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68-643: Mitrovica , which stems from the name " Saint Demetrius " or "Sveti Dimitrije" ( Cyrillic : "Свети Димитрије") may refer to: Places [ edit ] District of Mitrovica , a district in Kosovo Mitrovica, Kosovo , a city in the district above North Mitrovica , the northern part of the city above Sremska Mitrovica , a city and municipality in Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia Sremska Mitrovica prison Sremska Mitrovica Airport Mačvanska Mitrovica ,

136-516: A French artist working in the Holy Land in the second half of the 12th century, shows what then became the most common depiction. Demetrius, bearded, rather older, and on a red horse, rides together with George, unbearded and on a white horse. Both are dressed as cavalrymen . Also, while George is often shown spearing a dragon, Demetrius is depicted spearing the gladiator Lyaeus ( Λυαίος Lyaíos ; for meaning see here ), who according to story

204-586: A Senate in exile and raised a further legion from veterans in Macedonia and Crete. At the beginning of 48 BC, Caesar crossed the Adriatic and besieged Pompey at Dyrrhachium. During this period, one Menedemos came to Caesar as a delegate from "the part of the province that was called free" offering him support; he was subsequently captured by Pompey's forces and executed. After several months, Pompey broke out of Dyrrhachium and headed southeast toward Thessaly. On

272-762: A federal league, the League of the Macedonians . Numismatic evidence indicates that the cult of Roma was introduced at this time, being depicted on coins of Amphipolis , Pella , and Thessalonica in this period. Thessaly had been separated from the Macedonian monarchy already, following the Second Macedonian War and a separate Thessalian League was created with Roman permission in 194 BC, with Zeus Eleutherius ('of Freedom') and Athena Itonia as its patron deities. Its coinage superseded that of

340-507: A hagiographic legend , best known in Russia in the version retold by Dimitry of Rostov (1651–1709), Demetrius appeared in the camp of tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria during his 1207 siege of Thessaloniki, piercing the king with a lance and so killing him. This scene, known in Russian as Чудо о погибели царя Калояна ("the miracle of the destruction of tsar Kaloyan") became a popular element in

408-578: A move that was recognised by the Senate in 43 BC. This led Mark Antony to ally with Octavian in the Second Triumvirate and invade Macedonia , defeating Brutus and his forces at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. After Philippi, Macedonia fell within the territories assigned to Mark Antony and it was governed by his legates until war broke out between Octavian and Antony in 32 BC and Antony

476-577: A separate military command some time before 10 BC, and had become a separate province by AD 6. Territories to the northwest of Macedonia in Illyricum were separated off into the provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia . In AD 15, complaints about the corruption of the governors led Tiberius to convert Macedonia and Achaia into imperial provinces, under the control of the governor of Moesia, but Claudius made them both Senatorial provinces once more in AD 44 In

544-644: A soldier in the Roman army , and he came to be regarded as an important military martyr . Demetrius was also venerated as patron of agriculture , peasants and shepherds in the Greek countryside during the Middle Ages. According to historian Hans Kloft, he had inherited this role from the pagan goddess Demeter . After the demise of the Eleusinian Mysteries , Demeter's cult , in the 4th century,

612-524: A soldier: a Constantinopolitan ivory of the late 10th century shows him as an infantry soldier ( Metropolitan Museum of Art ). But, an icon of the late 11th century in Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai shows him as before, still a civilian. In Byzantine icons he is depicted in military dress, either standing or riding a horse. Another Sinai icon, of the Crusader period and painted by

680-525: A town in the municipality above People with the surname [ edit ] Rexhep Mitrovica (1888–1967), Albanian politician Jerry X. Mitrovica (1960-), geoscientist See also [ edit ] Kosovska Mitrovica District (Serbia) , a district of Serbia in Kosovo between 1990 and 1999 Mitrović Mitrovice (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

748-472: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Demetrius of Thessaloniki During the Middle Ages , he came to be revered as one of the most important Orthodox military saints , often paired with Saint George of Lydda . His feast day is 26 October for Eastern Orthodox Christians , which falls on 8 November [NS, "new style"] for those following

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816-468: The Great White Tower in the background. The anachronistic White Tower acts as a symbolic depiction of the city of Thessaloniki, despite having been built in the 16th century, centuries after his life, and the exact architecture of the older tower that stood at the same site in earlier times is unknown. Again, iconography often depicts saints holding a church or protecting a city. According to

884-584: The Eastern Empire . The reign of Augustus (27 BC–14 AD) began a long period of peace, prosperity and wealth for Macedonia, although its importance in the economic standing of the Roman world diminished when compared to its neighbor, Asia Minor . The economy was greatly stimulated by the construction of the Via Egnatia during 130s and 120s BC, the installation of Roman merchants in the cities, and

952-603: The First Mithridatic War . In that year, Gaius Sentius' legate Quintus Bruttius Sura repulsed an invasion from the Mithridatic general Archelaus . In 84 BC a force of Scordisci, Dardianians and Maedi penetrated all the way to Delphi and sacked the sanctuary, before they were violently expelled by Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 BC) . In the aftermath of the Mithridatic Wars,

1020-533: The Getae all the way to the mouth of the Danube. These campaigns were intended to secure the northern border so that Macedonia and Greece would no longer be threatened by raids and to put Rome in a better position to confront Mithridates VI in future conflicts. Efforts to consolidate these enormous conquests continued for decades, often meeting with rebuffs, most notably the two campaigns of Gaius Antonius Hybrida in

1088-648: The Republican period , the province was of great military significance, as the main bulwark protecting the Aegean region from attacks from the north. The Via Egnatia , which crossed the province from west to east was of great strategic importance, providing the main overland link between Rome and its domains in the Eastern Mediterranean. In this period, campaigns against the Dardani and Scordisci to

1156-640: The Roman Republic in 168 BC at the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War . The province was created in 146 BC, after the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus defeated Andriscus of Macedon , the last self-styled King of Macedonia in the Fourth Macedonian War . The province incorporated the former Kingdom of Macedonia with the addition of Epirus , Thessaly , and parts of Illyria , Paeonia and Thrace . During

1224-573: The old calendar . In the Roman Catholic Church he is most commonly called Demetrius of Sirmium and his memorial is 9 April in the 2004 Roman Martyrology and 8 October in the martyrology of the Extraordinary Form . Its debated if Demetrius of Thessalonica and Demetrius of Sirmium are same person. The earliest written accounts of his life were compiled in the 9th century, although there are earlier images of him, and

1292-656: The praetorian prefecture of Illyricum (administered from Sirmium until 379, then from Thessaloniki). Meanwhile, the province of Macedonia was divided into a number of smaller provinces. When the Prefecture of Macedonia was divided between the Western and Eastern Empires in 379, the Macedonian provinces were included in Eastern Illyricum . With the permanent division of the Empire in 395, Macedonia passed to

1360-592: The theme system in the mid-seventh century AD, but the region continued to form part of the Eastern Roman Empire until the end of the fourteenth century. The Romans clashed with the Macedonian kingdom in three wars in the early third century BC. After defeating Perseus in the Third Macedonian War , Rome abolished the Macedonian monarchy and divided Macedon into four client republics, called merides , with capitals located at Amphipolis , Thessalonica , Pella , and Pelagonia , which were members of

1428-543: The " ciborium " was built inside Hagios Demetrios . What were purported to be his remains subsequently appeared in Thessaloniki, but the local archbishop John, who compiled the first book of the Miracles ca. 610, was publicly dismissive of their authenticity. The relics were assumed to be genuine after they started emitting a liquid and strong-scented myrrh . This gave Demeterius the epithet Myroblyte . Demetrius

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1496-713: The "Caenic Chersonese" (exact location unknown, but some region of the Thracian coast). Another unnamed commander defeated the Maedian Thracians in the east and the Dardanians in the northwest in 97 BC. Gaius Sentius was defeated by the Maedi in 92 BC and was involved in a conflict with a Thracian king called Sordinus in 89 BC, only achieving victory after a struggle. From 87 BC onwards, Thracian forces allied with Mithridates VI attacked Macedonia, as part of

1564-532: The 7th-century Miracles of Saint Demetrius collection. According to these early accounts, Demetrius was born to pious Christian parents in Thessalonica, Macedonia in 270. According to the hagiographies, Demetrius was a young man of senatorial family who became proconsul of the Thessalonica district. He was run through with spears in around 306 in Thessalonica, during the Christian persecutions under

1632-493: The Adriatic coast, due east until it reached the Hebrus river , which formed the eastern border with Thrace . These borders were only loosely defined and dependent on the military competence of the governors, with Cicero claiming that "for the governors of Macedonia, the borders were always the same as those marked by swords and shields." The capital was Thessalonica and the governor held proconsular status . Two years after

1700-533: The Danube, for which he was granted a triumph. In the Augustan Settlement of 27 BC, provinces were divided into two categories: imperial provinces, which fell were governed by legates appointed by the Emperor, and senatorial provinces, which continued to be governed by senators who had previously served as consuls or praetors. Most of the provinces with a large military presence on the borders of

1768-655: The Dardianians and Bessi that even placed Thessaloniki under siege, but the speech may not give an accurate picture of Caesoninus' conduct. Macedonia was one of the main arenas of the civil wars at the end of the Roman Republic. When Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, starting Caesar's Civil War , his opponents, led by Pompey abandoned Italy and retreated to Macedonia with five legions. Around two hundred Senators set themselves up in Thessalonica as

1836-1113: The Don . This day is known as Demetrius Saturday. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Romanian Orthodox Church revere Demetrius on 26 October ( Димитровден [ Dimitrovden ] in Bulgarian); meanwhile, the Serbian Orthodox Church and Macedonian Orthodox Church (Ohrid) and the Coptic Church have a feast on 8 November (called Митровдан [ Mitrovdan ] in Serbian and Митровден [ Mitrovden ] in Macedonian). The names Dimitar ( Bulgarian and Macedonian), Dimitry (Russian), Dimitris (Δημήτρης, Greek), Mitri (short form of Dimitri in Lebanon) are in common use. The hagiographic cycles of

1904-516: The Eastern Mediterranean. Macedonia was of central importance to Roman military strategy in this period as a bulwark against attacks from the north. The Dardani to the northwest, had initially supported the Romans in their conquest of Macedonia, but after 148 BC, they increasingly came into conflict with the Romans. There were also occasional conflicts with the Thracians to the east. However,

1972-477: The Great . From the time of the emperor Claudius until the end of the second century AD, the league minted its own coinage, with the thunderbolt, a traditional symbol of Macedon on the reverse. In the third century AD, the league continued to mint coinage, but with new types, relating to athletic competition. Through this institution, Macedonian identity and loyalty to the Roman emperor were closely aligned. There

2040-494: The Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessaloniki include depictions of scenes from his life and his posthumous miracles. Demetrius was initially depicted in icons and mosaics as a young man in patterned robes with the distinctive tablion of the senatorial class across his chest. Miraculous military interventions were attributed to him during several attacks on Thessaloniki, and he gradually became thought of as

2108-598: The Greek rural population had gradually transferred her rites and roles onto the Christian saint Demetrius. Unsurprisingly, he was extremely popular in the Middle Ages . Disputes between Bohemond I of Antioch and Alexios I Komnenos appear to have resulted in Demetrius being appropriated as patron saint of crusading. Most scholars still believe that for four centuries after his death, Demetrius had no physical relics, and in their place an unusual empty shrine called

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2176-467: The Roman colonies. There were substantial Christian communities in the province by the mid-first century AD. In late antiquity , the province was split into several smaller units, but the old provincial capital, Thessalonica, became the regional centre for the Balkan region and was briefly an Imperial capital under Licinius . The provincial system gradually faded away, until it was replaced altogether by

2244-492: The Romans again launched a concerted military effort in the region. Before the war, governors had tended to be praetors or propraetors , usually in office for a single year. Henceforth, they were consuls or proconsuls and often held command for several years. Appius Claudius Pulcher had some success in the Rhodope Mountains in 77 BC, but was replaced after his death from illness by C. Scribonius Curio , who

2312-580: The Scordisci in 135 BC, defeating them in Thrace. The delay may have been because Roman attention was focussed on the construction of the Via Egnatia. In 119 BC, the Scordisci invaded again, ravaging the area near Stobi . The praetor Sextus Pompeius met the forces in battle and was killed, leaving his quaestor Marcus Annius to regroup and drive the Scordisci out, defeating a second invasion with

2380-551: The Thracians and the Scordisci respectively. From 110 to 107 BC, Marcus Minucius Rufus campaigned against the Scordisci and the Bessian tribe of Thracians to the east, bringing an end to their raids for about twenty years. After this, the Romans turned their attention to the eastern border. The Romans defeated some Thracians under an unnamed commander in 104 BC. In 101 or 100 BC, Titus Didius conquered an area referred to as

2448-694: The construction of the Via Egnatia , a Roman road , which began at Dyrrhachium on the Adriatic coast opposite the terminus of the Via Appia in Italy, stretched across the Pindus mountains and continued through Macedonia to Thessalonica, and from there to Cypsela , on the east bank of the Hebrus river. This stretch was completed by 120 BC; it followed a pre-existing route, but was a more solid, level road than

2516-465: The emperor Galerius , which matches his depiction in the 7th-century mosaics. Most historical scholars follow the hypothesis put forward by Bollandist Hippolyte Delehaye (1859–1941), that his veneration was transferred from Sirmium when Thessaloniki replaced it as the main military base in the area in 441/442 AD. His very large church in Thessaloniki, the Hagios Demetrios , dates from

2584-472: The empire were Imperial provinces, but Macedonia was anomalous in being a senatorial province despite its military significance. The territories south of Thermopylae and the Ceraunian Mountains now became the separate province of Achaia . This province included the territory which would become the province of Epirus (later Epirus Vetus ) under Emperor Trajan . Moesia was split off as

2652-593: The foundation of the new province, in 146 BC, Romans defeated the Achaean League in the Achaean War and gained control of the rest of Mainland Greece . Scholars disagree on whether or not Achaia was formally incorporated into the province of Macedonia following this defeat, but intermittent interventions in Achaian affairs by the governors are attested. Sometime after 146 BC, Gnaeus Egnatius initiated

2720-416: The founding of Roman colonies. The Imperial government brought, along with its roads and administrative system, an economic boom, which benefited both the Roman ruling class and the lower classes. With vast arable and rich pastures, the great ruling families amassed huge fortunes in the society based on slave labor. The improvement of the living conditions of the productive classes brought about an increase in

2788-565: The help of the Thracians. Following this set-back, a series of consuls were sent to Macedonia, apparently to settle the threat from the Scordisci decisively. The first of these, Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus arrived in 115 BC but his activities are not attested. In 114 BC, his successor, Gaius Porcius Cato launched a large-scale invasion, but he was defeated and nearly the whole army was killed. The Romans dispatched several further commanders, Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius in 113 BC and Marcus Livius Drusus in 112, who inflicted defeats on

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2856-463: The iconography of Demetrius. He is shown on horseback piercing the king with his spear, paralleling the iconography (and often shown alongside) of Saint George and the Dragon . Macedonia (Roman province) Macedonia ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Μακεδονία ) was a province of ancient Rome , encompassing the territory of the former Antigonid Kingdom of Macedonia , which had been conquered by

2924-512: The individual Thessalian cities and continued until the end of the first century BC. The kingdom was briefly reunited in 150 BC by the pretender Andriscus (or 'Pseudo-Philip'), leading to the Fourth Macedonian War . After defeating Andriscus near Pydna in 148 BC, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus made Macedonia into Rome's fifth provincia - the first new province since the creation of Hispania Ulterior and Citerior in 197 BC. Surviving sources do not explicitly discuss how or why it

2992-566: The key enemy of the Romans in this period were the Scordisci , a Celtic group that largely supplanted the Dardanians as the most powerful group in the central Balkans. They first invaded Macedonia in 149 BC during the Fourth Macedonian War and had to be driven out by Metellus. In the first years of the province two pretenders attempted to restore the Macedonian kingdom. The first, Alexander, invaded from Thrace in 148 BC and

3060-471: The march he was met by another Macedonian, Acornion of Dionysiopolis, who came offering an alliance with Burebista , the king of Dacia . However, this offer had come too late to be of use to Pompey. Caesar decisively defeated him at the Battle of Pharsalus in August 48 BC and he fled for Egypt . On taking control of the province, Caesar separated it from Greece to the south for the first time. This division

3128-519: The mid-5th century. Thessaloniki remained a centre of his veneration, and he is the patron saint of the city. After the growth of his veneration as saint, the city of Thessaloniki suffered repeated attacks and sieges from the Slavic peoples who moved into the Balkans , and Demetrius was credited with many miraculous interventions to defend the city. Hence later traditions about Demetrius regard him as

3196-454: The new colonies or of Rome, except perhaps for some members of the local elite. Some scholars have suggested that these coloniae formed "double communities," with the old Greek city-state ( polis ) and the new colonia existing side-by-side. This now seems unlikely, but has not been disproven. Stobi was a municipium . Amphipolis , Thessalonica , Abdera , and Maroneia held the status of 'free cities' ( civitates liberae ), and Edessa

3264-685: The north and the Thracians to the east were nearly constant. By the first century BC, the province notionally extended to the Danube . Macedonia was a central theatre for several campaigns of the civil wars at the end of the Republic, including the Battles of Pharsalus and Philippi . During the Second Triumvirate , it fell within Marc Antony 's sphere. Several important Roman military colonies were established in Macedonia in this period. After

3332-401: The north ca. 62-61 BC, in which he was defeated disastrously by the Dardianians and at the Battle of Histria by the Bastarnae . The governorship of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus from 57 to 55 BC is the subject of Cicero 's In Pisonem , in which Caesoninus is accused of corruption, abuse, and murder of the provincials on a grand scale, as well as shaving sparked another invasion by

3400-470: The number artisans and craftspeople to the region. Stonemasons, miners, blacksmiths, etc. were employed in every kind of commercial activity and craft. Greek people were also widely employed as tutors, educators and doctors throughout the Roman world. The export economy was based essentially on agriculture and livestock, while iron, copper, and gold along with such products as timber, resin, pitch, hemp, flax, and fish were also exported. Another source of wealth

3468-433: The previous road, with a width of between three and six metres. A second road from the Adriatic coast at Apollonia , which joined the main Via Egnatia somewhere inland was added shortly after 120 BC. Later in the second century BC, the eastern end of the road was extended all the way to the Byzantium . The road was important for military and economic purposes, providing the main overland link between Rome and its domains in

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3536-404: The province came under the control of Augustus following the Battle of Actium in 30 BC, the northern sections were split off as the provinces of Moesia , Dalmatia and Pannonia , meaning that the province lost much of its military role in defending the Danube border, but it remained important for supply purposes and as a source of military manpower. Until AD 15 and again after AD 44, Macedonia

3604-744: The province continued to provide a vital role in the transport of supplies from Italy to the northern and eastern borders of the Empire, as well as serving as a source of manpower. The cities of the province had a range of different statuses. Six Roman colonies ( coloniae ) were established in the Triumviral period: Cassandrea , established in the late 40s BC by the proconsul Quintus Hortensius Hortalus, Philippi ( Colonia Iulia Augusta Philippensis ) founded by Antony's legate Quintus Paquius Rufus , Dium , Pella , Byllis , and Dyrrhachium. These communities were settled with veterans who became or remained Roman citizens . Local inhabitants of these communities were not expelled, but they did not receive citizenship of

3672-428: The province, as did the federal league. The date of the establishment of the province in autumn 148 BC is indicated by the epoch date of the provincial era, but in practice it may have been a gradual process. At its creation, the province of Macedonia encompassed Macedon itself, Paeonia and parts of Illyria , Thessaly to the south, and Epirus to the west. Notionally, the northern border ran from Lissus on

3740-477: The same year, the portion of Macedonia between the Hebrus and Nestus rivers in the east and the island of Thasos were handed over to the newly created province of Thrace . The establishment of new provinces to the north and the consolidation of Roman control in the Balkans in general led to a decline in the military importance of Macedonia to Rome, as the legions defending the northern border were henceforth based in Dalmatia, Moesia, and Thrace. Nevertheless,

3808-416: The title Mitrovica . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitrovica&oldid=1185111115 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

3876-409: Was a senatorial province , governed by a proconsul . Throughout the Imperial period , Macedonia was a prosperous region with several thriving cities, notably Thessalonica and Philippi . These communities were organised in a similar way to other cities of the Roman Empire and were largely self-governing. Greek was the main language of the region, but Latin was used for official purposes and in

3944-430: Was a continuation of an institution first attested under Philip V . From 27 BC, they used their own "Macedonian era ," in which the years were counted from the Battle of Actium in 31/30 BC. In the Imperial period, its main duties related to the Imperial cult, especially the organisation of games in honour of the emperors. It also hosted a local version of the Olympic games , and from AD 229, games in honour of Alexander

4012-409: Was a patron saint of the Rurik dynasty from the late 11th century on. Izyaslav I of Kiev (whose Christian name was Dimitry) founded the first East Slavic monastery dedicated to this saint. In the Russian Orthodox Church , the Saturday before the Feast of Saint Demetrius is a memorial day commemorating the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), under the leadership of Demetrius of

4080-464: Was a separate civic league for the Thessalians . The reforms of Diocletian around AD 293 saw provinces replaced by dioceses and praetorian prefectures as the first order subdivision of the Roman Empire and provinces began to be split into smaller units. The province of Macedonia was initially part of the Diocese of Moesia , but subsequently became part of a new Diocese of Macedonia (administered from Thessaloniki), one of three dioceses comprising

4148-456: Was decided to convert the region into a permanent province. A number of factors may have been involved, including increased familiarity with territorial expansion, the proven failure of the previous system to maintain the peace, the desire for a new base from which further military expeditions could be undertaken in order to acquire booty and triumphs , and the desire for further tax revenue. The four republics continued to exist as subdivisions of

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4216-473: Was defeated by Metellus. The second, referred to in the sources as 'Pseudo-Philip' or 'Pseudo-Perseus' also invaded from the east, in 143 or 142, with an army of up to 16,000 men, but was defeated by the quaestor Tremellus Scrofa . The Scordisci invaded in 141 BC and defeated a Roman army commanded by Decimus Junius Silanus Manlianus or, less likely, Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica . In belated response to this defeat, Marcus Cosconius launched an attack on

4284-417: Was defeated in 31 BC at the Battle of Actium , after which Macedonia and the rest of the Eastern Mediterranean came under Octavian's control, marking the beginning of the Principate . Following Actium, Octavian entrusted Macedonia to the proconsul M. Licinius Crassus , grandson of Crassus the triumvir, who led a campaign into the north that lasted until 27 BC, finally subjugating the whole region south of

4352-416: Was given a force of five legions . He campaigned from 75 to 74 BC, becoming the first Roman commander to lead an army to the Danube and reduced the Dardanians to submission. Between 73 and 71 BC, Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus led another force of five legions against the Bessi and entered Moesia , bringing the Greek cities on the west coast of the Black Sea under Roman control and campaigning against

4420-473: Was introduced under Augustus, with numismatic and epigraphic evidence attesting to the worship of Julius Caesar as Divus Julius following Actium. Under Tiberius , cults of Augustus and of Livia are attested as well, while divine honours for Caligula and subsequent emperors are attested during their own lifetimes. The cities of Macedonia were arranged into the League of the Macedonians (Greek: koinon ton Makedonon ), with its seat at Beroea . This league

4488-399: Was probably an 'allied city' ( civitas foederata ). In the Republican period a cult of "the Roman Benefactors" ( Rhomaioi euergetai ), the goddess Roma , and Zeus "Eleutherios" ("of freedom") developed in Macedonia. This cult is first attested in 95 or possibly 119 BC, but probably dates back to the establishment of the province. It endured in the Imperial period. The Roman Imperial cult

4556-420: Was responsible for killing many Christians. Lyaeus is commonly depicted below Demetrius and lying supine, having already been defeated; Lyaeus is traditionally drawn much smaller than Demetrius. In traditional hagiography , Demetrius did not directly kill Lyaeus, but rather through his prayers the gladiator was defeated by Demetrius' disciple, Nestor. A modern Greek iconographic convention depicts Demetrius with

4624-411: Was reversed after his death in 44 BC, but would be revived in the Imperial period. After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, the assassins, led by Brutus and Cassius , also fled east. Caesar's former lieutenant, Mark Antony passed a law requiring the governor, Quintus Hortensius Hortalus to hand the province over to Antony. Instead, he chose to place the province under Brutus' control -

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