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58-755: During the Northern Cheyenne Exodus in January, 1879, Black Coyote, his wife Buffalo Calf Road Woman (she is famously known for saving her brother in the Battle of Rosebud , which was the reason why the Cheyennes called it "The battle where the girl saved her brother"), their two small children, his brother-in-law Whetstone, Hole in the Breast, and other members of his family were part of Little Wolf's band of Northern Cheyenne who were traveling north to

116-401: A bush, and drove off the warriors with his revolver, but not before Black Coyote took Baader's carbine and watch. Kennedy was later rescued after a great loss of blood by three civilians traveling from Deadwood, South Dakota , including a Mr. O'Neil, who helped him about 45 miles (72 km) northwest to Fort Keogh. After learning details of the event, on April 8, 1879 Colonel Nelson A. Miles ,

174-597: A federal investigation into reservation conditions, the Cheyenne were given authorization to hunt. When the Cheyenne attempted to hunt game they found none: by the winter of 1877–78 the territory was just a wasteland of dead buffalo remains, as the U.S. Army had sanctioned and actively endorsed the wholesale slaughter of bison herds. Through the past decade the federal government had promoted bison hunting for various reasons, to allow ranchers to range their cattle without competition from other bovines, but primarily to weaken

232-469: A few miles from the fort among rocks and were found during the next few days. The other 32 Cheyenne led by Little Finger Nail were discovered in a small hollow above Antelope Creek, a tributary of Hat Creek some 35 miles northwest of Fort Robinson, and after a final battle only nine were left alive. The dead were buried in a mass grave called "The Pit." In 1994 the Northern Cheyenne reclaimed

290-467: A reporter for The New York Times was Thompson R. McElrath who on June 8, 1879 wrote a lengthy letter describing the trial. The verdict of June 4, was for the three warriors to be executed by hanging on July 7, 1879, but the next morning, June 5, two hanged themselves in the jail at Miles City, Montana Territory . Later, the third Cheyenne also hanged himself in the jail. The action of April 10, 1879, as recalled by Sergeant T. B. Glover: We were then in

348-621: A strong guard I took them back to the post. They were tried and convicted of murder, but cheated the executioner, for Indian-like, they all hanged themselves in the jail at Miles City. One Congressional Medal of Honor was awarded for actions during the incident. It was for: United States Army -Detachment at Mizpah Creek, April 5, 1879. -Detachment from Fort Ellis, April, 1879. -Detachment from Fort Keogh, April 7,-10, 1879. Native Americans , Northern Cheyenne banished from Little Wolf's band. Northern Cheyenne Exodus The Northern Cheyenne Exodus , also known as Dull Knife's Raid ,

406-476: A total of 444,157 acres (1,797.44 km ). Those Cheyenne who had homesteaded east of the Tongue River were relocated to reservation lands west of the river. The Northern Cheyenne flag is blue with a white symbol in the centre. Lame Deer, Montana , with about 4,000 residents, of which 92% are American Indian, is the capital of the Northern Cheyenne nation. Chief Dull Knife College is located there. To

464-529: Is also where some Cheyenne attend public school or live for work. Major employers within the community that contribute to the economy on the reserve include St. Labre Indian School, power and construction companies, the federal and tribal governments, farming and ranching, small businesses, and the education system. Known in Cheyenne either as Notameohmésêhese or Notameohmésėhétaneo'o meaning "Northern Eaters" or simply as Ohmésêhese / Ôhmésêheseo'o meaning "Eaters". Lesser northern bands (not represented in

522-600: Is bounded on the east by the Tongue River and on the west by the Crow Reservation . There are small parcels of non-contiguous off-reservation trust lands in Meade County, South Dakota , northeast of the city of Sturgis . Its timbered ridges that extend into northwestern South Dakota are part of Custer National Forest and it is approximately 40 miles (64 km) east of the site of the 1876 Battle of

580-570: Is evident in traditional communities like Lame Deer and Birney and when the 2006 vote on development coal and coalbed methane on the reservation split along modernist vs traditional lines. A historical buffalo jump, burial sites of Cheyenne chiefs and spiritual leaders, the site of Custer 's last camp before the Battle of the Little Bighorn , the Cheyenne Indian Museum, Ten Bears Gallery, St. Labre Indian School , and

638-825: The Cheyenne War , or the Cheyenne Campaign , was the attempt of the Northern Cheyenne to return to the north, after being placed on the Southern Cheyenne reservation in the Indian Territory , and the United States Army operations to stop them. The period lasted from 1878 to 1879. Following the Battle of the Little Bighorn , attempts by the U.S. Army to subdue the Northern Cheyenne intensified. In 1877, after

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696-702: The Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities . It is member of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium and American Association of Community Colleges . Northern Cheyenne Tribal School is the reservation's tribal school located in Busby, MT. The reservation is the recipient of a 2010 Promise Neighborhoods grant from the United States Department of Education , through

754-589: The 1950s. The Busby White River Cheyenne Mennonite Church is located in Busby. In 1976 the reservation had 2400 people and Marie Sanchez was the Chief Judge. Ashland, Montana , is to the east. In 1884 a Catholic boarding school, the St. Labre Indian School , was established there. The 460 residents of Ashland are about 75% American Indian. They are also very active in basketball. When Busby became part of their district, they had notable rivalry basketball games in

812-575: The Army. After hearing that Lakota chiefs Red Cloud and Spotted Tail had been relocated to Pine Ridge in Dakota Territory , Dull Knife decided, due to weather and his people's condition, to go to Fort Robinson. That night the Cheyenne took apart their best guns with the women hiding the barrels under their clothing, and attaching the smaller pieces to clothes and moccasins as ornaments. On October 25, 1878, Dull Knife, Left Hand, Wild Hog and

870-717: The Ashland Powwow are sites of special interest in the Ashland area. The Northern Cheyenne are related to the Southern Cheyenne , who are located in Oklahoma . Following the Black Hills War and earlier conflicts in Colorado (see Sand Creek Massacre and Washita Massacre ), the Northern Cheyenne were forcibly moved to Oklahoma and restricted to lands of their southern relatives. Unable to acclimate swiftly to

928-475: The Cheyenne started their move with 972 people; upon reaching the Cheyenne-Arapaho reservation on August 5, 1877 there were only 937. Some elderly had perished along the way and some young men crept away and headed back north. After reaching the reservation, the Northern Cheyenne noticed how poverty-stricken it was, and began to fall sick in the late summer of 1877. When conditions did not improve after

986-483: The Cheyenne tried to make a daring escape using the dismantled guns they had hidden upon arriving at the fort. The Cheyenne were immediately followed and many were killed in the Fort Robinson breakout . By morning 65 Cheyenne, 23 of them wounded, were returned to Fort Robinson as prisoners. Only 38 Cheyenne had fully escaped, 32 of whom were together moving north pursued by the Army. Six Cheyenne were hiding only

1044-455: The Cheyenne warriors signaled a white flag and willingly surrendered to Glover's detachment, before the remaining warrior fired on the cavalrymen. The soldiers then forced the three warriors' surrender without taking any casualties, and captured the five women and children. Black Coyote had with him articles of clothing and the watch taken from the body of Private Baader on April 5. The eight captured Cheyenne were then brought back to Fort Keogh. As

1102-483: The Cheyenne were ordered to return south to the Southern Cheyenne reservation. When the Cheyenne refused, bars were put on the windows and all rations were stopped, including wood for heat. On January 9, 1879, Dull Knife still refused to return south. However, Wild Hog and Left Hand agreed to talk but said their people would not go. As a result, Wild Hog was held as a prisoner and shackled. At 9:45 that night

1160-411: The Cheyenne. About ten thousand soldiers and three thousand settlers chased the Cheyenne both day and night. During the last two weeks of September the army had caught up to the Cheyenne five times but the Cheyenne were able to evade the army by keeping to arduous grounds where it was challenging for the army to follow. In the fall of 1878 after six weeks of running the Cheyenne chiefs held council and it

1218-512: The Council of Forty-Four): Chief Dull Knife College , originally named Dull Knife Memorial College , is an open admission Native American tribal community college and land grant institution . It is located on the reservation, in Lame Deer, and has a current enrollment of 141 students. On average, more than half of the graduates move on to four-year colleges. The college is accredited by

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1276-556: The Little Bighorn . In March 2013, the Northern Cheyenne Tribe had 12,266 people enrolled citizens, of which about 6,012 resided on the reservation, with approximately 91% of the population Native American (full or part blood quantum ) and 72.8% identifying as Cheyenne. Slightly more than a quarter of the population five years or older spoke a language other than English. Members of the Crow Tribe also live on

1334-541: The Little Bighorn Mountains, I advanced but a short distance, when I saw two Indians standing on a rock silhouetted against the background of the sky, signalling with the white flag. I advanced and accepted their surrender. Turning, I heard the sound of furious firing in the rear. The two Indians had been joined by others and treacherously opened an attack while my men were quietly leaning on their arms. Not an Indian got away. We captured them all, and under

1392-678: The North American Indian population by removing their main food source and to pressure them onto the Indian reservations during times of conflict; Unfortunately in 1878 there was also a measles outbreak that struck the Northern Cheyenne, and in August 1878 the Cheyenne chiefs began preparations to move back north. On September 9, 1878 Little Wolf, Dull Knife, Wild Hog, and Left Hand told their people to organize to leave. The runaways totalled 353 in all: 92 were men of fighting age, while

1450-528: The Powder River Country. Black Coyote stole some horses with U.S. army brands, and one of the chiefs, named Black Crane, told him to return the horses for the safety of the group. Black Coyote opposed this, and when Black Crane raised his whip, Black Coyote shot and killed him. Because of this, he and his family, totaling eight people were banished from the tribe. On Saturday, April 5, 1879 in present-day Powder River or Custer County, Montana, near

1508-509: The autumn 1878 actions of the Cheyenne as being a response to an earlier Battle at Sappa Creek (also known as the Massacre at Cheyenne Hole), an action in the spring of 1875 in the same area when a small village of Cheyenne was surprised and destroyed by Army troops. Other observers stress that this link has no basis in Cheyenne accounts and trace the depredation back to the fact that elderly or injured Cheyennes who could no longer keep up with

1566-635: The case was adjudged to be a civil one, the three warriors involved were housed in the Custer County jail at Miles City. During their imprisonment, Buffalo Calf Road Women, the wife of Black Coyote died of Diphtheria in Miles City. When Black Coyote learned of this, he became crazy and did not eat or sleep. From May 27-June 4, 1879, their case was heard in the first territorial court held in Montana Territory east of Bozeman . Present as

1624-543: The commander of Fort Keogh, ordered out Sergeant Thaddeus B. Glover with a small detachment of ten soldiers of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry to locate and arrest the warriors responsible. A small detachment from Fort Ellis consisting of men from Company D, 2nd Cavalry under Captain Thomas J. Gregg also traveled in pursuit of the Lakota band. On April 10, 1879 Glover's men caught up with the Cheyenne's trail, and deployed to advance. Two of

1682-470: The crossing of Mizpah Creek, length of 12 miles, by the Fort Keogh to Deadwood telegraph line, Sergeant Kennedy of the U.S. Signal Corps, and Private Leo Baader of Company E, 2nd U.S. Cavalry were repairing the line, when Black Coyote's party found and attacked them. The warriors killed Private Baader, severely wounded Sergeant Kennedy, and captured the two men's horses. The wounded Sergeant crawled into

1740-650: The early 1880s, many families began to migrate south to the Tongue River watershed area and established homesteads in the northern edge of the Powder River Basin , which they considered their natural home. The Northern Cheyenne were allies of the Lakota in the Black Hills War of 1876–1877. The United States government established the Tongue River Indian Reservation, which consisted of 371,200 acres (1,502 km ) of land, under

1798-657: The escapees had to stand trial for the murders that had been committed in Kansas. The seven were Old Crow, Wild Hog, Strong Left Hand, Porcupine , Tangle Hair, Noisy Walker, and Blacksmith. Charges were dismissed against them after a civilian court trial in 1879 in Kansas . After the council near the North Platte where the Northern Cheyenne split up, Little Wolf's band continued north to the Sand Hills of Nebraska where they wintered along Wild Chokecherry Creek where there

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1856-457: The executive order given by President Chester A. Arthur on November 16, 1884. The boundaries originally did not include the Cheyenne who had homesteaded further east near the Tongue River, therefore those people who had were helped by the St. Labre Catholic Mission. This changed though when on March 19, 1900, President William McKinley extended the reservation to the west bank of the Tongue River, for

1914-473: The heat of western Oklahoma ( Indian Territory at the time), having to grow their food instead of hunting or gathering as were their ways, and the brutal conditions in the barracks where they were held, the northerners quickly began dying. In desperation, a small band left the reservation and headed north in 1878, an odyssey that came to be known as the Northern Cheyenne Exodus . The Northern Cheyenne briefly settled around Fort Keogh ( Miles City, Montana ). In

1972-430: The late 1940s and on. Birney, Montana , population about 100, 86% Indian, is south of Lame Deer and Ashland. Part of Birney, "White Birney", lies south of the reservation. Colstrip, Montana , is a neighboring industrial city devoted to coal mining and electrical generation. Located 20 miles north of the reservation, it has a population of about 2,300 residents, of which approximately 240, or 11%, are American Indians. It

2030-500: The local Boys & Girls Clubs of America . The St. Labre Catholic boarding school is also on the reserve and educates children in pre-K-12. It serves nearly 450 students and embraces the North American culture while also celebrating catholic faith and educating children. They integrate North American culture within the school curriculum allowing for formal education to take place in addition to cultural education. Along with

2088-478: The message that the Cheyenne must return to the reservation, but the Cheyenne leaders declined to return and warriors began moving around the flanks of the soldiers. The soldiers opened fire and the Cheyenne responded in kind, although the firing was sparse as the Cheyenne preserved their limited ammunition. Desultory fighting continued all day with two soldiers killed and three wounded. After dark, desperate for water, seven soldiers attempted and failed to gain access to

2146-708: The objective of catching and capturing the fleeing Cheyenne. Rendlebrock reported that he was on their trail and, being well-mounted, that he hoped to catch them near the Arkansas River in Kansas near Dodge City . Instead, he found them waiting for him at Turkey Springs. On September 13, following the trail of the Cheyenne, Captain Rendlebrock saw warriors on a hilltop. He formed a skirmish line with his soldiers and sent an Arapaho scout named "Chalk" or "Ghost Man" to talk to Dull Knife and Little Wolf. Chalk conveyed

2204-537: The pace of the exodus and remained behind had been mercilessly shot or clubbed to death by white posses and the fleeing Cheyennes had lost most of their ponies and all of their food in the Battle of Punished Woman's Fork, which created a crisis among the tribespeople. From Turkey Creek on it was a running battle across Kansas and Nebraska, and soldiers from all surrounding forts ( Fort Wallace , Fort Hays , Fort Dodge , Fort Riley , and Fort Kearney ) were in pursuit of

2262-500: The present site of Freedom, Oklahoma they rested and then trailed 11 miles up Turkey Creek to a waterhole called Turkey Springs in hilly country near the border of Oklahoma and Kansas. After a few hours rest there, Dull Knife and a few others led the women and children on to St. Jacob's Well and The Big Basin in what is now Clark County, Kansas where they camped. The remaining Cheyenne, anticipating pursuit, prepared an ambush at Turkey Springs . While one band prepared rifle pits at

2320-454: The previous November's Dull Knife Fight , Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson in northwestern Nebraska a few Cheyenne chiefs and their people surrendered as well. The chiefs that surrendered at the fort were Dull Knife , Little Wolf , Standing Elk , and Wild Hog with nearly one thousand Cheyenne. On the other hand, Two Moon surrendered at Fort Keogh with three hundred Cheyenne in 1877. The Cheyenne wanted and expected to live on

2378-600: The remaining 261 were women, children and elderly. In the early morning of September 10 the band fled up the North Canadian River. By 3 a.m. the alarm was sounded that the Cheyenne were gone. Passing the present sites of Watonga, Oklahoma and Canton, Oklahoma they crossed north over the watershed into the Cimarron Basin, crossing the Cimarron River the evening of September 10. There, near

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2436-573: The remains of all those killed and buried in Nebraska. They were reinterred on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation , on a hill overlooking Busby, Montana . In January 1879, Dull Knife reached Pine Ridge where Red Cloud was being held as a prisoner. After months of delay from Washington the prisoners from Fort Robinson were released and allowed to go to Fort Keogh where Little Wolf had ended up. However, seven of

2494-614: The reservation with the Sioux in accordance with an April 29, 1868 treaty of Fort Laramie of which both Dull Knife and Little Wolf had signed. However, shortly after arriving at Fort Robinson it was recommended that the Northern Cheyenne be moved to the Darlington Agency on the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation near Fort Reno in present-day Oklahoma . Following confirmation from Washington D.C.,

2552-504: The reservation. The tribal and government headquarters are located in Lame Deer , where they host the annual Northern Cheyenne powwow . Traditional Cheyenne spiritual culture, like most traditional Indigenous spiritual ways, values the peoples' connection to their landbase, and sees the land itself, as well as special sites like Bear Butte , as sacred. Numerous Cheyenne work as foresters and fire fighters. This spiritual perspective

2610-476: The rest of the Cheyenne finally reached Fort Robinson. The barracks that had been built to house 75 soldiers now held 150 Cheyenne. In December, Red Cloud was brought to Fort Robinson for a council with Dull Knife and the other chiefs. Dull Knife agreed to fight no more if the great father in Washington would let his people live on Pine Ridge that now held Red Cloud and his tribe. However, on January 3, 1879,

2668-427: The school, this facility also runs a Shiloh Youth Group Home, Childcare Center, Community Outreach Services, Elderly Outreach Services, and a Work Incentive Program. These programs along with the school aim to educate the community members ad provide them with skills in order to become independent in any way they need. There is also a St. Labre museum which houses important Cheyenne artifacts and aims to display history of

2726-422: The scouts, then later Lieutenant Clark, the band agreed to surrender and go with the troopers to Fort Keogh. There they were offered service in the army as scouts. After some discussion even Little Wolf agreed to become a scout, as did Red Armed Panther . In 1884, the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation was established in southeastern Montana Territory , and the Northern Cheyenne were never forced to return to

2784-433: The settlers, recent immigrants from eastern Europe, had never seen an Indian before. Men and boys were killed; women and older girls were raped. Often the settlers were approached in a friendly manner, then shot point blank. About 41 white men and boys were killed and, according to a Kansas senate report, 25 white women and girls raped, although the latter number seems inflated given existing evidence. Some observers link

2842-541: The south. Northern Cheyenne The Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation ( Cheyenne : Tsėhéstáno ) is the federally recognized Northern Cheyenne tribe and a Plains tribe . The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation is reservation located in southeastern Montana , that is approximately 690 square miles (1,800 km ) large. It is home to approximately 6,000 Cheyenne people. The reservation

2900-479: The springs, other bands fanned out over the country looking for supplies. In one case, attacking and killing two cowboys nearby, they obtained two mules. In another, attacking some cowboys during breakfast, they obtained both some food and a Sharps carbine . On 10 September, a veteran soldier, Captain Joseph Rendlebrock, with 85 officers and men and two Arapaho scouts had departed Fort Reno with

2958-441: The troopers. A party of drovers encountered Cheyenne camped on Prairie Dog Creek in northwestern Kansas on September 29 and lost 80 cattle. Between September 30 and October 3, in present-day Decatur County and Rawlins County near Oberlin, Kansas , then a tiny hamlet , small parties of Cheyenne foraging for horses, cattle and supplies fell on isolated settlers who had recently homesteaded along Sappa and Beaver Creeks. Some of

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3016-574: The water in the springs. By the next morning the Cheyenne had completely surrounded the soldiers and Rendlebrock ordered a retreat through ravines with Cheyenne firing down at the soldiers. Another soldier was killed during the retreat. Rendlebrock retreated about 15 km (9.3 miles) to the Cimarron River. The Cheyenne suffered five wounded. The next day they divided themselves into several different groups to confuse pursuers attempting to track them and continued their trek northward. Rendelbrock

3074-554: The west is Muddy, Montana , with about 600 residents, 94% American Indian, and further west Busby, Montana , with about 700 residents, 90% American Indian. Busby was the site of the Tongue River Boarding School, opened in 1904. The school would later become quite active in basketball , with their team playing a winning game against the Harlem Globetrotters and winning a state championship in

3132-401: Was aborted due to an over-eager brave who fired on the scouts before the ambush was sprung. In the ensuing battle, Lewis deployed a company of infantry to block the entrance to the canyon and attacked late in the afternoon along the rim of the canyon with four troops of dismounted cavalry, advancing by bounds, pinning the Cheyenne including their families in the closed end below. However, Lewis

3190-575: Was discovered that 34 of the original 297 were missing, most had been killed but a few had decided to take other paths to the north. This is where the Cheyenne split into two groups. The ones that wished to stop running were going along with Dull Knife to Red Cloud Agency , Wild Hog and Left Hand also decided to follow Dull Knife. Little Wolf continued north intending to go to the Powder River country. On October 23, 1878, Dull Knife's band of Cheyenne, only two days from Fort Robinson, were surrounded by

3248-503: Was later court-martialed for the disorderly retreat. After crossing the Arkansas River the Cheyenne were followed closely by a mixed command of 238 soldiers of the 19th Infantry and 4th Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel William H. Lewis of the 19th Infantry. On September 27, the Cheyenne prepared an ambush in a canyon on Punished Woman's Fork (nowadays called Ladder Creek), north of present-day Scott City, Kansas ), but it

3306-405: Was plentiful deer, antelope and cattle. They saw a few white men during the winter but were undisturbed. In early spring they moved north to the Powder River. There they were located by scouts attached to troops from Fort Keogh commanded by Lieutenant W. P. Clark , an army officer known as White Hat to the Cheyenne and who had been friendly with Little Wolf in the past. After negotiation with first

3364-472: Was unaware of the Cheyenne's marksmanship and was shot in the leg, severing his femoral artery . This left a vacuum in Cavalry Regiment's leadership which the Cheyenne were able to exploit, escaping after dark. Lewis bled to death the next day and several other soldiers were wounded. However, the Cheyenne lost 60 horses, much baggage, and all of their food when part of the pony herd was discovered by

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