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57-647: Mitsui Chemicals ( 三井化学株式会社 , Mitsui-Kagaku Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese chemicals company listed on the Nikkei with business interests in Japan, Europe, China, Southeast Asia and the USA. It is one of the leading chemical companies in Japan and is part of the Mitsui conglomerate. The company mainly deals in performance materials, petrochemicals and basic chemicals and functional polymeric materials. Mitsui Chemicals of

114-452: A chemical reaction form a chemical compound . All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds. A chemical compound can be either atoms bonded together in molecules or crystals in which atoms, molecules or ions form a crystalline lattice . Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called organic compounds , and all others are called inorganic compounds . Compounds containing bonds between carbon and

171-678: A database and is popularly known as the Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information are: SMILES and the International Chemical Identifier or InChI. Often a pure substance needs to be isolated from a mixture , for example from a natural source (where a sample often contains numerous chemical substances) or after a chemical reaction (which often gives mixtures of chemical substances). Stoichiometry ( / ˌ s t ɔɪ k i ˈ ɒ m ɪ t r i / )

228-574: A mixture , referencing them in the chemical substances index allows CAS to offer specific guidance on standard naming of alloy compositions. Non-stoichiometric compounds are another special case from inorganic chemistry , which violate the requirement for constant composition. For these substances, it may be difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of palladium hydride . Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of

285-618: A "ligand". However, the center does not need to be a metal, as exemplified by boron trifluoride etherate BF 3 OEt 2 , where the highly Lewis acidic , but non-metallic boron center takes the role of the "metal". If the ligand bonds to the metal center with multiple atoms, the complex is called a chelate . In organic chemistry, there can be more than one chemical compound with the same composition and molecular weight. Generally, these are called isomers . Isomers usually have substantially different chemical properties, and often may be isolated without spontaneously interconverting. A common example

342-416: A chemical reaction takes place and a new substance is formed, the compound iron(II) sulfide , with chemical formula FeS. The resulting compound has all the properties of a chemical substance and is not a mixture. Iron(II) sulfide has its own distinct properties such as melting point and solubility , and the two elements cannot be separated using normal mechanical processes; a magnet will be unable to recover

399-436: A metal are called organometallic compounds . Compounds in which components share electrons are known as covalent compounds. Compounds consisting of oppositely charged ions are known as ionic compounds, or salts . Coordination complexes are compounds where a dative bond keeps the substance together without a covalent or ionic bond. Coordination complexes are distinct substances with distinct properties different from

456-462: A particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature". In the field of geology , inorganic solid substances of uniform composition are known as minerals . When two or more minerals are combined to form mixtures (or aggregates ), they are defined as rocks . Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions , such that

513-434: A ratio of small natural numbers (i.e. an empirical formula ); most often, in such materials, some small percentage of atoms are missing or too many atoms are packed into an otherwise perfect lattice work. Contrary to earlier definitions, modern understanding of non-stoichiometric compounds view them as homogeneous, and not mixtures of stoichiometric chemical compounds. Since the solids are overall electrically neutral,

570-437: A separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the molar mass distribution . For example, polyethylene is a mixture of very long chains of -CH 2 - repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions, LDPE , MDPE , HDPE and UHMWPE . The concept of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by

627-400: A simple mixture. Typically these have a metal, such as a copper ion, in the center and a nonmetals atom, such as the nitrogen in an ammonia molecule or oxygen in water in a water molecule, forms a dative bond to the metal center, e.g. tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ]SO 4 ·H 2 O. The metal is known as a "metal center" and the substance that coordinates to the center is called

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684-479: A single chemical substance ( allotropes ). For instance, oxygen exists as both diatomic oxygen (O 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ). The majority of elements are classified as metals . These are elements with a characteristic lustre such as iron , copper , and gold . Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well, and they are malleable and ductile . Around 14 to 21 elements, such as carbon , nitrogen , and oxygen , are classified as non-metals . Non-metals lack

741-430: A single manufacturing process. For example, charcoal is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made with a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures. Polymers almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered

798-726: A single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are a common example: anorthoclase is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium. In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the EU regulation REACH defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to

855-499: A technical specification instead of particular chemical substances. For example, gasoline is not a single chemical compound or even a particular mixture: different gasolines can have very different chemical compositions, as "gasoline" is primarily defined through source, properties and octane rating . Every chemical substance has one or more systematic names , usually named according to the IUPAC rules for naming . An alternative system

912-442: A yellow-grey mixture. No chemical process occurs, and the material can be identified as a mixture by the fact that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, such as using a magnet to attract the iron away from the sulfur. In contrast, if iron and sulfur are heated together in a certain ratio (1 atom of iron for each atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56 grams (1 mol ) of iron to 32 grams (1 mol) of sulfur),

969-436: Is glucose vs. fructose . The former is an aldehyde , the latter is a ketone . Their interconversion requires either enzymatic or acid-base catalysis . However, tautomers are an exception: the isomerization occurs spontaneously in ordinary conditions, such that a pure substance cannot be isolated into its tautomers, even if these can be identified spectroscopically or even isolated in special conditions. A common example

1026-704: Is glucose , which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the hemiacetal form. All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition. Butter , soil and wood are common examples of mixtures. Sometimes, mixtures can be separated into their component substances by mechanical processes, such as chromatography , distillation , or evaporation . Grey iron metal and yellow sulfur are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form

1083-592: Is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction . This is because all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of protons , though they may be different isotopes , with differing numbers of neutrons . As of 2019, there are 118 known elements, about 80 of which are stable – that is, they do not change by radioactive decay into other elements. Some elements can occur as more than

1140-402: Is an example of complete combustion . Stoichiometry measures these quantitative relationships, and is used to determine the amount of products and reactants that are produced or needed in a given reaction. Describing the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions is known as reaction stoichiometry . In the example above, reaction stoichiometry measures

1197-417: Is an example of a chemical substance, with a constant composition of two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom (i.e. H 2 O). The atomic ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is always 2:1 in every molecule of water. Pure water will tend to boil near 100 °C (212 °F), an example of one of the characteristic properties that define it. Other notable chemical substances include diamond (a form of

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1254-468: Is pervasive for metal oxides , especially when the metal is not in its highest oxidation state . For example, although wüstite ( ferrous oxide ) has an ideal ( stoichiometric ) formula FeO , the actual stoichiometry is closer to Fe 0.95 O . The non-stoichiometry reflect the ease of oxidation of Fe to Fe effectively replacing a small portion of Fe with two thirds their number of Fe . Thus for every three "missing" Fe ions,

1311-413: Is remarkable in that it has numerous polytypes , i.e. crystalline forms differing in symmetry ( monoclinic or hexagonal ) and composition ( Fe 7 S 8 , Fe 9 S 10 , Fe 11 S 12 and others). These materials are always iron-deficient owing to the presence of lattice defects, namely iron vacancies. Despite those defects, the composition is usually expressed as a ratio of large numbers and

1368-411: Is the relationships among the weights of reactants and products before, during, and following chemical reactions . Stoichiometry is founded on the law of conservation of mass where the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products, leading to the insight that the relations among quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of positive integers. This means that if

1425-497: Is used by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS). Many compounds are also known by their more common, simpler names, many of which predate the systematic name. For example, the long-known sugar glucose is now systematically named 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol. Natural products and pharmaceuticals are also given simpler names, for example the mild pain-killer Naproxen is the more common name for

1482-530: The Mitsui group emerged in 1968 with the merger of Toyo Koatsu and Mitsui Chemical Industry. The former was established in 1933 and was mainly engaged in the manufacture of fertilizers while the latter was founded in 1941 and produced dyes and organic intermediates. The new entity focused in the production of four product lines: fertilizers; basic products (methanol, formaldehyde, phenol, aniline, bisphenol A, TDI, MDI, and melamine); polymers; and, fine chemicals. With

1539-532: The amounts of the separate reactants are known, then the amount of the product can be calculated. Conversely, if one reactant has a known quantity and the quantity of the products can be empirically determined, then the amount of the other reactants can also be calculated. This is illustrated in the image here, where the balanced equation is: Here, one molecule of methane reacts with two molecules of oxygen gas to yield one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water . This particular chemical equation

1596-501: The application, but higher tolerance of impurities is usually expected in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" (labeled "USP", United States Pharmacopeia ). "Chemicals" in the commercial and legal sense may also include mixtures of highly variable composition, as they are products made to

1653-408: The chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of Feb 2021, about "177 million organic and inorganic substances" (including 68 million defined-sequence biopolymers) are in the scientific literature and registered in public databases. The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also, it is difficult to keep track of them in

1710-451: The chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid. Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world. An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through

1767-460: The chemical industry, manufactured "chemicals" are chemical substances, which can be classified by production volume into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals and chemicals found in research only: The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in

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1824-402: The chemical substances of which fruits and vegetables, for example, are naturally composed even when growing wild are not called "chemicals" in general usage. In countries that require a list of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed are industrially produced "chemical substances". The word "chemical" is also often used to refer to addictive, narcotic, or mind-altering drugs. Within

1881-419: The chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate . He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the law of constant composition . Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in

1938-470: The company stopped operations in their Ichihara petrochemical complex in east Japan's Chiba prefecture to carry out safety inspections after an earthquake hit northeast Japan's Fukushima prefecture . Mitsui makes a wide range of chemicals, lubricants, and resins. One of the technologies owned by Mitsui Chemicals is the Hypol II process, which uses a miniature loop reactor to prepolymerize catalyst. In

1995-714: The consumer space, they are known for MR Lenses, a high refractive index (1.74) corrective lens used in consumer eyeglasses. MR Lenses are used by large direct-to-consumer manufactures, including Zenni Optical . Chemical Chemical substances can exist in several different physical states or phases (e.g. solids , liquids , gases , or plasma ) without changing their chemical composition. Substances transition between these phases of matter in response to changes in temperature or pressure . Some chemical substances can be combined or converted into new substances by means of chemical reactions . Chemicals that do not possess this ability are said to be inert . Pure water

2052-548: The crystal contains two Fe ions to balance the charge. The composition of a non-stoichiometric compound usually varies in a continuous manner over a narrow range. Thus, the formula for wüstite is written as Fe 1− x O , where x is a small number (0.05 in the previous example) representing the deviation from the "ideal" formula. Nonstoichiometry is especially important in solid, three-dimensional polymers that can tolerate mistakes. To some extent, entropy drives all solids to be non-stoichiometric. But for practical purposes,

2109-505: The crystals symmetry is relatively high. This means the iron vacancies are not randomly scattered over the crystal, but form certain regular configurations. Those vacancies strongly affect the magnetic properties of pyrrhotite: the magnetism increases with the concentration of vacancies and is absent for the stoichiometric FeS . Palladium hydride is a nonstoichiometric material of the approximate composition PdH x (0.02 < x < 0.58). This solid conducts hydrogen by virtue of

2166-417: The defect is compensated by a change in the charge of other atoms in the solid, either by changing their oxidation state , or by replacing them with atoms of different elements with a different charge. Many metal oxides and sulfides have non-stoichiometric examples; for example, stoichiometric iron(II) oxide , which is rare, has the formula FeO , whereas the more common material is nonstoichiometric, with

2223-531: The element carbon ), table salt (NaCl; an ionic compound ), and refined sugar (C 12 H 22 O 11 ; an organic compound ). In addition to the generic definition offered above, there are several niche fields where the term "chemical substance" may take alternate usages that are widely accepted, some of which are outlined in the sections below. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) lists several alloys of uncertain composition within their chemical substance index. While an alloy could be more closely defined as

2280-422: The fact that stoichiometry is determined by the interior of crystals: the surfaces of crystals often do not follow the stoichiometry of the bulk. The complex structures on surfaces are described by the term "surface reconstruction". The migration of atoms within a solid is strongly influenced by the defects associated with non-stoichiometry. These defect sites provide pathways for atoms and ions to migrate through

2337-534: The formula Fe 0.95 O . The type of equilibrium defects in non-stoichiometric compounds can vary with attendant variation in bulk properties of the material. Non-stoichiometric compounds also exhibit special electrical or chemical properties because of the defects; for example, when atoms are missing, electrons can move through the solid more rapidly. Non-stoichiometric compounds have applications in ceramic and superconductive material and in electrochemical (i.e., battery ) system designs. Nonstoichiometry

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2394-701: The formulas W n O 3 n −2 , where n = 20, 24, 25, 40. Thus, the last species can be described with the stoichiometric formula W 40 O 118 , whereas the non-stoichiometric description WO 2.95 implies a more random distribution of oxide vacancies. At high temperatures (1000 °C), titanium sulfides present a series of non-stoichiometric compounds. The coordination polymer Prussian blue , nominally Fe 7 (CN) 18 and their analogs are well known to form in non-stoichiometric proportions. The non-stoichiometric phases exhibit useful properties vis-à-vis their ability to bind caesium and thallium ions. Many useful compounds are produced by

2451-461: The growth of opportunities in India, Mitsui Chemicals has decided to establish its first polypropylene compounding plant in India at 'Japanese Investment park' Neemrana phase III. The unit being set up will be the manufacturing base of Mitsui Chemicals Group in India in which Mitsui Chemicals holds 80% equity and 20% equity is with another subsidiary, Prime Polymers Company of Japan. In February 2021,

2508-398: The idea of stereoisomerism – that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement – was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, tartaric acid has three distinct isomers, a pair of diastereomers with one diastereomer forming two enantiomers . An element

2565-414: The iron, since there is no metallic iron present in the compound. While the term chemical substance is a precise technical term that is synonymous with chemical for chemists, the word chemical is used in general usage to refer to both (pure) chemical substances and mixtures (often called compounds ), and especially when produced or purified in a laboratory or an industrial process. In other words,

2622-425: The large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed. Isomerism caused much consternation to early researchers, since isomers have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation about the chemical identity of benzene , until the correct structure was described by Friedrich August Kekulé . Likewise,

2679-409: The literature. Several international organizations like IUPAC and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as CAS registry number to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as chemistry journals and patents ). This information is compiled as

2736-411: The metallic properties described above, they also have a high electronegativity and a tendency to form negative ions . Certain elements such as silicon sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as metalloids . A chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of atoms or ions . Two or more elements combined into one substance through

2793-522: The mobility of the hydrogen atoms within the solid. It is sometimes difficult to determine if a material is non-stoichiometric or if the formula is best represented by large numbers. The oxides of tungsten illustrate this situation. Starting from the idealized material tungsten trioxide , one can generate a series of related materials that are slightly deficient in oxygen. These oxygen-deficient species can be described as WO 3− x , but in fact they are stoichiometric species with large unit cells with

2850-422: The most notable high-temperature superconductor , is a non-stoichiometric solid with the formula Y x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7− x . The critical temperature of the superconductor depends on the exact value of x . The stoichiometric species has x = 0, but this value can be as great as 1. It was mainly through the work of Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov and his students that Berthollet's opposition to Proust's law

2907-504: The otherwise dense ensemble of atoms that form the crystals. Oxygen sensors and solid state batteries are two applications that rely on oxide vacancies. One example is the CeO 2 -based sensor in automotive exhaust systems. At low partial pressures of O 2 , the sensor allows the introduction of increased air to effect more thorough combustion. Many superconductors are non-stoichiometric. For example, yttrium barium copper oxide , arguably

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2964-611: The reactions of hydrocarbons with oxygen , a conversion that is catalyzed by metal oxides. The process operates via the transfer of "lattice" oxygen to the hydrocarbon substrate, a step that temporarily generates a vacancy (or defect). In a subsequent step, the missing oxygen is replenished by O 2 . Such catalysts rely on the ability of the metal oxide to form phases that are not stoichiometric. An analogous sequence of events describes other kinds of atom-transfer reactions including hydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization catalysed by solid catalysts. These considerations also highlight

3021-410: The realm of organic chemistry ; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry , the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because

3078-579: The relationship between the quantities of methane and oxygen that react to form carbon dioxide and water. Because of the well known relationship of moles to atomic weights , the ratios that are arrived at by stoichiometry can be used to determine quantities by weight in a reaction described by a balanced equation. This is called composition stoichiometry . Non-stoichiometric compound Non-stoichiometric compounds are chemical compounds , almost always solid inorganic compounds , having elemental composition whose proportions cannot be represented by

3135-454: The synthesis of more complex molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The production of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to identify and quantify the percentages of impurities for the buyer of the chemicals. The required purity and analysis depends on

3192-414: The term describes materials where the non-stoichiometry is measurable, usually at least 1% of the ideal composition. The monosulfides of the transition metals are often nonstoichiometric. Best known perhaps is nominally iron(II) sulfide (the mineral pyrrhotite ) with a composition Fe 1− x S ( x = 0 to 0.2). The rare stoichiometric FeS endmember is known as the mineral troilite . Pyrrhotite

3249-417: Was shown to have merit for many solid compounds. Kurnakov divided non-stoichiometric compounds into berthollides and daltonides depending on whether their properties showed monotonic behavior with respect to composition or not. The term berthollide was accepted by IUPAC in 1960. The names come from Claude Louis Berthollet and John Dalton , respectively, who in the 19th century advocated rival theories of

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