was a candidate for the Party for Future Generations , an extreme right-wing party, but he was defeated. Following this, he retired from politics. Defunct Defunct Ishihara is generally described as having been one of Japan's most prominent extreme right-wing politicians. He

1980-451: A signal and then listening for its echo off distant objects. Each of these paths, to and from the target, is subject to the inverse square law of propagation in both the transmitted signal and the signal reflected back. That means that a radar's received energy drops with the fourth power of the distance, which is why radar systems require high powers, often in the megawatt range, to be effective at long range. The radar signal being sent out

2079-415: A signal from a single source, split it into hundreds of paths, selectively delayed some of them, and sent them to individual antennas. The radio signals from the separate antennas overlapped in space, and the interference patterns between the individual signals were controlled to reinforce the signal in certain directions, and mute it in all others. The delays could be easily controlled electronically, allowing

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2178-668: A single beam of radio waves at a single frequency at a time. The PESA must utilize a Butler matrix if multiple beams are required. The AESA can radiate multiple beams of radio waves at multiple frequencies simultaneously. AESA radars can spread their signal emissions across a wider range of frequencies, which makes them more difficult to detect over background noise , allowing ships and aircraft to radiate powerful radar signals while still remaining stealthy, as well as being more resistant to jamming. Hybrids of AESA and PESA can also be found, consisting of subarrays that individually resemble PESAs, where each subarray has its own RF front end . Using

2277-596: A speech in Washington, D.C., publicly stating his desire for Tokyo to purchase the Senkaku Islands , called the Diaoyu Islands by mainland China, on behalf of Japan in an attempt to end the territorial dispute between China and Japan, causing uproars in Chinese society and increasing tension between the governments of China and Japan. The government of Japan bought the islands in an effort to preempt

2376-636: A system like MAR could no longer deal with realistic attack scenarios, the Nike-X concept was abandoned in favor of much simpler concepts like the Sentinel program , which did not use MAR. A second example, MAR-II, was abandoned in-place on Kwajalein Atoll . The first Soviet APAR, the 5N65 , was developed in 1963–1965 as a part of the S-225 ABM system. After some modifications in the system concept in 1967 it

2475-419: A wide band even in a single pulse, a technique known as a "chirp". In this case, the jamming will be the same frequency as the radar for only a short period, while the rest of the radar pulse is unjammed. AESAs can also be switched to a receive-only mode, and use these powerful jamming signals to track its source, something that required a separate receiver in older platforms. By integrating received signals from

2574-460: A wider angle of total coverage. This high off-nose pointing allows the AESA equipped fighter to employ a crossing the T maneuver, often referred to as "beaming" in the context of air-to-air combat, against a mechanically scanned radar that would filter out the low closing speed of the perpendicular flight as ground clutter while the AESA swivels 40 degrees towards the target in order to keep it within

2673-401: Is a computer-controlled antenna array in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the antenna. In the AESA, each antenna element is connected to a small solid-state transmit/receive module (TRM) under the control of a computer, which performs the functions of a transmitter and/or receiver for the antenna. This contrasts with

2772-411: Is a simple radio signal, and can be received with a simple radio receiver . Military aircraft and ships have defensive receivers, called " radar warning receivers " (RWR), which detect when an enemy radar beam is on them, thus revealing the position of the enemy. Unlike the radar unit, which must send the pulse out and then receive its reflection, the target's receiver does not need the reflection and thus

2871-544: Is abnormal, which caused an outrage in the gay community in Japan. In a 2001 interview with women's magazine Shukan Josei , Ishihara said that he believed "old women who live after they have lost their reproductive function are useless and are committing a sin," adding that he "couldn't say this as a politician." He was criticized in the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly for these comments, but responded that

2970-417: Is common on ships, for instance. Unlike the radar, which knows which direction it is sending its signal, the receiver simply gets a pulse of energy and has to interpret it. Since the radio spectrum is filled with noise, the receiver's signal is integrated over a short period of time, making periodic sources like a radar add up and stand out over the random background. The rough direction can be calculated using

3069-436: Is greed. These things need to be washed away from triple disaster. I think this is a divine punishment from heaven. However, he also commented that the victims of triple disaster in Japan were pitiable. This speech was quickly caused many controversies and critical responses from the public opinion, both inside and outside Japan. The governor of Miyagi expressed displeasure about Ishihara's speech amid Akihito 's response

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3168-505: Is leading to new forms of crime such as car theft. We should be letting in people who are intelligent." On 17 April 2010, Ishihara said "many veteran lawmakers in the ruling-coalition parties are naturalized or the offspring of people naturalized in Japan". In 1990, Ishihara said in a Playboy interview that the Rape of Nanjing was a fiction, claiming, "People say that the Japanese made

3267-454: Is much less useful against a radar with a frequency-agile (solid state) transmitter. Since the AESA (or PESA) can change its frequency with every pulse (except when using doppler filtering), and generally does so using a random sequence, integrating over time does not help pull the signal out of the background noise. Moreover, a radar may be designed to extend the duration of the pulse and lower its peak power. An AESA or modern PESA will often have

3366-434: Is then disconnected and the antenna is connected to a sensitive receiver which amplifies any echos from target objects. By measuring the time it takes for the signal to return, the radar receiver can determine the distance to the object. The receiver then sends the resulting output to a display of some sort . The transmitter elements were typically klystron tubes or magnetrons , which are suitable for amplifying or generating

3465-442: Is used. Target motion analysis can estimate these quantities by incorporating many directional measurements over time, along with knowledge of the position of the receiver and constraints on the possible motion of the target. Since each element in an AESA is a powerful radio receiver, active arrays have many roles besides traditional radar. One use is to dedicate several of the elements to reception of common radar signals, eliminating

3564-406: Is why AESAs are also known as low probability of intercept radars . Modern RWRs must be made highly sensitive (small angles and bandwidths for individual antennas, low transmission loss and noise) and add successive pulses through time-frequency processing to achieve useful detection rates. Jamming is likewise much more difficult against an AESA. Traditionally, jammers have operated by determining

3663-580: The 2016 Summer Olympics , he eased his criticism of the PRC government. He accepted an invitation to attend the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , and was selected as a torch-bearer for the Japan leg of the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay . On 9 April 2000, in a speech before a Self-Defense Forces group, Ishihara said crimes were repeatedly committed by illegally entered people, using the pejorative term sangokujin , and foreigners. He also speculated that in

3762-538: The Akutagawa Prize (Japan's most prestigious literary prize) for the novel Season of the Sun . His brother Yujiro played a supporting role in the movie adaptation of the novel (for which Shintaro wrote the screenplay). Ishihara had dabbled in directing a couple of films starring his brother. Regarding these early years as a filmmaker, he said to a Playboy Magazine interviewer in 1990 that "If I had remained

3861-503: The House of Councillors . He placed first on the LDP list with an unprecedented 3 million votes. After four years in the upper house, Ishihara ran for the House of Representatives representing the second district of Tokyo , and again won election. In 1973, he joined with thirty other LDP lawmakers in the anti-communist Seirankai or "Blue Storm Group"; the group gained notoriety for sealing

3960-480: The Japan Restoration Party upon his return to the House of Representatives in the 2012 general election . He unsuccessfully sought re-election in the general election of November 2014 , and officially left politics the following month. In October 2021, Ishihara was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer while his wife, Noriko had ruptured aortic aneurysm , and given only three months to live amid

4059-595: The Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly approved his resignation on 31 October 2012, officially ending his tenure as Governor of Tokyo for 4,941 days, the second-longest term after Shunichi Suzuki . Ishihara's new national party was expected to be formed with members of the right-wing Sunrise Party of Japan , which he had helped to set up in 2010. When announced by co-leaders Ishihara and SPJ chief Takeo Hiranuma on 13 November 2012, Sunrise Party incorporated all five members of SPJ. SP would look to form

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4158-492: The 'building blocks' of an AESA radar. The requisite electronics technology was developed in-house via Department of Defense research programs such as MMIC Program. In 2016 the Congress funded a military industry competition to produce new radars for two dozen National Guard fighter aircraft. Radar systems generally work by connecting an antenna to a powerful radio transmitter to emit a short pulse of signal. The transmitter

4257-444: The 1960s, followed by airborne sensors as the electronics shrank. AESAs are the result of further developments in solid-state electronics. In earlier systems the transmitted signal was originally created in a klystron or traveling wave tube or similar device, which are relatively large. Receiver electronics were also large due to the high frequencies that they worked with. The introduction of gallium arsenide microelectronics through

4356-448: The 1980s served to greatly reduce the size of the receiver elements until effective ones could be built at sizes similar to those of handheld radios, only a few cubic centimeters in volume. The introduction of JFETs and MESFETs did the same to the transmitter side of the systems as well. It gave rise to amplifier-transmitters with a low-power solid-state waveform generator feeding an amplifier, allowing any radar so equipped to transmit on

4455-442: The 1980s, Ishihara was a highly visible and popular LDP figure, but was unable to win enough internal support to form a true faction and move up the national political ladder. In 1983, his campaign manager put up stickers throughout Tokyo stating that Ishihara's political opponent was an defector from North Korea . Ishihara denied that this was discrimination, saying that the public had a right to know. In 1989, shortly after losing

4554-465: The AESA system of a Raptor to act like a WiFi access point, able to transmit data at 548 megabits per second and receive at gigabit speed; this is far faster than the Link 16 system used by US and allied aircraft, which transfers data at just over 1 Mbit/s. To achieve these high data rates requires a highly directional antenna which AESA provides but which precludes reception by other units not within

4653-517: The AESA's 60 degree off-angle limit. With a half wavelength distance between the elements, the maximum beam angle is approximately ± 45 {\displaystyle \pm 45} °. With a shorter element distance, the highest field of view (FOV) for a flat phased array antenna is currently 120° ( ± 60 {\displaystyle \pm 60} °), although this can be combined with mechanical steering as noted above. The first AESA radar employed on an operational warship

4752-637: The F-16 or F/A-18 platform, as they believed that Japan would not agree to buy U.S. aircraft. In early 1987, the United States, through Caspar Weinberger and other administration officials, began formally pressuring Japan to execute the project as a U.S.–Japan bilateral joint development. The timing of this lobbying coincided with the height of " Japan bashing " in the United States: the Toshiba-Kongsberg scandal , in which Toshiba

4851-535: The JASDF operated 91 F-2. Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2010–11, Combat Aircraft since 1945 General characteristics Performance Armament Avionics Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Active electronically scanned array An active electronically scanned array ( AESA ) is a type of phased array antenna, which

4950-498: The PESA, where the signal is generated at single frequencies by a small number of transmitters, in the AESA each module generates and radiates its own independent signal. This allows the AESA to produce numerous simultaneous "sub-beams" that it can recognize due to different frequencies, and actively track a much larger number of targets. AESAs can also produce beams that consist of many different frequencies at once, using post-processing of

5049-640: The Russian planes, warning them by radio to leave their airspace. A photo taken by a JASDF pilot of one of the two Su-27s was released by the Japan Ministry of Defense . Russia denied the incursion, saying the jets were making routine flights near the disputed Kuril Islands . On 22 August 2013, two Russian Tupolev Tu-142 Bear-F maritime patrol aircraft entered Japanese airspace near the major southern island of Kyushu for less than two minutes. F-2 fighters were scrambled in response. As of March 2022,

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5148-454: The U.S. Lockheed Martin would manufacture all the aft fuselages and wing leading-edge flaps and eight of the ten left-hand wingboxes . The F-2 program was controversial, because the unit cost, which includes development costs, is roughly four times that of a Block 50/52 F-16, which does not include development costs. Inclusion of development costs distorts the incremental unit cost (this happens with most modern military aircraft), though even at

5247-624: The United States but pay licensing and patent fees for each piece of technology we use." Work started in the FS-X program, initially given the company designation Mitsubishi SX-3 . In 1984 General Dynamics had offered an enlarged version of the F-16 to the US Air Force and considered entering it as a low cost alternative in the Advanced Tactical Fighter competition. Neither came to fruition, however this concept became

5346-523: The Zeus program ended in favor of the Nike-X system in 1963. The MAR (Multi-function Array Radar) was made of a large number of small antennas, each one connected to a separate computer-controlled transmitter or receiver. Using a variety of beamforming and signal processing steps, a single MAR was able to perform long-distance detection, track generation, discrimination of warheads from decoys, and tracking of

5445-454: The antennas beamwidth, whereas like most Wi-Fi designs, Link-16 transmits its signal omni-directionally to ensure all units within range can receive the data. AESAs are also much more reliable than either PESAs or older designs. Since each module operates independently of the others, single failures have little effect on the operation of the system as a whole. Additionally, the modules individually operate at low powers, perhaps 40 to 60 watts, so

5544-661: The antiquated pejorative term " sangokujin ". He was also a denier of the Nanjing Massacre . Also, a critic of relations between Japan and the United States of America , his artistic accomplishments included his authorship of a prize-winning novel, his authorship of best-sellers, and his work in theater, film, and journalism. His 1989 book, The Japan That Can Say No , co-authored with Sony chairman Akio Morita (published in English in 1991), called on

5643-469: The authors' countrymen to stand up to America. After an early career as a writer and a film director, Ishihara served as in the House of Councillors from 1968 to 1972, then he served as in the House of Representatives from 1972 to 1995, just four years before he served as Governor of Tokyo from 1999 to 2012. He resigned from the governorship to briefly co-lead the Sunrise Party , before he joined

5742-447: The avionics were supplied by Lockheed Martin, and the digital fly-by-wire system was jointly developed by Japan Aviation Electric and Honeywell (formerly Allied Signal). Contractors for communication systems and IFF interrogators included: Raytheon, NEC, Hazeltine, and Kokusai Electric. The fire control radar, IRS, the mission computer, and the EW system were developed by Japan. In addition,

5841-496: The beam to be steered very quickly without moving the antenna. A PESA can scan a volume of space much quicker than a traditional mechanical system. Additionally, thanks to progress in electronics, PESAs added the ability to produce several active beams, allowing them to continue scanning the sky while at the same time focusing smaller beams on certain targets for tracking or guiding semi-active radar homing missiles. PESAs quickly became widespread on ships and large fixed emplacements in

5940-415: The beginning in order to develop the skill of their engineers and, in turn, develop the Japanese aircraft industry. As the program began to take formal shape in 1985, several United States officials raised concerns that the program would result in an inferior aircraft, and would weaken the U.S.–Japan defense relationship . Pentagon officials advocated co-production or co-development of an aircraft based on

6039-429: The capability to alter these parameters during operation. This makes no difference to the total energy reflected by the target but makes the detection of the pulse by an RWR system less likely. Nor does the AESA have any sort of fixed pulse repetition frequency, which can also be varied and thus hide any periodic brightening across the entire spectrum. Older generation RWRs are essentially useless against AESA radars, which

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6138-657: The combined signal from a number of TRMs to re-create a display as if there was a single powerful beam being sent. However, this means that the noise present in each frequency is also received and added. AESAs add many capabilities of their own to those of the PESAs. Among these are: the ability to form multiple beams simultaneously, to use groups of TRMs for different roles concurrently, like radar detection, and, more importantly, their multiple simultaneous beams and scanning frequencies create difficulties for traditional, correlation-type radar detectors. Radar systems work by sending out

6237-472: The criticism was driven by "tyrant… old women." During an inauguration of a university building in 2004, Ishihara stated that French is unqualified as an international language because it is "a language in which nobody can count", referring to the counting system in French, which is based on units of twenty for numbers from 70 to 99 rather than ten (as is the case in Japanese and English). The statement led to

6336-666: The development work as a joint principal contractor. On the American side, senior officials in the U.S. State Department and Defense Department supported the project as a means for the U.S. to access Japanese technology and as a means of strengthening U.S.–Japan relations, but the Commerce Department and many members of Congress opposed the project due to the risk of strengthening Japan's ability to compete with U.S. aerospace firms. Opponents in Congress argued that Japan should acquire American aircraft in order to offset

6435-727: The event a natural disaster struck the Tokyo area, they would be likely to cause civil disorder. His comment invoked calls for his resignation, demands for an apology and fears among residents of Korean descent in Japan , as well as being criticised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Regarding this statement, Ishihara later said: I referred to the "many sangokujin who entered Japan illegally." I thought some people would not know that word so I paraphrased it and used gaikokujin , or foreigners. But it

6534-525: The flight control computer, the flight control laws and related computer software were essentially all developed and integrated by Japan. Final assembly was done in Japan, by MHI at its Komaki-South facility in Nagoya . Larger wings give an aircraft better payload and maneuverability in proportion to its thrust, but also tend to add weight to the airframe in various ways. More weight can have negative effects on acceleration, climbing, payload, and range. To make

6633-407: The forested mountain of Minamiyama , the closest ' Satoyama ' to the centre of Tokyo, by angrily stating Coleman was 'Just a foreigner, it does not matter'. Then, on continued questioning by investigative journalist Hajime Yokota, he stated 'Minamiyama is a Devil's Mountain that eats children.' Then he went on to explain how unmanaged forests 'eat children' and implied that Yokota, a Japanese national,

6732-443: The former leader of the radical right Sunrise Party , later merged with Toru Hashimoto 's Japan Restoration Party out of which he split his faction into the Party for Japanese Kokoro , he was one of the most prominent ultranationalists in modern Japanese politics . Ishihara was infamous for his misogynistic comments, his xenophobic views and his racist remarks against Chinese and Koreans in Japan, including his use of

6831-435: The larger wings lighter, the skin, spars, ribs and cap of the wings were made from graphite-epoxy composite and co-cured in an autoclave. This was the first application of co-cured technology to a production tactical fighter. This technology for the wings encountered some teething problems, but proved to be a leading-edge use of a technology that provides weight savings, improved range, and some stealth benefits. This technology

6930-451: The latter party's anti-consumption tax increase policy did not match the JRP's pro-consumption tax policy. Reporting on a poll in early December 2012, Asahi Shimbun characterized the merger with Japan Restoration Party as the latter having "swallowed up" Sunrise. The poll, in advance of the 16 December Lower House elections, also said the association with SP could hurt JRP's chances of forming

7029-562: The need for a large high-voltage power supply is eliminated. Replacing a mechanically scanned array with a fixed AESA mount (such as on the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet ) can help reduce an aircraft's overall radar cross-section (RCS), but some designs (such as the Eurofighter Typhoon and Gripen NG ) forgo this advantage in order to combine mechanical scanning with electronic scanning and provide

7128-464: The need for a separate radar warning receiver. The same basic concept can be used to provide traditional radio support, and with some elements also broadcasting, form a very high bandwidth data link . The F-35 uses this mechanism to send sensor data between aircraft in order to provide a synthetic picture of higher resolution and range than any one radar could generate. In 2007, tests by Northrop Grumman , Lockheed Martin, and L-3 Communications enabled

7227-433: The one to be used to jam. Most radars using modern electronics are capable of changing their operating frequency with every pulse. This can make jamming less effective; although it is possible to send out broadband white noise to conduct barrage jamming against all the possible frequencies, this reduces the amount of jammer energy in any one frequency. An AESA has the additional capability of spreading its frequencies across

7326-472: The operating frequency of the radar and then broadcasting a signal on it to confuse the receiver as to which is the "real" pulse and which is the jammer's. This technique works as long as the radar system cannot easily change its operating frequency. When the transmitters were based on klystron tubes this was generally true, and radars, especially airborne ones, had only a few frequencies to choose among. A jammer could listen to those possible frequencies and select

7425-472: The outbound interceptor missiles. MAR allowed the entire battle over a wide space to be controlled from a single site. Each MAR, and its associated battle center, would process tracks for hundreds of targets. The system would then select the most appropriate battery for each one, and hand off particular targets for them to attack. One battery would normally be associated with the MAR, while others would be distributed around it. Remote batteries were equipped with

7524-399: The planned procurement levels, the price per aircraft was somewhat high. The initial plan of 141 F-2s would have reduced the unit cost by up to US$ 10 million ( € 7.5 million) per unit, not including reduced cost from mass production. As of 2008, 94 aircraft were planned. The F-2's maiden flight was on 7 October 1995. Later that year, the Japanese government approved an order for 141 (but that

7623-413: The primary component sub-contractors. Lockheed Martin supplied the aft fuselage , leading-edge slats , stores management system, a large percentage of wingboxes (as part of two-way technology transfer agreements), and other components. Kawasaki built the midsection of the fuselage, as well as the doors to the main wheel and the engine, while the forward fuselage and wings were built by Mitsubishi. Some of

7722-449: The production for the program. Congress ratified the deal in June 1989 while expressing official displeasure with it. Japanese lawmaker Shintaro Ishihara was a vocal critic of the final deal, writing in 1990 that "our Foreign Ministry and other Government agencies decided it was better to eat humble pie than incur Uncle Sam's wrath on yet another bilateral issue," and pointing out that "we give away our most advanced defense technology to

7821-498: The provocative bid, although the Chinese side viewed the purchase as an effort by Japan to bring the islands under Japanese sovereignty. Ishihara married to Japanese essayist, Noriko Ishihara (石原典子, b. 1 January between 1933 and/or 1938 – d. 8 March 2022) (formerly real name as Yumiko Ishida), a Hiroshima bombing survivor. The couple have four sons: Nobuteru (b. 19 April 1957), a politician; Yoshizumi (b. 15 January 1962), an actor and weatherman; Hirotaka (b. 19 June 1964),

7920-477: The signal drops off only as the square of distance. This means that the receiver is always at an advantage [neglecting disparity in antenna size] over the radar in terms of range - it will always be able to detect the signal long before the radar can see the target's echo. Since the position of the radar is extremely useful information in an attack on that platform, this means that radars generally must be turned off for lengthy periods if they are subject to attack; this

8019-543: The starting point for F-2 development. The F-2 used the wing design of the F-16 Agile Falcon , but much of the electronics were further updated to 1990s standards. Japan selected the fighter to replace the F-4EJ and supplement the F-15J , its main air superiority fighter. The program involved technology transfer from the U.S. to Japan and vice versa. Responsibility for cost sharing was split 60% by Japan and 40% by

8118-466: The subsequent Fukushima nuclear disaster , which claimed the lives of 20,000 people, Ishihara said that "the triple disaster was 'divine punishment from heaven', because Japanese people have become a greedy": America's identity is freedom. Japan has no sense of that. Only responsible, material, and monetary greed. For many years, in the heart of Japanese people, who had always bounded with devil. This greed bounds with populism. Japanese people's identity

8217-530: The targets' own radar along with a lower rate of data from its own broadcasts, a detection system with a precise RWR like an AESA can generate more data with less energy. Some receive beamforming-capable systems, usually ground-based, may even discard a transmitter entirely. However, using a single receiving antenna only gives a direction. Obtaining a range and a target vector requires at least two physically separate passive devices for triangulation to provide instantaneous determinations, unless phase interferometry

8316-705: The then Prime minister of Malaysia , Mahathir Mohamad , titled "No" to ieru Ajia – tai Oubei e no hōsaku in 1994. Ishihara was also long critical of the communist government of the People's Republic of China . He invited the Dalai Lama and the President of Taiwan Lee Teng-hui to Tokyo. Ishihara was deeply interested in the North Korean abduction issue , and called for economic sanctions against North Korea . Following Ishihara's campaign to bid Tokyo for

8415-582: The trade deficit between the two countries. More than twenty members of the Senate demanded official review of the deal. After George H. W. Bush took office as president of the United States in January 1989, the U.S. government responded to domestic criticism of the deal by seeking "clarification" of the terms of the MOU, which the Japanese government viewed as an attempt to re-negotiate it. The Bush administration

8514-403: The upcoming consumption tax hike were issues it would have to address with potential coalition partners. Only four days after the Sunrise Party was launched, on 17 November 2012, Ishihara and Tōru Hashimoto , leader of the Japan Restoration Party (JRP), decided to merge their parties, with Ishihara becoming the head of the JRP. Your Party would not join the party, nor would Genzei Nippon, as

8613-461: The victims of triple disaster in Japan. Then, Ishihara had to apologize for his comments. During the 2012 Summer Olympics , Ishihara stated that "Westerners practicing judo resembles beasts fighting. Internationalized judo has lost its appeal." He added, "In Brazil they put chocolate in norimaki, but I wouldn't call it sushi. Judo has gone the same way." Ishihara has said that Japan ought to have nuclear weapons . On 15 April 2012, Ishihara made

8712-413: The vote, and re-election in 2007 with 50.52% of the vote. In the 2011 gubernatorial election , his share of the vote dipped to 43.4% against challenges by comedian Hideo Higashikokubaru and entrepreneur Miki Watanabe . On 25 October 2012, Ishihara announced he would resign as Governor of Tokyo to form a new political party in preparation for upcoming national elections. Following his announcement,

8811-473: Was a newspaper holiday so the news agencies consciously picked up the sangokujin part, causing the problem. ... After World War II, when Japan lost, the Chinese of Taiwanese origin and people from the Korean Peninsula persecuted, robbed and sometimes beat up Japanese. It's at that time the word was used, so it was not derogatory. Rather we were afraid of them. ... There's no need for an apology. I

8910-558: Was betraying his nation by saying 'What nationality are you anyway?' This was recorded on film and turned into a video that was sent around the world as the Save Minamiyama Movement In 2010, Ishihara claimed that Korea under Japanese rule was absolutely justified due to historical pressures from Qing dynasty and Imperial Russia . In reference to the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami and

9009-532: Was built at Sary Shagan Test Range in 1970–1971 and nicknamed Flat Twin in the West. Four years later another radar of this design was built on Kura Test Range , while the S-225 system was never commissioned. US based manufacturers of the AESA radars used in the F-22 and Super Hornet include Northrop Grumman and Raytheon. These companies also design, develop and manufacture the transmit/receive modules which comprise

9108-461: Was called "Japan's [Jean-Marie] Le Pen " on a program broadcast on Australia's ABC . He was affiliated with the openly ultranationalist organization Nippon Kaigi . Ishihara was a long-term friend of the prominent Aquino family in the Philippines . He is credited with being the first person to inform future President Corazon Aquino about the assassination of her husband Ninoy Aquino ,

9207-569: Was delivered to the Defense Ministry on 27 September 2011. During the roll-out ceremony of the last production F-2 fighter jet, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries confirmed that production of the F-2 would end and no more F-2 fighters will be produced by the manufacturer. As of 2014 there are 61 single-seaters flying, and 21 two-seat trainers. General Electric , Kawasaki , Honeywell , Raytheon , NEC , Hazeltine , and Kokusai Electric were among

9306-750: Was found to have sold propeller milling machinery to the Soviet Union in violation of COCOM sanctions , became public in May 1987. Japan's negotiating stance changed amid the risk of deterioration in U.S.–Japan relations. The Reagan administration and Nakasone government announced the joint project in October 1987. Under a memorandum of understanding signed in November 1988, General Dynamics would provide its F-16 Fighting Falcon technology to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , and would handle up to 45 percent of

9405-496: Was particularly concerned with the risks of transferring technology to Japan. Bush announced a revised agreement in April 1989, shortly before the resignation of his Japanese counterpart Noboru Takeshita , under which Japanese access to flight control and weapons control software was limited, while the U.S. was to have access to any new technology that Japan developed for the project. American contractors were guaranteed at least 40% of

9504-476: Was soon cut to 130), to enter service by 1999; structural problems resulted in service entry being delayed until 2000. Because of issues with cost-efficiency, orders for the aircraft were curtailed to 98 (including four prototypes) in 2004. Flight testing of the four prototypes were conducted by the Japan Defense Agency at Gifu Air Field . The last of 94 production aircraft ordered under contract

9603-409: Was surprised that there was a big reaction to my speech. In order not to cause any misunderstanding, I decided I will no longer use that word. It is regrettable that the word was interpreted in the way it was. On 20 February 2006, Ishihara also said: "Roppongi is now virtually a foreign neighborhood. Africans —I don't mean African-Americans —who don't speak English are there doing who knows what. This

9702-667: Was the Japanese OPS-24 manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric introduced on the JDS Hamagiri (DD-155), the first ship of the latter batch of the Asagiri-class destroyer , launched in 1988. Shintaro Ishihara Shintaro Ishihara ( 石原 慎太郎 , Ishihara Shintarō , 30 September 1932 – 1 February 2022) was a Japanese politician and writer, who served as the Governor of Tokyo from 1999 to 2012. Being

9801-463: Was then transferred back to America, as part of the program's industrial partnership. The F-2 has three display screens, including a liquid crystal display from Yokogawa . Mitsubishi used the existing F-16 design as a reference guide for design work, and more than 95% of F-16 engineering drawings are changed for F-2. Some differences in the F-2 from the F-16A: Also, the F-2 is equipped with

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