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38-521: ζ Ursae Majoris ( Latinised to Zeta Ursae Majoris and abbreviated to ζ UMa or Zeta UMa) is Mizar's Bayer designation . It also has the Flamsteed designation 79 Ursae Majoris. The traditional name Mizar derives from the Arabic المئزر miʼzar meaning 'apron; wrapper, covering, cover'. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included

76-497: A human head styled in the manner described for Vasishtha was discovered in 1958 in Delhi. This piece has been dated to around 3700 BCE, plus minus 800 years, in three western universities (ETH Zurich, Stanford and UC) using among other methods carbon-14 dating tests, spectrographic analysis, X-ray dispersal analysis and metallography . This piece is called "Vasishtha head", because the features, hairstyle, tilak and other features of

114-539: A member of the Ursa Major Moving Group . Mizar may have been the first telescopic binary known to Europeans; Benedetto Castelli in 1617 asked Galileo Galilei to observe it. Galileo then produced a detailed record of the double star. Later, around 1650, Riccioli wrote of Mizar appearing as a double. The secondary star (Mizar B) comes within 380 AU of the primary (Mizar A) and the two take thousands of years to revolve around each other. Mizar A

152-765: A playful element of punning. Such names could be a cover for humble social origins. The title of the " Wilhelmus ", national anthem of the Netherlands , preserves a Latinised form of the name of William the Silent . In English, place names often appear in Latinised form. This is a result of many early text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often uses Latinised forms of foreign place names instead of anglicised forms or

190-538: A realistic approach of mutual "coordination and harmony" between two rival religious ideas by abandoning disputed ideas from each and finding the complementary spiritual core in both. These hymns declare two gods, Indra and Varuna , as equally great. In another hymn, particularly the Rigvedic verse 7.83.9, Vasishtha teaches that the Vedic gods Indra and Varuna are complementary and equally important because one vanquishes

228-424: A scientific context, the main purpose of Latinisation may be to produce a name which is internationally consistent. Latinisation may be carried out by: Humanist names, assumed by Renaissance humanists , were largely Latinised names, though in some cases (e.g. Melanchthon ) they invoked Ancient Greek . Latinisation in humanist names may consist of translation from vernacular European languages, sometimes involving

266-592: A story could not have invented without the residents observing an ancient river (in Rajasthan) drying up and its tributaries such as Sutlej reflowing to merge into Indus river. Vasishtha is known for his feud with Vishvamitra. The king Vishvamitra coveted Vasishtha's divine cow Nandini ( Kamadhenu ) that could fulfil material desires. Vasishtha destroyed Vishvamitra's army and sons. Vishvamitra acquired weapons from Shiva and incinerated Vasishtha's hermitage and sons, but Vasishtha baffled all of Vishvamitra's weapons. There

304-480: A table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Mizar for ζ UMa. According to IAU rules, the name Mizar strictly only applies to component Aa, although it is traditionally and popularly used for all four stars making up the single naked-eye star. Mizar is a visual double with a separation of 14.4 arcseconds, each of which is a spectroscopic binary . Its combined apparent magnitude

342-627: A tuft to the right, a beard, a handlebar moustache and a tilak on his forehead. In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as Digha Nikaya , Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The Buddha names ten rishis , calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishi is Vasettha (the Pali spelling of Vasishtha in Sanskrit ). Vasishtha

380-459: Is 2.04. The two visible stars are referred to as ζ and ζ Ursae Majoris, or Mizar A and B. The spectroscopic components are generally referred to as Mizar Aa, Ab, Ba, and Bb. The stars all share a single Hipparcos designation of HIP 65378, but separate Bright Star Catalogue and Henry Draper Catalogue entries. Mizar, together with Alcor and many of the other bright stars in Ursa Major, is

418-427: Is a single-lined spectroscopic binary, and the visible spectrum is of an Am star , named for their unusually strong lines of some metals. The spectral type of kA1h(eA)mA7IV-V is in a form used for metallic-lined stars: the type is A1 based on the calcium K lines , early A based on the hydrogen lines, and A7 based on lines of other metals. The luminosity class is ranked between main sequence and subgiant . Based on

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456-637: Is also an instance mentioned in the Mandala 7, of the Rigveda about the Battle of the Ten Kings . This battle was fought as King Sudas of Bharata tribe appointed Vashishtha instead of Vishvamitra as his main priest. However later, Vishvamitra betook severe penances for thousands of years and became a Brahmarshi. He eventually reconciled with Vasishtha. Vasishtha is known as the priest and preceptor, teacher of

494-464: Is also spelled as Vasiṣṭha and is Sanskrit for "most excellent", "best" or "richest". According to Monier-Williams, it is sometimes alternatively spelt as Vashishta or Vashisht ( vaśiṣṭha , वशिष्ठ ). Historically, Vasishtha was a Rigvedic poet and the purohita of Sudās Paijavana , chief of the Bharata tribe . In Rigvedic hymn 7.33.9, Vasishtha is described as a scholar who moved across

532-476: Is commonly found with historical proper names , including personal names and toponyms , and in the standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences. It goes further than romanisation , which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin alphabet from another script (e.g. Cyrillic ). For authors writing in Latin, this change allows the name to function grammatically in a sentence through declension . In

570-463: Is distant, not what's near at hand. Look at the highest, not at what's less than highest. — Vasishtha Dharmasutra 30.1 Vasishtha is a revered sage in the Hindu traditions, and like other revered sages, numerous treatises composed in ancient and medieval era are reverentially named after him. Some treatises named after him or attributed to him include: According to Mandala 7 of the Rigveda ,

608-679: Is one of the oldest and revered Vedic rishis or sages, and one of the Saptarishis (seven great Rishis ). Vasishtha is credited as the chief author of Mandala 7 of the Rigveda . Vasishtha and his family are mentioned in Rigvedic verse 10.167.4, other Rigvedic mandalas and in many Vedic texts. His ideas have been influential and he was called the first sage of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy by Adi Shankara . The Yoga Vasishtha , Vasishtha Samhita , as well as some versions of

646-461: Is the author of the seventh book of the Rigveda , one of its "family books" and among the oldest layer of hymns in the Vedic scriptures of Hinduism. The hymns composed by Vasishtha are dedicated to Agni , Indra and other gods, but according to RN Dandekar, in a book edited by Anay Kumar Gupta, these hymns are particularly significant for four Indravarunau hymns. These have an embedded message of transcending "all thoughts of bigotry ", suggesting

684-504: Is the home system of a race of friendly, spherical aliens contacted by the Earth ship Stardust in the 1971 science fiction short story "The Bear With the Knot on His Tail" by Stephen Tall . Latinisation of names Latinisation (or Latinization ) of names , also known as onomastic Latinisation , is the practice of rendering a non - Latin name in a modern Latin style. It

722-597: The Agni Purana and Vishnu Purana are attributed to him. He is the subject of many stories, such as him being in possession of the divine cow Kamadhenu and Nandini her child, who could grant anything to their owners. He is famous in Hindu stories for his legendary conflicts with sage Vishvamitra . In the Ramayana , he was the family priest of the Raghu dynasty and teacher of Rama and his brothers. Vasishtha

760-467: The Rigveda are among the most intriguing in many ways and influential. Vasishtha emphasizes means to be as important as ends during one's life encouraging truthfulness, devotion, optimism, family life, sharing one's prosperity with other members of society, among other cultural values. Excellence Practise righteousness ( dharma ), not unrighteousness. Speak the truth, not an untruth. Look at what

798-519: The Sarasvati river to establish his school. At some point, he replaced Viśvāmitra Gāthina as the purohita of Sudās. In later Hindu texts, Viśvāmitra and Vasishtha have a long-standing feud, and scholars have stated they historically had a feud regarding the position of the Bharata purohita. However, this view has been criticized due to lack of internal evidence and the projection of later views onto

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836-658: The Big Dipper. Consequently, the Chinese name for ζ Ursae Majoris itself is 北斗六 Běi Dǒu liù, (English: the Sixth Star of Northern Dipper ) and 開陽 Kāi Yáng, (English: Star of The Opener of Heat ). In the Mi'kmaq myth of the great bear and the seven hunters, Mizar is Chickadee and Alcor is his cooking pot. The band Steely Dan references Mizar in their song "Sign In Stranger" from their album The Royal Scam . Mizar

874-527: The Ikshvaku kings clan. He was also the preceptor of Manu, the progenitor of Kshatriyas and Ikshvaku's father. Other characters like Nahusha, Rantideva, lord Rama and Bhishma were his disciples. When the Bharata king Samvarta lost his kingdom to the Panchalas, he became the disciple of Vasishtha. Under Vasishtha's guidance, Samvarta regained his kingdom and became the ruler of the earth. A copper casting of

912-583: The Rigveda. Under Sudās and Vasishtha, the Tṛtsu-Bharatas won the Battle of the Ten Kings . Sudās decisively won against a Puru -led alliance by the strategic breaching of a (natural) dyke on the Ravi river thereby drowning most of the opponents; the victory is attributed to the benevolence and strategizing of Indra , the patron-god of the Bharatas, whose blessings were secured by Vasishtha's poetics. He

950-552: The casting resembles the description for Vasishtha in Hindu texts. The significance of "Vasishtha head" is unclear because it was not found at an archaeological site, but in open Delhi market where it was scheduled to be remelted. Further, the head had an inscription of "Narayana" suggesting that the item was produced in a much later millennium. The item, states Edwin Bryant, likely was re-cast and produced from an ancient pre-2800 BCE copper item that left significant traces of matter with

988-716: The early 19th century, Europe had largely abandoned Latin as a scholarly language (most scientific studies and scholarly publications are printed in English), but a variety of fields still use Latin terminology as the norm. By tradition, it is still common in some fields to name new discoveries in Latin. And because Western science became dominant during the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of Latin names in many scholarly fields has gained worldwide acceptance, at least when European languages are being used for communication. Vashistha Vasishtha ( Sanskrit : वसिष्ठ , lit.   'most excellent', IAST : Vasiṣṭha )

1026-415: The evil by the defeat of enemies in battles, while other sustains the good during peace through socio-ethical laws. The seventh mandala of the Rigveda by Vasishtha is a metaphorical treatise. Vasishtha reappears as a character in Hindu texts, through its history, that explore conciliation between conflicting or opposing ideologies. According to Ellison Findly – a professor of Religion, Vasishtha hymns in

1064-611: The first, he is a manasaputra (mind-born son) created by the god Brahma . After the destruction of the Daksha Yajna , Vasishtha is killed, but is recreated by Brahma. Vasishtha became the royal guru of Nimi , a king. However, Nimi forgot to invite Vasishtha in a yajna and in rage, Vasishtha cursed Nimi to die soon. Nimi responded by offering him with the same curse. Frightened, Vashishtha ran towards his father, Brahma. Brahma suggested him to emerge in Varuna and Mitra . When Urvashi

1102-418: The gods Mitra - Varuna and the apsara Urvashi are mentioned as his parents. In the story, Mitra and Varuna are performing a yajna (fire-sacrifice), when they see Urvasi and become sexually aroused. They ejaculate their semen into a pitcher , from which Vasishtha is born after a few days. Vasishtha's birth story is retold in many later Hindu scriptures. The Puranas state that he has three births. In

1140-564: The observed C-14 dating. There is an Ashram dedicated to Vasishtha in Guwahati , India . This Ashram is situated close to Assam - Meghalaya border to the south of Guwahati city and is a major tourist attraction of Guwahati. Vasishtha's Temple is situated in Vashisht village, Himachal Pradesh. Vashishtha Cave, a cave on the banks of Ganges at Shivpuri, 18 km from Rishikesh is also locally believed to be his winter abode and houses

1178-518: The orbital properties of the system, the total mass of the two stars is approximately 2.1 solar masses, most of which is contributed by the primary star. Mizar is known as Vashistha , one of the Saptarishi , in traditional Indian astronomy . Chinese Taoism personifies ζ Ursae Majoris as the Lu star . In Chinese , 北斗 ( Běi Dǒu ), meaning Northern Dipper , refers to an asterism equivalent to

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1216-691: The original names. Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are: Latinisation is a common practice for scientific names . For example, Livistona , the name of a genus of palm trees, is a Latinisation of Livingstone . During the age of the Roman Empire , translation of names into Latin (in the West) or Greek (in the East) was common. Additionally, Latinised versions of Greek substantives , particularly proper nouns , could easily be declined by Latin speakers with minimal modification of

1254-651: The original word. During the medieval period , after the Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the main bastion of scholarship was the Roman Catholic Church , for which Latin was the primary written language. In the early medieval period, most European scholars were priests and most educated people spoke Latin, and as a result, Latin became firmly established as the scholarly language for the West. By

1292-582: The two stars can be observed separately and both are given a spectral type of A2Vp. They are Ap stars , chemically peculiar due to stratification of some heavy elements in the photosphere of slowly-rotating hot stars. In this case, they show elevated abundances of strontium and silicon . With the assumption of identical physical properties for the two stars, they both have temperatures of 9,000 K, radii of 2.4  R ☉ , and bolometric luminosities of 33.3  L ☉ . They are thought to be around 370 million years old. ζ Ursae Majoris

1330-658: Was also found to be a spectroscopic binary, its components completing an orbital period every six months. In 1996, 107 years after their discovery, the components of the Mizar A binary system were imaged in extremely high resolution using the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer . The two components of ζ Ursae Majoris (Mizar Aa and Ab) are observed to be identical, with the exception of slightly different radial velocity variations which indicate very slightly different masses. The spectral lines of

1368-460: Was married to Arundhati, and therefore he was also called Arundhati Natha , meaning the husband of Arundhati. Later, this region is believed in the Indian tradition to be the abode of sage Vyasa along with Pandavas , the five brothers of Mahabharata . He is typically described in ancient and medieval Hindu texts as a sage with long flowing hairs that are neatly tied into a bun that is coiled with

1406-458: Was seen by Varuna and Mitra, Vasishtha reemerged from them. According to Agarwal, one story states that Vasishtha wanted to commit suicide by falling into river Sarasvati . But the river prevented this sacrilege by splitting into hundreds of shallow channels. This story, states Agarwal, may have very ancient roots, where "the early man observed the braiding process of the Satluj" and because such

1444-522: Was the first spectroscopic binary to be discovered, as part of Antonia Maury 's spectral classification work, and an orbit was published in 1890. Some spectroscopic binaries cannot be visually resolved and are discovered by studying the spectral lines of the suspect system over a long period of time. The two components of Mizar A are both about 35 times as bright as the Sun, and revolve around each other in about 20 days 12 hours and 55 minutes. In 1908, Mizar B

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