Perfectionism , in psychology , is a broad personality trait characterized by a person's concern with striving for flawlessness and perfection and is accompanied by critical self-evaluations and concerns regarding others' evaluations. It is best conceptualized as a multidimensional and multilayered personality characteristic, and initially some psychologists thought that there were many positive and negative aspects.
193-459: Michael Antonio Cimino ( / tʃ ɪ ˈ m iː n oʊ / chim- EE -noh , Italian: [anˈtɔːnjo tʃiˈmiːno] ; February 3, 1939 – July 2, 2016) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer and author. Notorious for his obsessive attention to detail and determination for perfection , Cimino achieved widespread fame with The Deer Hunter (1978), which won five Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director . With
386-613: A Moviola . I operated the Moviola and swept the floors and I was hooked — I decided to become a filmmaker." During this time, he also took ballet classes and studied under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio once every week in order to better understand how actors performed. Within eighteen months of directing TV ads, he was hired by Madison Pollack O'Hare to work on special assignments involving "graphic design concepts and unusual approaches to live film". While there, he handpicked
579-608: A working-class town on the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh, and in Vietnam. The film was based in part on an unproduced screenplay called The Man Who Came to Play by Louis A. Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker about Las Vegas and Russian roulette . Producer Michael Deeley , who bought the script, hired Cimino who, with Deric Washburn , rewrote the script, taking the Russian roulette element and placing it in
772-542: A $ 5 million insurance policy. Other filming took place in Pittsburgh . The first deer to be shot was depicted in a "gruesome close-up", although he was hit only with a tranquilizer dart. This was not a whitetail buck, which is native to Pennsylvania, but a red deer native to Eurasia. The stag that Michael lets escape was the same one later used on TV commercials for The Hartford . The Viet Cong Russian roulette scenes were shot with real rats and mosquitoes , as
965-499: A 24-hour day," Stone later said of working with Cimino. "He doesn't really sleep... he's truly an obsessive personality. He's the most Napoleonic director I ever worked with." At this time, Cimino was simultaneously doing extensive work for the production of The Yellow Jersey . Several actors were considered for the lead role of Stanley White, including Jeff Bridges , Christopher Walken and Nick Nolte . Cimino eventually settled on Mickey Rourke after collaborating with him briefly on
1158-415: A 45-item measure that rates three aspects of perfectionist self-presentation: Self-oriented perfectionism refers to having unrealistic expectations and standards for oneself that lead to perfectionist motivation. Other-oriented perfectionism is having unrealistic expectations and standards for others that in turn pressure them to have perfectionist motivations of their own. Socially prescribed perfectionism
1351-662: A background in painting and architecture, Cimino began his career as a commercial director in New York before moving to Los Angeles in the early 1970s to take up screenwriting. After co-writing the scripts for both Silent Running (1972) and Magnum Force (1973), he wrote the preliminary script for Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974). The latter became his directorial debut and one of the highest-grossing films of that year. The accolades received for co-writing, directing, and producing The Deer Hunter led to Cimino receiving creative control of Heaven's Gate (1980). The film became
1544-713: A barrier to treatment among perfectionists. When they do attend treatment, perfectionists, especially those high in perfectionist self-presentation, are more likely to experience initial clinical interviews as anxiety-provoking and appraise their performance as inadequate. Perfectionism can also affect treatment adherence. For example, a study demonstrated that other-oriented perfectionism is associated with treatment attrition. Further, treatment effectiveness may be compromised by perfectionists' tendency to present an image of flawlessness and avoid self-disclosures because of an excessive sensitivity to judgment and rejection. Most importantly, treatment success may be negatively impacted due to
1737-489: A character, if he's interesting enough, that's what's important. I don't see myself making a film because it's from a certain genre, except a musical comedy , I would love to make a musical comedy. It provides a special pleasure which tempts me. —Michael Cimino In December 1982, after being unable to finalize a deal with director Herbert Ross at the time, Paramount Pictures offered the job of directing Footloose to Cimino. Producer Daniel Melnick warned him that if
1930-897: A coping method. This is consistent with theories that conceptualize self-criticism as a central element of perfectionism. Perfectionism can be damaging. It can take the form of procrastination when used to postpone tasks and self-deprecation when used to excuse poor performance or to seek sympathy and affirmation from other people. These, together or separate, are self-handicapping strategies perfectionists may use to protect their sense of self-competence. In general, perfectionists feel constant pressure to meet their high expectations, which creates cognitive dissonance when expectations cannot be met. Perfectionism has been associated with numerous other psychological and physiological complications. Moreover, perfectionism may result in alienation and social disconnection via certain rigid interpersonal patterns common to perfectionist individuals. Perfectionism
2123-472: A corpse." With its scathing reviews and financial loss, Heaven's Gate quickly became a Hollywood legend. Cimino intended to follow up Heaven's Gate with Conquering Horse through his two-picture deal with United Artists, but was never realized after its failure. The film, based on the Western novel written by Frederick Manfred , would have been a generational saga set in pre-white America that dealt with
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#17327727917812316-501: A critical failure and a legendary box-office bomb , which lost production studio United Artists an estimated $ 37 million. Its failure was seen by many observers as the end of the New Hollywood era, with studios next shifting focus from director-driven films toward high-concept , crowd-pleasing blockbusters . More recently, however, Heaven's Gate has undergone a dramatic reappraisal, even being named by BBC Culture as one of
2509-427: A deadline, Cimino generously went over his copious notes written on the script with the new director they hired, Stuart Rosenberg . According to MGM president Freddie Fields , Cimino's contributions to the film were invaluable; "He's been a terrific consultant." In the summer of 1984, an old project Cimino had been attached to finally seemed to be moving toward production. The film was The Yellow Jersey , based upon
2702-400: A deal at United Artists to write and direct The Fountainhead , based on Ayn Rand 's sprawling novel about an architect who refuses to compromise, which he had loved for years. He sent his script to Elliott Kastner , who was going to produce, and his first choice to play the character of Howard Rourk was Clint Eastwood. Taking its cue from more than the novel, Cimino's modern-day adaptation
2895-465: A deer with a single shot. In 1969 in Vietnam, Mike, now a Green Beret , happens upon Nick and Steven, who land in a village during an Air Assault mission. The three are soon imprisoned by the Viet Cong in a cage along a river and forced to participate in games of Russian roulette while the jailers bet. Steven fires his round at the ceiling and is forced into a cage with rats and previous victims of
3088-758: A detailed backlot which was constructed in Wilmington, North Carolina . Since its construction, the set for the film has been re-used extensively for other Hollywood film productions. The street was re-created in such extraordinary detail that even Stanley Kubrick (who was born in the Bronx ), thought it had been the real Chinatown. Cimino, who often liked to shoot interiors in one city and exteriors in another, also filmed parts in New York City, Toronto , Vancouver , Bangkok , Thailand and Chiang Rai . Confident that he'd deliver on time and within budget, Cimino had
3281-402: A different occupational context, athletes may develop perfectionist tendencies. Optimal physical and mental performance is critical for professional athletes, which are aspects that closely relate to perfectionism. Although perfectionist athletes strive to succeed, they can be limited by their intense fear of failure and therefore not exert themselves fully or feel overly personally responsible for
3474-515: A few years later, Cimino would be the first director approached to take over for Lean on the out-of-control production of The Bounty . Cimino, however, was intent on "painstakingly constructing his film according to photographs from the time" and immersing the audience into the world created in the film: "I wanted you to feel what it was like to walk down a street in that period: to follow those noisy wagons , to cross all that activity, what you felt, what you heard. People made so much dust ; my God,
3667-420: A game of Russian roulette, pulling the trigger on himself. Mike happens to be present as a spectator, but Nick and Julien hurriedly leave. Sometime later, Mike returns home, but cannot integrate into civilian life. He avoids a welcome-home party, opting to stay alone in a hotel. He visits Linda and learns that Nick has deserted. Mike then visits Angela, who is now a mother, but has slipped into catatonia following
3860-531: A group that welcomed incoming students. He graduated in 1959 with honors and won the Harry Suffrin Advertising Award. He was described in the 1959 Red Cedar Log yearbook as having tastes that included blondes, Thelonious Monk , Chico Hamilton , Mort Sahl , Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , Frank Lloyd Wright , and "drinking, preferably vodka." In Cimino's final year at Michigan State, he became art director, and later managing editor, of
4053-508: A higher mortality rate than those without perfectionism. A possible reason for this is the additional stress and worry that accompanies the irrational belief that everything should be perfect. Therapists attempt to tackle the negative thinking that surrounds perfectionism, in particular the "all-or-nothing" thinking in which the client believes that an achievement is either perfect or useless. They encourage clients to set realistic goals and to face their fear of failure. Since perfectionism
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#17327727917814246-520: A house in Hidden Hills that belonged to British director J. Lee Thompson . Carelli told Cimino that the only way he would be able to direct a film is if he wrote an original screenplay and got the biggest star in Hollywood to agree to be in it. Cimino, who had never written on his own, began by writing stories about people he knew about. From this habit, the script for Thunderbolt and Lightfoot
4439-510: A link between perfectionism and its maladaptive consequences since the estrangement from oneself and others generated by perfectionism is associated with a number of adverse outcomes, such as interpersonal difficulties, depression, and suicide risk. Randy O. Frost et al. (1990) developed a multidimensional perfectionism scale (now known as the "Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale", FMPS) with six dimensions: Hewitt & Flett (1991) devised another "multidimensional perfectionism scale",
4632-462: A long time because Costello himself had a long, interesting life. The selection of things to film was quite hard." He also did a rewrite for United Artists of Frederick Forsyth 's The Dogs of War to be directed by Norman Jewison , and was briefly attached to direct the film after Jewison left. The film that came closest to production was an original for Paramount, titled Head of the Dragon , that
4825-535: A loss. Because their success is frequently measured by a score or statistics, perfectionist athletes may feel excessive pressure to succeed. Perfectionism is a risk factor for obsessive–compulsive disorder , obsessive–compulsive personality disorder , eating disorders , social anxiety , body dysmorphic disorder , workaholism , self harm and suicide, substance abuse , and clinical depression as well as physical problems like heart disease . In addition, studies have found that people with perfectionism have
5018-468: A lot of things which, in a certain way, find their way back into the film. —Michael Cimino Derived from some of Cimino's personal experiences, The Deer Hunter tells the story of three blue-collar steelworkers, portrayed by Robert De Niro , John Savage and Christopher Walken , who during the Vietnam War volunteer to serve together. Since he had to spend the next several months prepping for
5211-591: A lot," said Cimino, "especially around the Great Falls ; in the banks of the Dearborn and the Missouri ; in the fields of wheat, east of Great Falls." In the film, Eastwood plays an aging Korean War veteran who, in the words of Cimino, "has lost his zest for life" and runs into an "exuberant, freedom-loving kid" (played by Jeff Bridges ), who restores his youth. Bridges, for his part, felt hugely unprepared for
5404-443: A multilevel and multidimensional personality style that contains a trait level, a self-presentational level, and a cognitive level. The stable, dispositional, trait-like level of this model includes self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism, as well as other-oriented perfectionism. Self-oriented perfectionism is characterized by requiring perfection from oneself, while socially prescribed perfectionism refers to
5597-406: A mystery I never quite fathomed." Cimino originally claimed that the wedding scene would take up 21 minutes of screen time; in the end, it took 51 minutes. Deeley believes that Cimino always planned to make this prologue last for an hour, and "the plan was to be advanced by stealth rather than straight dealing." At this point in the production, nearly halfway through principal photography, Cimino
5790-810: A novel by Ralph Hurne about an aging, woman-chasing professional cyclist who nearly wins the Tour de France . The rights had been optioned back in 1973 by film producer Gary Mehlman, who then made a development deal with Columbia Pictures . In 1975, Cimino had been brought on board to direct the film and visited the Tour for the first time, for research. Over the next decade, the film generated expenses of nearly $ 2 million, and been in development with four studios and several independent production companies. Then, when Dustin Hoffman indicated an interest in starring in it, Mehlman took it back to Columbia in 1983. With Hoffman coming off
5983-407: A particular dislike of Americans, and so cast him. De Niro suggested that Walken be slapped by one of the guards without any warning, and Walken's reaction was genuine. Producer Deeley has said that Cimino shot the brutal Vietcong Russian roulette scenes brilliantly and more efficiently than any other part of the film. De Niro and Savage performed their own stunts in the fall into the river, filming
Michael Cimino - Misplaced Pages Continue
6176-409: A prodigy in early private education, but rebelled as an adolescent by consorting with delinquents, getting into fights, and coming home drunk. Of this time, Cimino described himself as "always hanging around with kids my parents didn't approve of. Those guys were so alive. When I was fifteen I spent three weeks driving all over Brooklyn with a guy who was following his girlfriend. He was convinced she
6369-524: A production consultant on The Deer Hunter , was the sole producer of the film, despite no longer having a romantic relationship with Cimino. An ambitious take on the American Western genre , the film follows a Harvard graduate who becomes a federal marshal investigating a Government-sanctioned plot to steal land from European settlers in Casper, Wyoming . The origins of the project dated back to
6562-485: A profit at the box office. Afterwards, De Laurentiis signed a picture deal for Cimino to direct a film adaptation of the Truman Capote novella, "Handcarved Coffins". De Laurentiis had planned to release the film in 1986 following his purchase of Embassy Pictures . In 1986, Cimino accepted the deal to direct the adaptation of the best-selling Mario Puzo novel The Sicilian , after Dino De Laurentiis cancelled
6755-480: A result of their overly industrious behavior. The level of perfectionism was found to have an influence on individual's long-term recovery of anorexia. Those who scored a lower range of perfectionism were able to have a faster recovery rate than patients who scored high in perfectionism. Perfectionism often shows up in performance at work or school, neatness and aesthetics, organization, writing, speaking, physical appearance, and health and personal cleanliness. In
6948-400: A result, Cimino was acting without the day-to-day supervision of a producer. Because Deeley was busy overseeing the production of Sam Peckinpah 's Convoy (1978), he hired John Peverall to oversee Cimino's shoot. Peverall's expertise with budgeting and scheduling made him a natural successor to Relyea, and Peverall knew enough about the picture to be elevated to producer status. "John is
7141-467: A script Cimino had written earlier in the '70s titled The Johnson County War , based on a rare bit of history he stumbled across when researching the development of barbed wire and its use in the American West . At that time, his script was shelved due to its failure to attract big-name talent, such as John Wayne , who turned down the lead role. Later, in 1978, after a print of The Deer Hunter
7334-516: A second collaboration with Raymond Carver on a film which they gave the elliptical title of Purple Lake . The latter of the two was written partly from a CBS documentary found by Joann Carelli called VisionQuest which was the name of an unorthodox social program to rehabilitate delinquent teenagers by sending them on a wagon train across the Rockies . Cimino also apparently tried to revive his Fountainhead adaptation again, even attracting
7527-401: A set start date of March 17, later postponed to June. I believe that this research is an integral part of the film; the time spent watching people, talking to them, hitting the road, sleeping in those towns, walking down those streets. You notice things, some consciously, others involuntarily, that otherwise... It really approaches the work of an actor, you absorb a number of details; you notice
7720-480: A straightforward Cornishman who had worked his way up to become a production supervisor," wrote Deeley, "and we employed him as EMI's watchman on certain pictures." The wedding scenes were filmed at historic St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland , Ohio. They took five days to film. St. Theodosius' Father Stephen Kopestonsky was cast as the priest. The reception scene
7913-629: A sure sense of space and design. They compare favorably to professional work honored in, say, any of the Modern Publicity annuals of the late fifties and are far better than the routine work turned out on Madison Avenue . The impact and quality of his work no doubt contributed to his winning the Harry Suffrin Advertising Award at MSU and perhaps to his acceptance at Yale University ." At Yale, Cimino continued to study painting as well as architecture and art history and became involved in school dramatics. In 1962, while still at Yale, he enlisted in
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8106-749: A tendency to "neatness, meticulosity, and a mulish stubbornness not amenable to reason [which] make her a rank perfectionist". Perfectionism is an enduring characteristic in the biographies of anorexics. It is present before the onset of the eating disorder, generally in childhood, during the illness, and also, after remission. The incessant striving for thinness among anorexics is itself a manifestation of this personality style, of an insistence upon meeting unattainably high standards of performance. Because of its chronicity, those with eating disorders also display perfectionist tendencies in other domains of life than dieting and weight control. Over-achievement at school, for example, has been observed among anorexics, as
8299-527: A tight-knit Slavic American community in Western Pennsylvania —Mike Vronsky, Steven Pushkov, and Nikanor "Nick" Chevotarevich—work in a steel mill and hunt deer with their co-workers Stanley ("Stan") and Peter "Axel" Axelrod, along with friend and bartender John Welsh. Mike, Steven, and Nick are preparing to leave for military service in Vietnam . Steven is engaged to Angela Ludhjduravic, who
8492-474: A type of perfectionist concern, was found to be associated with both baseline and long-term suicidal ideation. This implies that perfectionist concerns, such as socially prescribed perfectionism, are related to more pernicious outcomes in the context of suicide. Perfectionism has been linked with anorexia nervosa in research for decades. Researchers in 1949 described the behavior of the average anorexic person as being "rigid" and "hyperconscious", observing also
8685-416: A veterans' hospital; both of Steven's legs have been amputated, and he has lost the use of an arm. Steven refuses to come home, saying he no longer fits in. He tells Mike that he has been regularly receiving large sums of money from Vietnam. Mike intuits that Nick is the source of these payments, and forces Steven to return home to Angela. Mike returns to Vietnam in search of Nick. Wandering around Saigon, which
8878-497: A wager going with De Laurentiis that if he didn't go over budget, he would get the luxurious Mercedes that John Lone's character drove in the film. If not, Cimino would forfeit $ 50,000 of his salary. "It was four days over schedule, but $ 130,000 under-budget," said production manager Randolph Cheveldave, so Cimino collected. Upon its release, Year of the Dragon was sharply criticized for what many saw as offensively stereotypical depictions of Chinese Americans, but still managed to turn
9071-408: A year," Cimino said. "He was very tall and thin... His weight never changed his whole life and he didn't have a gray hair on his head. He was a bit like a Vanderbilt or a Whitney , one of those guys. He was the life of the party, women loved him, a real womanizer. He smoked like a fiend. He loved his martinis. He died really young. He was away a lot, but he was fun. I was just a tiny kid." His mother
9264-570: A young Sioux boy's rite of passage . "It's a story of the American Plains ," said Cimino in 1982, "[taking] place in the Dakotas and Montana ." Also at this time, Cimino had been attached as the director of The King of Comedy , which he withdrew from when Heaven's Gate was green lit , but vowed to return to once production ended. The film was first reported in 1979 as a Joann Carelli production, with Buck Henry making revisions to
9457-486: Is a dynamic-relational model describing perfectionism and its consequences in an interpersonal context. This model asserts that perfectionism, via an interpersonal style characterized by aloofness and inauthenticity, leads to the social disconnection and rejection perfectionists aim to avoid. According to the PSDM, perfectionism develops in an early interpersonal context through asynchrony between child and caregiver, when there
9650-405: Is a general perfectionism that affects all realms of life, some researchers contend that levels of perfectionism are significantly different across different domains (i.e. work, academic, sport, interpersonal relationships, home life). However, it is debated whether perfectionism can be adaptive and has positive aspects. In fact, recent research suggests that what is termed "adaptive perfectionism"
9843-429: Is a lack of attunement ("fit") between the temperament of the child and caregiver responses, leading to unfulfilled needs for belonging, acceptance, and self-esteem. This creates a relational schema of others as critical, and rejecting, and an internal model of oneself as defective which makes perfectionists highly sensitive to the potential for judgment and rejection in interpersonal encounters. Consequently, according to
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#173277279178110036-519: Is a maladaptive, defensive tendency. The Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (PCI) developed by Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein, and Gray (1998) is a 25-item inventory measuring the self-relational, cognitive component of perfectionism in the form of automatic thoughts about attaining perfection. It includes statements about perfectionism-themed cognitions, such as references to social comparison and awareness of being imperfect and failing to attain high expectations. Rather than emphasizing trait-like statements,
10229-777: Is a self-esteem issue based on emotional convictions about what one must do to be acceptable as a person, negative thinking is most successfully addressed in the context of a recovery process which directly addresses these convictions. A number of studies suggest that perfectionism can limit the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Namely, perfectionism impedes treatment success across seeking , maintaining, and ultimately benefiting from help. Unfavourable attitudes and negative beliefs towards seeking help present
10422-701: Is associated with suicidal thinking, depression, eating disorders, poor health and early mortality. Some researchers argue that, certainly, a construct that causes people to think more about suicide, and places them at risk for depression, eating disorders, poor health, and early mortality is far from one that is adaptive. In fact, there is no empirical support for the assertion that a healthy form of perfectionism exists. Instead, what has been termed adaptive perfectionism has little relation to perfectionism and has more to do with striving for excellence. A relentless striving for unreasonably high expectations that are rarely achieved and an avoidance of imperfection at all costs
10615-761: Is associated with varying levels of the three subscales on the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. For instance, socially prescribed perfectionism in young women has been associated with greater body-image dissatisfaction and avoidance of social situations that focus on weight and physical appearance. The relationship that exists between perfectionist tendencies and methods of coping with stress has also been examined in some detail. Those who displayed tendencies associated with perfectionism, such as rumination over past events or fixation on mistakes, tended to utilize more passive or avoidance coping. They also tended to utilize self-criticism as
10808-407: Is believed to have given false birth year information. Many Cimino biographies thus include inaccuracies about his early years, as well as his background in filmmaking. Cimino's presumed birth date was February 3, 1939. A third-generation Italian-American , Cimino and his two younger brothers, Peter and Edward, grew up with their parents in the town of Westbury , on Long Island . He was regarded as
11001-479: Is characterized by developing perfectionist motivations due actual or perceived high expectations of significant others. Parents who push their children to be successful in certain endeavors (such as athletics or academics) provide an example of what often causes this type of perfectionism, as the children feel that they must meet their parents' lofty expectations. A similarity has been pointed out among Frost's distinction between setting high standards for oneself and
11194-767: Is cohesive with the narcissist's grandiose self-image. Behind such perfectionism, self psychology would see earlier traumatic injuries to the grandiose self . The Deer Hunter The Deer Hunter is a 1978 American epic war drama film co-written and directed by Michael Cimino about a trio of Slavic-American steelworkers whose lives are upended after fighting in the Vietnam War . The three soldiers are played by Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken , and John Savage , with John Cazale (in his final role), Meryl Streep , and George Dzundza in supporting roles. The story takes place in Clairton, Pennsylvania ,
11387-475: Is debatable. In general, the APS-R is a relatively easy instrument to administer, and can be used to identify perfectionist adolescents as well as adults, though it has yet to be proven useful for children. Two other forms of the APS-R measure perfectionism directed towards intimate partners (Dyadic Almost Perfect Scale) and perceived perfectionism from one's family (Family Almost Perfect Scale). The validity of
11580-405: Is increasingly considered to be a risk factor for suicide . The tendency of perfectionists to have excessively high expectations of self and to be self-critical when their efforts do not meet the expectations they have established, combined with their tendency to present a public image of flawlessness increases their risk of suicidal ideation while decreasing the likelihood of seeking help when it
11773-553: Is needed. Perfectionism is one of many suicide predictors that affect individuals negatively via pressure to fulfill other- or self-generated high expectations, feeling incapable of living up to them, and social disconnection. Importantly, the relation between suicidality and perfectionism depends on the particular perfectionism dimensions. perfectionist strivings are associated with suicidal ideation while perfectionist concerns are predictive of both suicidal ideation and attempting suicide. Additionally, socially prescribed perfectionism,
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#173277279178111966-498: Is now in a state of chaos shortly before its fall , Mike finds Julien and persuades him to take him to the gambling den. Mike finds himself facing Nick, who has become a professional in the macabre game and fails to recognize Mike. Mike attempts to bring Nick back to reason by invoking memories of their hunting trips back home, but Nick maintains his indifference. However, during a game of Russian roulette between Mike and Nick, Nick recalls Mike's "one shot" method and smiles before pulling
12159-569: Is the expression of perfectionism through concealment of attributes or behaviours that may be deemed as imperfect, such as making mistakes in front of others. Similarly, nondisclosure of imperfection is also associated with concealment of self-aspects, but focuses on avoiding verbal disclosure of imperfections, such as not revealing personal information that may be judged negatively or admitting failures. All three facets are used as an (alleged) protection from feelings of low self-worth and possible rejection. The self-relational/intrapersonal component of
12352-512: Is what distinguishes perfectionism from excellencism. Perfectionism therefore extends beyond adaptive strivings and is not a synonym for excellence or conscientiousness. Numerous researchers advise against using the term "adaptive perfectionism" as it is inappropriate for a personality trait. There is some literature that supports the usage of adaptive perfectionism when used in comparison with maladaptive perfectionism. Differences were found when these two dimensions of perfectionism were paired with
12545-647: The Heaven's Gate prologue and epilogue began in March 1980. A rough edit of the film ended up screening for United Artists in June, running over five hours long. On November 18, Heaven's Gate had its world premiere in New York City . "I remember going to the New York premiere," said Jeff Bridges , one of the film's stars. "I'm not sure he [Cimino] had seen the movie complete; he was scrambling to put it together." In
12738-614: The Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R) . People are classified based on their scores for three measures: Discrepancy refers to the belief that personal high standards are not being met, which is the defining negative aspect of perfectionism. Those with high scores in what the APS-R considers maladaptive perfectionism typically yield the highest social stress and anxiety scores, reflecting their feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. However, whether high standards as measured by APS-R actually assess perfectionism
12931-531: The U.S. Army Reserve . He trained for five months at Fort Dix , New Jersey , and had a month of medical training in Fort Sam Houston , Texas . Cimino graduated from Yale University, receiving his Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1961 and his Master of Fine Arts in 1963, both in painting. After graduating, Cimino moved to Manhattan and was given a job by Pablo Ferro with a small company that produced documentary and industrial films: "They taught me how to use
13124-698: The best films ever made , including being named the 53rd-greatest American film of all time by the American Film Institute in 2007 in their 10th Anniversary Edition of the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies list. It was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 1996, as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." In 1968, three friends in
13317-771: The deer-hunting sequences, Cimino had his crew assemble, paint and transport a prefabricated cabin up to the Cascade mountain range . He also specifically requested that wild deer be used, which they had to ship from a special game preserve in New Jersey . The Vietnam scenes were filmed on location in Thailand , on the River Kwai and near the Burmese border, and in Bangkok , where the conditions were arduous, doubling
13510-544: The 219-minute version that was shown, sound-editing problems in critical scenes made the plot hard for audiences to follow, and Cimino and cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond tinted the film "with a kind of yellow glow" that was supposed to give an antique look, later removed in the 2012 restoration. "Afterward, we heard that terrible stuttering applause," said Bridges, "and it was that sinking feeling. We tried to tell ourselves, 'Well, maybe they liked it so much that they are stunned into silence.' " The reviews were devastating. Before
13703-497: The 30 feet (9.1 m) drop 15 times in two days. During the helicopter stunt, the skids caught on the rope bridge as the helicopter rose, threatening to seriously injure De Niro and Savage. The actors gestured and shouted to the crew in the helicopter to warn them. Footage of this is included in the film. According to Cimino, De Niro requested a live cartridge in the revolver for the scene in which he subjects John Cazale's character to an impromptu game of Russian roulette, to heighten
13896-438: The APS-R has been challenged. Namely, some researchers maintain that high standards are not necessarily perfectionist standards. For instance, it has been shown that when the APS-R is re-worded to reflect more perfectionist terms, outcomes differ in comparison to the original wording of this scale. Specifically, only the reworded, more perfectionist scale is associated with maladjustment, such as depression and anxiety, while only
14089-750: The Big Five personality traits. For example, adaptive perfectionism was found to predict openness, conscientiousness, and extraversion, while maladaptive perfectionism was found to predict neuroticism. J. Stoeber and K. Otto suggested in a narrative review that perfectionism consists of two main dimensions: perfectionist strivings and perfectionist concerns. perfectionist strivings are associated with positive aspects of perfectionism; perfectionist concerns are associated with negative aspects (see below). Prompted by earlier research providing empirical evidence that perfectionism could be associated with positive aspects (specifically perfectionist strivings), they challenged
14282-701: The CMPB refers to ruminative, perfectionist thinking and is characterized by cognitive processes concerning the need for perfection, as well as self-recriminations and a focus on the discrepancy between one's actual and ideal self. This component therefore entails the information processing related to perfectionism. These three components of the Comprehensive Model of Perfectionism are independent but interrelated, and can be present in individuals in heterogeneous, idiosyncratic patterns with different combinations. The Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model (PSDM)
14475-561: The December Oscar nomination deadline. Because each setup took such a long time to prepare, by the sixth day of filming the film was five days behind schedule. As with The Deer Hunter , Cimino was famously demanding of his cast and crew, including cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond , whom he had liked working with before because of his "obstinacy" on set. Second assistant director Michael Stevenson since admitted that Cimino "lost his temper sometimes when people tried to interfere," but that
14668-587: The PAPS is the lack of psychological literature evaluating its validity. Perfectionists tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hypercritical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. Researchers have begun to investigate the role of perfectionism in various mental disorders such as depression , anxiety , eating disorders , autism and personality disorders , as well as suicide. Each disorder
14861-451: The PCI is characterized by state-like statements, focusing on the varying situational and temporal contexts that can lead to different perfectionist thoughts. The PCI is associated with the presence of negative automatic thoughts and scoring high on this measure has been linked to a high degree of self-criticism, self-blame and failure perseveration. Slaney and his colleagues (1996) developed
15054-487: The PSDM, perfectionism serves an interpersonal purpose and the person relies on it as a means of fulfilling the needs for belonging and self-esteem. In an attempt to gain a sense of acceptance and connection while avoiding possible judgment and rejection, these individuals aim to be or appear flawless. Paradoxically, this often rigid, aloof, and self-concealing relational style increases the potential for alienation and rejection and can lead to social disconnection. In this way,
15247-431: The Tour, for yet more research. Shooting with the Tour de France was initially scheduled for 1980 and nearly every year since. Welland was still working on the script and hoped to have a draft by October of that year. It has been rumored that Hoffman fired Cimino from the production, although multiple sources claim that the deal simply "fell apart with Cimino". After he exited, none of the replacement directors that Mehlman or
15440-403: The Vietnam War. The film went over-budget and over-schedule, costing $ 15 million. Its producers EMI Films released it internationally, while Universal Pictures handled its North American distribution. The Deer Hunter received acclaim from critics and audiences, with praise for Cimino's direction, the performances of its cast, its screenplay, realistic themes and tones, and cinematography. It
15633-493: The actors to use the workshops as a bonding process. Each of the six principal male characters carried a photo in his back pocket depicting them all together as children in order to enhance the sense of camaraderie among them. Cimino instructed the props department to fashion complete photo IDs for each of them, including driver licenses and medical cards, to enhance each actor's sense of his character. There has been considerable debate and controversy about how The Deer Hunter
15826-403: The beginning of principal photography, Deeley met with the film's appointed line producer , Robert Relyea , whom Deeley hired after meeting him on the set of Bullitt (1968) and being impressed with his experience. However, Relyea declined the job, refusing to disclose his reason why. Deeley suspected that Relyea sensed in director Cimino something that would have made production difficult. As
16019-477: The best cameramen MPO employed to shoot his commercials, including Gordon Willis and Owen Roizman , before either rose to fame. He directed ads for L'eggs hosiery, Kool cigarettes , Pepsi , Canada Dry and Maxwell House coffee, among others. "I met some people who were doing fashion stuff – commercials and stills. And there were all these incredibly beautiful girls," Cimino said. "And then, zoom – the next thing I know, overnight, I
16212-650: The cast loved working with him "because Michael treated them with respect." When they weren't performing, the actors would take lessons on how to ride a horse, how to practice their characters' trades and how to dance. Even the extras used in the film were all considered with great detail; carefully chosen, dressed and even redressed if Cimino felt it wasn't right. They were also classified into specific groups of immigrants and merchants. "The idea," explained Cimino, "is that you must be able to look at any part of that immense screen and isolate from it any small piece according to your choice." Music arranger David Mansfield noted that
16405-568: The company and its management. As a result, UA executive Steven Bach wrote an entire book devoted to the topic, Final Cut: Art, Money, and Ego in the Making of Heaven's Gate, the Film That Sank United Artists . Cimino referred to the book as "work of fiction" by a "degenerate who never even came on the set." Bach retorted when he told a reporter he didn't resent Cimino or wish the movie ill: "It would be like wishing ill of
16598-876: The condition that "I am going to have every camera we have rolling all the time because there is no coming back here." As a result, the film took a whole three months just to view the footage that had been shot, and another three to edit it down. Cimino's chosen length came in at almost three and a half hours. Universal initially wanted to cut it down to two hours, so that more daily showings were possible. "If we had done that," said Cimino, "We would have lost important things. The first places people attack are those scenes that involve character development. A film lives, becomes alive, because of its shadows, its spaces, and that's what people wanted to cut." Despite its grim subject matter, The Deer Hunter performed well when it opened in December 1978, but quickly aroused controversy, particular for
16791-491: The conditions that the book be nothing more than a point of departure, that he keep the freedom to tell the story his way and to change characters, and De Laurentiis agreed. Since the project already had a set start date for shooting, Cimino enlisted the help of Oliver Stone in writing the screenplay. The two apparently did over a year of research for the film, frequenting several Chinatown nightclubs and bars each night "to insinuate ourselves into their life." "With Michael, it's
16984-537: The end, but he kissed me when we both got Academy Awards." Cimino later commented in The New York Observer , "[Zinner] was a moron ... I cut Deer Hunter myself." The Deer Hunter was Cimino's first film to use the Dolby noise-reduction system. "What Dolby does," replied Cimino, "is to give you the ability to create a density of detail of sound—a richness so you can demolish the wall separating
17177-501: The extras portraying Russian immigrants to bring to the location a gift-wrapped box to double for wedding presents. The manager figured that if the extras did this, not only would the production save time and money, but the gifts would look more authentic. Once the unit unwrapped and the extras disappeared, the crew discovered to their amusement that the boxes weren't empty but filled with real presents, from china to silverware. "Who got to keep all these wonderful offerings," wrote Deeley, "is
17370-482: The film and scouting for locations, Cimino brought in Deric Washburn to help him write the film's script. According to Cimino, he would call Washburn every night and feed him lines of dialogue and scenes to write. When Cimino returned, he was shocked with what he read, recalling that he felt it was written by someone who was "mentally deranged". Washburn, who said he couldn't handle the pressure in writing within
17563-493: The film became a massive critical and commercial success, winning five Oscars , including Best Picture and Best Director for Cimino. The day after the Academy Awards, Cimino flew up to Kalispell, Montana to begin shooting his Western epic Heaven's Gate , where it had been in pre-production for several months; finding locations, casting five hundred extras and building complicated sets. Joann Carelli, who had been
17756-462: The film needed more "political bite", he brought aboard novelist Gore Vidal to help rewrite the script. Around 80 pages of material were added to Shagan's initial draft, either by Cimino himself or Vidal, who later sued the Writers Guild for receiving no credit. According to film critic F. X. Feeney , Cimino's first casting choice for Salvatore Giuliano was Daniel Day-Lewis , but since he
17949-635: The film opened in Los Angeles , Cimino asked for it to be withdrawn and re-edited. In 1981, a shorter version was released, with added narration. A new poster campaign and a submission into the Cannes Film Festival slate did little to make a dent in financial losses. The failure of the film was also blamed for the collapse of United Artists, which was then sold by the Transamerica Corporation , having lost confidence in
18142-560: The film or else there was no deal. Eastwood agreed, but under one condition: "I'll give you three days. If it doesn't work, I'll get another director." He also asked Cimino to finish John Milius ' script treatment for the Dirty Harry sequel Magnum Force , which had a set shooting date. When Magnum Force was in production, Cimino was looking at various locations in Montana and preparing for Thunderbolt and Lightfoot . "We traveled
18335-426: The film took place during the winter, everything had to be defoliated; the grass had to be browned and the leaves stripped from the trees, which made the film fall behind schedule. Many locals from the various towns they shot in played minor roles in the film. "They brought an exceptional characteristic to the film," Cimino said, "[they] had certain facial expressions. You couldn't create that in professional extras." For
18528-418: The film we wanted to make. It wasn't the film we came to the party with." Craig Zadan , one of the film's producers, also stated, "Cimino wanted to make a darker film. We wanted to make entertainment." Several other unproduced projects followed, including a collaboration with Steven Spielberg and Gary David Goldberg on a script titled Reel to Reel , which he was going to direct for Columbia Pictures , and
18721-465: The film went over its budget of $ 7.5 million, Cimino would have to cover the expenses himself and he agreed. Cimino's proposed reimagination of the film, "a John Steinbeck inspired musical-comedy" set during the Great Depression , was to have followed a rich girl from Houston who falls in love with a dancer from a shanty town . Working from Dean Pitchford 's original script, Cimino was at
18914-400: The film's depiction of Russian roulette , which the characters were forced to play when captured by the Viet Cong . Even though he had never intended the film to be political (himself referring to it as a story of what happens to ordinary people when they experience tragedy), some critics felt that Cimino was making a "right-wing statement", particularly with the film's ending . Nevertheless,
19107-510: The film's focal point, Carver and Gallagher opted to rewrite the entire script, delivering a 220-page draft to Cimino in November. Cimino was impressed with the results, but Ponti returned to Europe shortly thereafter, halting further development. Fragments were later published in 1985, by Capra Press . It will always be people who will interest me, I believe. It's people who give you the urge to make movies, characters. You have an attraction to
19300-450: The film's immigrant settlers were constantly filling out the background of crowd scenes. "Some bit character might be in the background while the lead actor is in the foreground. So you always see everybody in the community constantly, become familiar with them over the course of the picture." UA nearly ended up firing Cimino as the production budget continued to increase, with Norman Jewison or David Lean in mind to replace him. Ironically,
19493-461: The film's initial budget of $ 8 million to $ 15 million. Once there, Cimino advised De Niro, Walken and Savage that they sleep in their uniforms and never take them off, wet or dry, for the entire month. Because of the unstable political situation in Thailand and the subject matter of the material, Cimino had been warned not to fly the processed footage back in. Cimino agreed not to see any dailies on
19686-477: The film's story with producer Marvin Worth and collaborated on the script in association with Oscar -winning screenwriter Bo Goldman . The film was made several years later under a rewritten script titled The Rose , with Joplin's name cut out after her family denied the producers the rights to her story. While Goldman received screenplay credit for his work, Cimino did not. Then, after meeting with James Toback ,
19879-1205: The film, Cimino filed a lawsuit to stop them. Cimino's contract granted him final cut privilege as well as two test screenings of his longer version, which he was never given. Cimino lost, and the film was released a year later, in October. When released in 1987, the film did poorly, but received some critical acclaim, notably by F. X. Feeney, who saw Cimino's director's cut, released only in France. Perfectionism (psychology) Maladaptive perfectionism drives people to be concerned with achieving unattainable ideals or unrealistic goals that often lead to many forms of adjustment problems such as depression , anxiety , ADHD , OCD , OCPD and low self-esteem . These adjustment problems often lead to suicidal thoughts and tendencies and influence or invite other psychological, physical, social, and further achievement problems in children, adolescents, and adults. Although perfectionist sights can reduce stress , anxiety , and panic , recent data, compiled by British psychologists Thomas Curran and Andrew Hill, show that perfectionist tendencies are on
20072-421: The film, chosen for the primary reason that neither actor had ever done comedic roles before. Cimino had since compared their chemistry in the film to that of Laurel and Hardy . The film shot from July to September with a schedule of forty-seven days on a budget of $ 4 million. Cimino was careful to make Eastwood happy by keeping things moving quickly and efficiently. "I knew that the only way I could keep control of
20265-402: The final scene in the gambling den between Mike and Nick, Cimino had Walken and De Niro improvise in one take. His direction to his actors: "You put the gun to your head, Chris, you shoot, you fall over and Bobby cradles your head." Thailand US By this point, The Deer Hunter had cost $ 13 million and the film still had to go through an arduous post-production. Film editor Peter Zinner
20458-496: The grandiose self." In support, research suggests some forms of perfectionism are associated with grandiose narcissism while others are associated with vulnerable narcissism. Similar to perfectionism, narcissism, particularly in its vulnerable form, is associated with a contingent self-worth and a need for validation. Narcissists often are pseudo-perfectionists and require being the center of attention and create situations where they will receive attention. This attempt at being perfect
20651-559: The greatest American films of all time. Cimino made only four subsequent films and grew infamous for the number of projects left unfinished due to his uncompromising artistry. In 2002, Cimino claimed he had written at least 50 scripts overall. Several of his ambitious "dream projects" included adaptations of the novels Conquering Horse , The Fountainhead and Man's Fate as well as biopics on crime boss Frank Costello and Irish rebel Michael Collins . Cimino has publicly shared few details of his early life and family background and
20844-439: The height of his commercial career, Cimino met Joann Carelli, then a commercial director representative, and the two began to date. Encouraged by Carelli, Cimino began to write screenplays, despite no background in writing. To be more prolific, Cimino sought out collaborators to work with, including poet Thomas McGrath and playwright Deric Washburn , who had produced a one-act play off-Broadway . Washburn later recalled that there
21037-445: The helm of the film for several months, making more and more extravagant demands in terms of set construction and overall production. Just when the film was to begin shooting, he asked Melnick to let him rewrite the screenplay for an additional $ 250,000 and to delay the start date. Melnick fired him, and Herbert Ross directed Footloose instead. According to Melnick, "It might have been a good film [if Cimino had directed], but it wasn't
21230-399: The idea that these two basic aspects of perfectionist behavior, as well as other dimensions such as "nonperfectionism", can be differentiated. They have been labeled differently, and are sometimes referred to as positive striving and maladaptive evaluation concerns, active and passive perfectionism, positive and negative perfectionism, and adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism. Although there
21423-462: The initial budget estimation of $ 7.8 million, even though the period detail required for the film was astronomical. To authentically re-create the period, Cimino built an entire boomtown on the Montana location and transported a working steam locomotive from a Denver museum. He also had less time to prepare the film, since it was given a shorter pre-production period by United Artists to qualify for
21616-417: The intensity of the situation. Cazale agreed without protest, but obsessively rechecked the gun before each take to be sure that the live round was not in the next chamber. While appearing later in the film, the first scenes shot on arrival in Thailand were the hospital sequences between Walken and the military doctor. Deeley believed that this scene was "the spur that would earn him an Academy Award". In
21809-421: The interest of Barbra Streisand for the role of Dominique Francon. In August 1983, after Ronald F. Maxwell was dismissed as the director of The Pope of Greenwich Village , Cimino was named as a possible replacement. Cimino wanted to finesse its screenplay with some rewriting and restructuring, which would have taken beyond the mandated start date for shooting. Instead, as a favor to the producers who were on
22002-410: The interpersonal disconnection prevalent among perfectionists which is associated with a failure to develop or strengthen a positive therapeutic alliance. According to Arnold Cooper, narcissism can be considered as a self-perceived form of perfectionism – "an insistence on perfection in the idealized self-object and the limitless power of the grandiose self. These are rooted in traumatic injuries to
22195-421: The jailers. Mike convinces his captors to put three bullets into the revolver's cylinder. Mike kills two captors as he and Nick overpower their captors, however, Nick is wounded in the leg. They quickly escape, rescuing Steven in the process. The trio floats down the river on a felled tree trunk, but Nick and Steven are weak from their wounds. They are rescued by an American helicopter, but Steven falls back into
22388-563: The level of concern over making mistakes in performance (the two most important dimensions of the FMPS) and Hewitt & Flett's distinction between self-oriented versus socially prescribed perfectionism . Hewitt et al. (2003) developed the perfectionist Self-Presentation Scale (PSPS), a 27-item self-report measure assessing the three interpersonal, expressive components of the Comprehensive Model of Perfectionism. It includes three subscales pertaining to perfectionist self-presentation, i.e., to
22581-401: The likelihood for discovering a relation between perfectionism and neuroticism which may be simply due to wording rather than a perfectionism-neuroticism link. The Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS) explains a particular type of perfectionism: the desire for a perfect physical appearance. The PAPS is a multidimensional assessment of physical appearance perfectionism that provides
22774-486: The merits of a particular rifle ... each of those people are engaged in a very specific activity and you hear them." Shooting in Kalispell officially completed in October. By that point, $ 36 million was spent on the production. Cimino and Carelli then worked out a post-production schedule that would involve him delivering a film of three hours on May 1, 1980. One must love a place to be able to show grand landscapes on
22967-980: The most insight when the sub-scales are evaluated separately. In general, the PAPS allows researchers to determine participants' body image and self-conceptions of their looks, which is critical in present times when so much attention is paid to attractiveness and obtaining the ideal appearance. The two sub-scales it uses to assess appearance concerns are: Those that obtain high "Worry About Imperfection" scores are usually greatly concerned with attaining perfection, physical appearance, and body control behavior. They also demonstrate low positive self-perceptions of their appearance, whereas those scoring highly on "Hope for Perfection" yielded high positive self-perceptions. Hope For Perfection also corresponded with impression management behaviors and striving for ambitious goals. In summary, Worry About Imperfection relates to negative aspects of appearance perfectionism, while Hope For Perfection relates to positive aspects. One limitation of using
23160-418: The movie was to be ahead of schedule," he said. Eastwood was impressed enough with Cimino's work that he allowed him to finish it his way. "I owe such a debt to that man," he later said of Eastwood. The film became a solid box office success at the time grossing $ 25 million and earned Bridges an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . With the success of Thunderbolt and Lightfoot , Cimino landed
23353-416: The music for that scene in the same key as the horn sounds, so the music and the sound effects would blend with the images to create one jarring, desolate experience. Both the long and short versions were previewed to Midwestern audiences, although there are differing accounts among Cimino, Deeley, and Spikings as to how the previews panned out. Director Cimino claims he bribed the projectionist to interrupt
23546-544: The need to appear flawless: 1. perfectionist self-promotion 2. Non-display of imperfection 3. Nondisclosure of imperfection The PSPS measures the expression (the process) of the trait of perfectionism and is directly linked to the perfectionism traits, particularly self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. Additionally, the dimensions of the PSPS correlate with measures of psychological distress, such as anxiety symptoms, indicating that perfectionist self-presentation
23739-405: The need to appear, rather than be, perfect via the promotion of perfection and the concealment of imperfection. Like the perfectionism traits, these components are also multifaceted. One of its facets, perfectionist self-promotion, refers to the expression of perfectionism by actively presenting a flawless, though often false, image of oneself. Another interpersonal facet, nondisplay of imperfection,
23932-455: The need to obtain acceptance by fulfilling actual or perceived expectations imposed by others. In contrast, other-oriented perfectionists direct their perfectionism towards external sources and are preoccupied with expecting perfection from others. The second component of the Comprehensive Model of Perfectionism contains the interpersonal expression of perfection through impression management and self-monitoring. This relational component reflects
24125-426: The original scale is related to adaptive outcomes. This suggests that what is labelled as "adaptive perfectionism" in the original APS-R may simply reflect high standards. Moreover, a number of researchers view the relevance of discrepancy to the perfectionism literature as suspect given the number of negative mood terms included. Including negative mood terms in items, such as the discrepancy subscale, greatly increases
24318-449: The original script, the roles of Merle (later renamed Mike) and Nick were reversed in the last half of the film. Nick returns home to Linda, while Mike remains in Vietnam, sends money home to help Steven, and meets his tragic fate at the Russian roulette table. A Writers' Guild arbitration process awarded Washburn sole "Screenplay by" credit. Garfinkle and Redeker were given a shared "Story by" credit with Cimino and Washburn. Deeley felt
24511-479: The original. According to Deeley, Cimino questioned the need for the Russian roulette element of the script, but Redeker fervently fought to preserve it. Cimino and Deeley discussed the work needed in the first part of the script, and Cimino believed that he could develop the stories of the main characters in the film's first 20 minutes. Cimino worked for six weeks with Deric Washburn on the script. Cimino and Washburn had previously collaborated with Steven Bochco on
24704-492: The plot. The script eventually went through several drafts, evolving into a story with three distinct acts. Washburn did not interview any veterans to write The Deer Hunter ; nor did he do any research. "I had a month, that was it," he explains. "The clock was ticking. Write the fucking script! But all I had to do was watch TV. Those combat cameramen in Vietnam were out there in the field with the guys. I mean, they had stuff that you wouldn't dream of seeing about Iraq." When Washburn
24897-523: The pressure and had to go home. Cimino then fired Washburn. Cimino later claimed to have written the entire screenplay himself. Washburn's response to Cimino's comments was, "It's all nonsense. It's lies. I didn't have a single drink the entire time I was working on the script." According to Washburn, he and Cimino spent three days together in Los Angeles at the Sunset Marquis, hammering out
25090-479: The production of Hand Carved Coffins . The Sicilian had been offered previously to directors Francis Ford Coppola , Martin Scorsese and Brian De Palma , who all declined. At the time Cimino boarded the project, it initially had Michael Corleone set up as a character, but due to rights issues, all Godfather references were removed. There had already been a screenplay by Steve Shagan , but since Cimino felt
25283-404: The production of The Pope of Greenwich Village , as well as Heaven's Gate several years prior. "Mickey is a true original," Cimino said of Rourke, "He's like a slugger, a battler... Mickey's like Joe Frazier and John [Lone] is like Ali ." Cimino took note of the design of other Chinatowns throughout the world, and used the research to replicate New York 's Chinatown and Mott Street for
25476-495: The project was cancelled, Gruskoff assigned Cimino to help draft the script for a story outline by Douglas Trumbull for his science fiction film Silent Running , and he brought aboard Deric Washburn to help. The two morphed the script to be more countercultural . However, Steven Bochco was later brought in and rewrote the story to be less bleak and more "accessible" to a mainstream audience. The following year, Cimino and Joann Carelli moved to Los Angeles where they rented
25669-458: The return of Steven, who has lost both of his legs in the war. Stan, Axel, and John understand nothing of war or what Mike has experienced. Linda and Mike find comfort in each other's company. During a hunting trip, Mike stops himself from shooting a deer and returns to the cabin where he finds Stan cavalierly threatening Axel with his pistol. Mike takes it, chambering a single round, and triggers an empty chamber at Stan's head. Mike visits Steven at
25862-1096: The rise among recent generations of young people. Perfectionists strain compulsively and unceasingly toward unattainable goals. They measure their self-worth by productivity and accomplishments to the point that some tendencies even lead to distraction from other areas of life. Perfectionists pressure themselves to achieve unrealistic goals that inevitably lead to disappointment. Perfectionists tend to be harsh critics of themselves, their work, and their failure to meet their own expectations. In 1978, D. E. Hamachek argued for two contrasting types of perfectionism, classifying people as tending towards normal perfectionism or neurotic perfectionism. Normal perfectionists are more inclined to pursue perfection without compromising their self-esteem, and derive pleasure from their efforts. Neurotic perfectionists are prone to strive for unrealistic goals and feel dissatisfied when they cannot reach them. Hamachek offers several strategies that have been proven useful in helping people change from maladaptive towards healthier behavior. Contemporary research supports
26055-456: The river while trying to grab onto the helicopter skids. Nick boards, however, Mike drops down to help Steven, whose legs are broken in the fall. Mike carries him until they meet refugees and a South Vietnamese Army convoy fleeing to Saigon . Nick is treated at a U.S. military hospital . Once released, Nick, now suffering from PTSD , wanders into a gambling den. French businessman Julien Grinda persuades him to come inside. Upset, Nick interrupts
26248-474: The role, but was quickly reassured: "Mike looked at me, and said, 'You know that game Tag ?' 'Yeah,' I said. 'Well... you're it,' Mike told me. He went on to say that this guy, Lightfoot, was no one other than me, that I couldn't make a mistake, or a false move, even if I wanted to. I've never forgotten that bit of direction that that young director gave me on his first movie, that gift of confidence." George Kennedy and Geoffrey Lewis were also cast to star in
26441-423: The romantic relationship of three people ." The film was sold to the studio as "a romantic Z " and was to star Roy Scheider , Romy Schneider and Oskar Werner in the lead roles. Cimino said they had come very close to doing it: "We'd already shot two weeks of pre-production stuff, but because of various political machinations at the studio, the project fell through. This was just before David Picker left. He
26634-439: The same character in the 1949 film adaptation . Over the years he continued to try to get it made, approaching different funding sources with copies of the script and each time rewriting it in the process. He then worked for a year and a half at Paramount Pictures on a film from his original screenplay Perfect Strangers . Cimino described the film as a political love story that bore "some resemblance to Casablanca , involving
26827-518: The school's humor magazine Spartan . Steven Bach wrote of Cimino's early magazine work: "It is here that one can see what are perhaps the first public manifestations of the Cimino visual sensibility, and they are impressive. He thoroughly restyled the Spartan 's derivative Punch look, designing a number of its strikingly handsome covers himself. The Cimino-designed covers are bold and strong, with
27020-424: The screen. Nobody showed and made one feel Monument Valley like [John] Ford , although many tried. But him, he loved it, and if he was there and one could pose the question, "Why?", I am certain that he couldn't articulate a response, except to say that he deeply loved that place. When one loves a place, it shows in the images one makes. —Michael Cimino After editing the footage shot in Montana , filming for
27213-443: The screenplay for Silent Running (1972). According to producer Barry Spikings , Cimino said that he wanted to work again with Washburn. According to Deeley, he only heard from an office rumor that Washburn was contracted by Cimino to work on the script. "Whether Cimino hired Washburn as his sub-contractor or as a co-writer was constantly being obfuscated," wrote Deeley, "and there were some harsh words between them later on, or so I
27406-540: The script to Robert De Niro, who insisted that he accompany him for the location scouting. The film also starred John Cazale , who at the time was dying of cancer and was therefore considered a liability by EMI. The steel town of Clairton, Pennsylvania used in the film was not shot there, but was instead composed of eight different towns in four states, including several in Ohio ; Cleveland , Steubenville and Mingo Junction . Principal photography began in June 1977, but since
27599-533: The script. However, by 1981, Martin Scorsese had already entered negotiations to direct. According to Cimino, in his version he would have cast Andy Kaufman in the lead role as Rupert Pupkin. "I shot videotape of Andy for weeks," he said. His version was to have also starred Meryl Streep and Orson Welles . Following Heaven's Gate , Joann Carelli quickly landed him a picture deal at CBS Theatrical Films to direct Nitty Gritty , described by The New York Times as "a black comedy about news reporting". The film
27792-436: The shorter version, in order to obtain better reviews of the longer one. According to producer Spikings, Wasserman let EMI's CEO Bernard Delfont decide between the two and chose Cimino's longer cut. Deeley claims that the two-and-a-half-hour version tested had a better response. The soundtrack to The Deer Hunter was released on audio CD on October 25, 1990. The producer Allan Carr took over its marketing and convinced
27985-402: The standard response was that "no American would want to see a picture about Vietnam." After consulting various Hollywood agents, Deeley found Cimino and was impressed by Cimino's television commercial work and crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974). Cimino was confident that he could further develop the principal characters of The Man Who Came to Play without losing the essence of
28178-450: The story credits for Garfinkle and Redeker "did them less than justice." Cimino contested the results of the arbitration. "In their Nazi wisdom," added Cimino, "[they] didn't give me the credit because I would be producer, director and writer." All four writers—Cimino, Washburn, Garfinkle, and Redeker—received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay for the film. The Deer Hunter began principal photography on June 20, 1977. It
28371-531: The studio suggested were satisfactory to Hoffman, so he too left and the film continued to sink further into development hell . After working on a script about the role of Chinese immigrants in the construction of the first transcontinental railroad in the American West, Cimino finally accepted Dino De Laurentiis ' offer to adapt Robert Daley 's novel Year of the Dragon into a feature film , due to similarities in subject matter. Cimino accepted under
28564-528: The studio to allow the film to be played on the Z Channel before theatrical release. The Deer Hunter debuted at one theater each in New York and Los Angeles for a week on December 8, 1978. The release strategy was to qualify the film for Oscar consideration and close after a week to build interest. After the Oscar nominations, Universal widened the distribution to include major cities, building up to
28757-622: The success of Columbia's Tootsie , "the film would have gone [into production] the moment he was ready," said Mehlman. By then, Colin Welland and Carl Foreman were brought aboard as scriptwriters, as well as Danish filmmaker Jørgen Leth (who had made the 1976 bicycle-racing documentary A Sunday in Hell ), as Hoffman's research adviser. Cimino said that production was long controlled by Foreman, who died in June 1984. The following month, Mehlman, Leth, Cimino, Welland and Hoffman went to France for
28950-484: The thing, and he'll go away. I was so tired, I didn't care. I'd been working 20 hours a day for a month. I got on the plane the next day, and I went back to Manhattan and my carpenter job." Deeley felt the revised script, now called The Deer Hunter , broke fresh ground for the project. The protagonist in the Redeker/Garfinkle script, Merle, was an individual who sustained a bad injury in active service and
29143-484: The three principals (De Niro, Walken, and Savage) were tied up in bamboo cages erected along the River Kwai . The woman who was given the task of casting extras in Thailand had much difficulty finding a local to play the vicious-looking individual who runs the game. The first actor hired turned out to be incapable of slapping De Niro in the face. The casting agent then found a local Thai man, Somsak Sengvilai, who held
29336-479: The time constraint, left the project. From there, Cimino wrote the screenplay by himself within six weeks. "I had to write the thing on buses, on trains, in cars, at night in hotels, I mean I worked like a dog." Despite this, Washburn received sole writer's credit from the Guild after he went to a lawyer demanding arbitration. Roy Scheider was initially considered for the lead role, but after he dropped out, Cimino took
29529-453: The trigger and killing himself. Mike and his friends attend Nick's funeral, and the atmosphere at their local bar is dim and silent. Moved by emotion, John begins to sing " God Bless America " in honor of Nick, as everyone joins in. While Deeley was pleased with the revised script, he was still concerned about being able to sell the film. He later wrote: "We still had to get millions out of a major studio, as well as convince our markets around
29722-418: The two began work on The Life and Dreams of Frank Costello , a biopic chronicling four decades of the life of Mafia boss Frank Costello . Cimino saw the mobster as Gatsby ; to him, he had a vision of America. "We got a good screenplay together," said Cimino, "but again, the studio, 20th Century Fox in this case, was going through management changes and the script was put aside." Cimino added, " Costello took
29915-551: The very behaviours that perfectionists consider as purportedly fulfilling unmet relational needs exert a detrimental influence on interpersonal encounters, so the alleged solution to social disconnection actually generates it. The PSDM also provides
30108-468: The viewer from the film. You can come close to demolishing the screen." It took five months to mix the soundtrack. One short battle sequence—200 feet of film in the final cut—took five days to dub. Another sequence recreated the 1975 American evacuation of Saigon; Cimino brought the film's composer, Stanley Myers, out to the location to listen to the auto, tank, and jeep horns as the sequence was being photographed. The result, according to Cimino: Myers composed
30301-659: The widespread belief that perfectionism is only detrimental through a non-empirical narrative review. They claimed that people with high levels of perfectionist strivings and low levels of perfectionist concerns demonstrated more self-esteem , agreeableness , academic success and social interaction . This type of perfectionist also showed fewer psychological and somatic issues typically associated with perfectionism, namely depression , anxiety and maladaptive coping styles . However, empirical meta-analytic reviews have failed to replicate these claims. The Comprehensive Model of Perfectionism (CMPB) operationalizes perfectionism as
30494-1011: The workplace, perfectionism is often marked by low productivity and missed deadlines as people lose time and energy by paying attention to irrelevant details of their tasks, ranging from major projects to mundane daily activities. This can lead to depression , social alienation , and a greater risk of workplace "accidents". Adderholdt-Elliot (1989) describes five characteristics of perfectionist students and teachers which contribute to underachievement: procrastination, fear of failure, an "all-or-nothing" mindset , paralyzed perfectionism, and workaholism . According to C. Allen, in intimate relationships, unrealistic expectations can cause significant dissatisfaction for both partners. Greenspon lists behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that typically characterize perfectionism. Perfectionists will not be content with their work until it meets their standards, which can make perfectionists less efficient in finishing projects, and they therefore will struggle to meet deadlines. In
30687-418: The world that they should buy it before it was finished. I needed someone with the caliber of Robert De Niro." Deeley felt that De Niro was "the right age, apparently tough as hell, and immensely talented." De Niro, who knew many actors in New York, brought Streep and Cazale to the attention of Cimino and Deeley. De Niro also accompanied Cimino to scout locations for the steel mill sequence and rehearsed with
30880-448: The wrong picture to each studio." Deeley did agree with Universal that the film needed to be shorter, not just because of pacing but also to ensure commercial success. "A picture under two and a half hours can scrape three shows a day," wrote Deeley, "but at three hours you've lost one third of your screenings and one third of your income for the cinemas, distributors, and profit participants." Universal president Thom Mount said: "This
31073-427: Was $ 8.5 million. Meryl Streep accepted the role of the "vague, stock girlfriend" to remain for the duration of filming with John Cazale , who had been diagnosed with lung cancer. De Niro had spotted Streep in her stage production of The Cherry Orchard and suggested she play his girlfriend Linda. Meryl Streep wrote all of her lines. Streep is said to have accepted the role, primarily, to be with Cazale. Before
31266-496: Was 'God Bless America'. Sheinberg thought it was anti-American. He was vehement. He said something like 'You're poking a stick in the eye of America.' They really didn't like the movie. And they certainly didn't like it at three hours and two minutes." Deeley was not surprised by the Universal response: " The Deer Hunter was a United Artists sort of picture, whereas Convoy was more in the style of Universal. I'd muddled and sold
31459-529: Was a costume designer. After Cimino made The Deer Hunter , she said that she knew he had become famous because his name was in The New York Times crossword puzzle . Cimino graduated from Westbury High School in 1956. He entered Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan . At Michigan State, Cimino majored in graphic arts, was a member of a weightlifting club, and participated in
31652-414: Was about people who go to Las Vegas to play Russian roulette. Deeley later wrote: "The screenplay had struck me as brilliant, but it wasn't complete. The trick would be to find a way to turn a very clever piece of writing into a practical, realizable film." When the film was being planned during the mid-1970s, the Vietnam War was still a taboo subject with all major Hollywood studios . According to Deeley,
31845-489: Was already over-budget, and producer Spikings could tell from the script that shooting the extended scene could sink the project. The bar was specially constructed in an empty storefront in Mingo Junction , Ohio for $ 25,000; it later became an actual saloon for local steel mill workers. U.S. Steel allowed filming inside its Cleveland mill, including placing the actors around the furnace floor, only after securing
32038-403: Was also successful at the box office, grossing $ 49 million. At the 51st Academy Awards , it was nominated for nine Academy Awards , and won five: Best Picture , Best Director for Cimino, Best Supporting Actor for Walken, Best Sound , and Best Film Editing . It was Meryl Streep's first Academy Award nomination (for Best Supporting Actress ). The Deer Hunter has been included on lists of
32231-473: Was always a big distance, socially, between him and Cimino: "I remember trying to get to know him a little better. A friend had a house in Poughkeepsie , and I invited him up for the weekend. He shows up in his Rolls-Royce , and he's not comfortable there. But he wanted something from me, I think. Mike and I got closest when we started talking about a story. Then it was amazing. It was like one person. It
32424-478: Was approached with an offer from studio executive Ned Tanen to produce a slate of low-budget films for Universal Pictures , with Conquering Horse among them. The estimated budget for the film had gone far over what initially was projected, and would have cost Universal substantially more than their cut-off figure of $ 1 million to produce it. Moreover, Cimino wanted to shoot the film in black-and-white and use authentic Sioux dialogue , with subtitles. Shortly after
32617-564: Was born, which first began as a period story about the Irish outlaw folk heroes Capt. Thunderbolt and Capt. Lightfoot. Cimino gained representation from Stan Kamen of the William Morris Agency , who urged him to make it a contemporary story. Taking both their advice, Cimino took the spec script to Clint Eastwood , who loved it and wanted to direct it himself. Cimino told him that it wasn't for sale, and that he would have to direct
32810-432: Was cheating on him, and he had a gun, he was going to kill her. There was such passion and intensity about their lives. When the rich kids got together, the most we ever did was cross against a red light." His father was a music publisher. Cimino says his father was responsible for marching bands and organs playing pop music at football games. "When my father found out I went into the movie business, he didn't talk to me for
33003-433: Was damaged psychologically by his violent experiences, but was nevertheless a tough character with strong nerves and guts. Cimino and Washburn's revised script distilled the three aspects of Merle's personality and separated them out into three distinct characters. They became three old friends who grew up in the same small industrial town and worked in the same steel mill, and in due course were drafted together to Vietnam. In
33196-894: Was directing commercials." Few of Cimino's early commercial work survived. One of his more successful commercials was shot for United Airlines in 1967. Taking a song called "Take Me Along" from the short-lived Broadway musical , he created an ad in which a group of housewives plead, musically, to their husbands to take them along on their business trips. The commercial is filled with the dynamic visuals, American symbolism and lavish set design that would become Cimino's trademarks. Later that year, he made his most famous commercial; for Eastman Kodak , called "Yesterdays", which went on to win several awards that year. The elaborate commercial took six days to shoot — two on an intricately built set in New York and four on location in Connecticut . Cimino apparently shot close to eight thousand feet of film, which
33389-488: Was filmed at nearby Lemko Association Hall. The amateur extras cast for the crowded wedding-dance sequences drank real liquor and beer. The scenes were filmed in the summer, in 95 °F (35 °C) weather, but were set in the fall. To accomplish a fall look, individual leaves were removed from deciduous trees . Zsigmond also had to desaturate the colors of the exterior shots, partly in camera and partly in laboratory processing. The production manager asked each of
33582-523: Was finished, he says, Cimino and Joann Carelli, an associate producer on The Deer Hunter who went on to produce two more of Cimino's later films, took him to dinner at a cheap restaurant off the Sunset Strip . He recalls, "We finished, and Joann looks at me across the table, and she says, 'Well, Deric, it's fuck-off time.' I was fired. It was a classic case: you get a dummy, get him to write the goddamn thing, tell him to go fuck himself, put your name on
33775-525: Was given 600,000 feet (110 mi; 180 km) of printed film to edit, a monumental task at the time. Producers Spikings and Deeley were pleased with the first cut, which ran for three and a half hours. "We were thrilled by what we saw," wrote Deeley, "and knew that within the three and a half hours we watched there was a riveting film." Executives from Universal , including Lew Wasserman and Sid Sheinberg , were not very enthusiastic. "I think they were shocked," recalled Spikings. "What really upset them
33968-406: Was having with their other big production, Sorcerer , which was being shot in the same country. A month later, in October 1976, Cimino took what he thought would be another routine meeting at a production studio, where he gave a 1-hour pitch (with no script), verbally, to EMI executives for his ambitious Vietnam War drama The Deer Hunter . To his surprise, they accepted his pitch and gave him
34161-481: Was initially developed and written. Director and cowriter Michael Cimino , writer Deric Washburn and producers Barry Spikings and Michael Deeley all have different versions of how the film came to be. In 1968, record company EMI formed a new company, EMI Films, headed by producers Barry Spikings and Deeley. Deeley purchased the first draft of a spec script called The Man Who Came to Play , written by Louis A. Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker , for $ 19,000. It
34354-401: Was it dusty! That makes the streets dirty... when hundreds of wagons go around, they raise dust. And very often, we took the time to record the background sound. In the store, for example, we recorded numerous conversations, with the intention of inserting them into the soundtrack later. This isn't general background noise; you hear people, in a corner, argue over the price of a knife , discuss
34547-484: Was just a... continuing nightmare from the day Michael finished the picture to the day we released it. That was simply because he was wedded to everything he shot. The movie was endless. It was The Deer Hunter and the Hunter and the Hunter . The wedding sequence was a cinematic event all unto its own." Mount says he turned to Verna Fields , Universal's head of post-production. "I sicced Verna on Cimino," Mount says. "Verna
34740-606: Was largely modeled off of architect Jørn Utzon 's troubled building of the Sydney Opera House , as well as the construction of the Empire State Plaza in Albany, New York . "Making it a contemporary story meant that there was a lot of new work that had to be done [in adapting]," he said. According to Cimino, Eastwood turned the film down over concerns of being compared to his idol Gary Cooper , who had played
34933-554: Was like a dance. We could boil together." Thomas McGrath and Cimino co-wrote two scripts together, Paradise and Kef . McGrath also gave Cimino a copy of the 1959 Frederick Manfred novel Conquering Horse , tracing the history of the Dakota Indians in America before the arrival of the white man, which Cimino would go on throughout the rest of his life to try and make into a film. By 1970, Cimino's agent Michael Gruskoff
35126-499: Was no slouch. She started to turn the heat up on Michael, and he started screeching and yelling." Zinner eventually cut the film to 18,000 feet (3.4 mi; 5.5 km). Cimino later fired Zinner when he discovered that Zinner was editing the wedding scenes. Zinner eventually won the Best Editing Oscar for The Deer Hunter . Regarding his clashes with Cimino, Zinner stated: "Michael Cimino and I had our differences at
35319-608: Was rejected due to the project's budget. In early September 1982, Cimino approached short story writer Raymond Carver and his wife Tess Gallagher (both fans of Heaven's Gate ) to rework a screenplay based on the life of Fyodor Dostoevsky , in hopes that he would direct it. According to Carver, Cimino presented him an existing screenplay commissioned by the veteran Italian film producer Carlo Ponti . The first draft had been written by Russian novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , and then translated to English by two Italian writers. Heavily researched, and taking Dostoevsky's near-execution as
35512-566: Was relatively unknown at the time, the producers suggested Christopher Lambert , whom Cimino accepted because his name guaranteed financing. During production, Cimino worked closely with Umberto Tirelli (a frequent collaborator of Luchino Visconti 's, whom Cimino admired) on the period wardrobe required for the film. Cimino had specifically requested that he work with him directly during the fitting, much to Tirelli's chagrin, who exclaimed in rage, "Goddamn it! I promised myself when Luchino died that I would never work this hard again!" Cimino said this
35705-574: Was scheduled to be released in 1982, alongside a slate of films including Table for Five , however, Cimino's never went into production, just as with several of the other reported projects. It was later listed as a lost project of Cimino's by the Los Angeles Times , who reported that it had been retitled Live on Tape prior to being dropped by CBS. He also allegedly proposed his Frank Costello biopic , then retitled Proud Dreamer , to CBS with Robert De Niro in mind to star, but his script
35898-470: Was screened for the head of production at United Artists, they offered Cimino a two-picture deal. What he wanted to do was The Fountainhead , but UA showed disinterest. Instead, he resurrected his screenplay for The Johnson County War , which he promptly rewrote before it went into production in April 1979 with an assembled cast of Kris Kristofferson , Isabelle Huppert and Christopher Walken . Cimino gave UA
36091-404: Was secretly impregnated by another man. Mike and Nick are close friends who live together and both love Linda, who will be moving into their home to escape from her alcoholic father. While dancing at Steven and Angela's wedding, Linda accepts Nick's spontaneous marriage proposal. Nick implores Mike to ensure he returns from Vietnam. Mike, Nick, and their friends go on a final hunting trip. Mike kills
36284-422: Was set in a "mythical South American country" and revolved around a polo -playing WASP who springs a Mafia killer from jail in order to assassinate a rebel leader. The project was described as Cimino's desperate attempt to come up with something commercial that might stand a chance at being made. With location scouting and pre-production work already three weeks in, the film was cancelled, due to issues Paramount
36477-516: Was the best backhanded compliment he ever received in his career. Filming began in Sicily that July, shot extensively in the capital city of Palermo as well as in the mountains of western Sicily. Soon after production ended in September, Cimino turned in his cut of the film, which ran over the agreed runtime of 105–125 minutes stipulated in his contractual obligation. When Gladden tried to re-edit
36670-556: Was the first feature film depicting the Vietnam War to be filmed in Thailand . All scenes were shot on location (no sound stages ). "There was discussion about shooting the film on a back lot, but the material demanded more realism," says Spikings. The cast and crew watched large amounts of news footage from the war to ensure authenticity. The film was shot over six months. The scenes of the Clairton, Pennsylvania comprise footage shot in eight different towns in three states: West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. The film's initial budget
36863-471: Was the producer. There were internal difficulties, that's all. Nevertheless, I'd spent a year and a half of my life on something. It had been a difficult time. My father passed away while I was writing the screenplay. I kept working..." Around this time he also spent two years developing two projects for 20th Century Fox . One film, Pearl , based on an unpublished book he wrote, was to be a musical biopic about singer-songwriter Janis Joplin . Cimino conceived
37056-503: Was told." According to Cimino, he would call Washburn while on the road scouting for locations and feed him notes on dialogue and story. Upon reviewing Washburn's draft, Cimino said, "I came back and read it and I just could not believe what I read. It was like it was written by somebody who was ... mentally deranged." Cimino confronted Washburn at the Sunset Marquis in LA about the draft, and Washburn supposedly replied that he couldn't take
37249-424: Was whittled down to 2 minutes. Although the ads he made were considered among the most prestigious in the industry, they became increasingly costly. "The clients of the agencies liked Cimino," remarked Charles Okun, his production manager from 1964 to 1978. "His visuals were fabulous, but the amount of time it took was just astronomical. Because he was so meticulous and took so long. Nothing was easy with Michael." At
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