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78-551: The survey has been composed of three individual surveys: the first from 1837 through 1845, the second from 1859 through 1862, and the third from 1869 to present. During most of that time, the survey has been a department of the state government. Since 2011 however, the survey has been administered by the Department of Geosciences at Western Michigan University . SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of

156-556: A hydration product of anhydrite . The Mohs scale of mineral hardness defines gypsum as hardness value 2 based on scratch hardness comparison . Fine-grained white or lightly tinted forms of gypsum known as alabaster have been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Ancient Rome , the Byzantine Empire , and the Nottingham alabasters of Medieval England . The word gypsum

234-589: A Juris Doctor degree from Cooley Law School at Western Michigan University. The university ended its affiliation with the Cooley Law School in 2020. The law school closed its campus in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 2020. The Campus Activities Board is the main student organization responsible for bringing entertainment events for students. The organization sponsors concerts, comedians, films, and special events. The Western Student Association (WSA) along with

312-852: A WMU trustee – the largest cash gift ever given to a college or university in Michigan. At the time it was the 15th largest cash gift ever given to any public university in the nation. In 2001, WMU and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School entered into a partnership where students could obtain a Master in Public Administration from WMU while simultaneously working on a Juris Doctor degree from Cooley. In 2008, WMU and Cooley expanded this partnership so now WMU students enrolled in both MPA and Masters in Business Administration programs at WMU may simultaneously work on obtaining

390-536: A bill authorizing the creation of a teacher-training facility. Kalamazoo was chosen as the new school's location on August 28, 1903. Other locations considered included Allegan , Muskegon , Grand Rapids , Decatur , Three Oaks , and Hastings . The first building, then known as the Administration Building, and now known as Heritage Hall, was constructed in 1904. The university was first officially known as Western State Normal School and offered

468-604: A cafe, student commons, study rooms, and a virtual reality lab. The WMU Student Center opened in 2023 and contains a dining center, restaurants, a bank, the campus bookstore, student organization center and other student services. West Campus is also the site of Miller Auditorium , a large entertainment venue seating nearly 3500 people. It is Michigan's fourth largest auditorium. Miller Auditorium hosts events ranging from popular musicals and concerts to graduation commencements and film screenings. The Gilmore Theater Complex, featuring three performance stages and faculty offices,

546-531: A lack of funding and workers, but continued its topographical research, resulting in the relocation and marking of the Ohio -Michigan border. In 1919, Allen resigned and his assistant, Richard A. Smith, became State Geologist. In 1920, responsibility for the survey was transferred to the newly created Michigan Department of Conservation . However, the topographical elements of the survey were transferred to other state departments. In 1946 Smith retired, after 26 years as

624-453: A medical school in 2008, named Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine , which admitted its first class in August 2014. Privately funded and created in partnership with Borgess Medical Center and Bronson Methodist Hospital , the school was seeded by a $ 100 million cash donation from Dr. Homer Stryker's granddaughter, Ronda Stryker, and her husband William Johnston,

702-537: A number of cost-cutting measures. WMU's campuses encompass more than 1,200 acres (4.9 km ) and roughly 150 buildings. Western Michigan University is divided into five campuses in and near Kalamazoo, Michigan : West Campus is the primary and largest WMU campus in Kalamazoo , and is usually referred to as "Main Campus." Most of the university academic and administrative buildings are on West Campus, including

780-530: A raise to $ 4,000 per year. His offer was rejected and Wadsworth resigned. Dr. Lucius Lee Hubbard was appointed State Geologist on July 1, 1893, with Dr. Alfred Church Lane as Assistant State Geologist. The research results published by these two men, documenting the copper deposits in the Upper Peninsula, salt and gypsum deposits, and petroleum resources in the Upper Peninsula, became noted reference tools for future geologists. During Hubbard's tenure

858-474: A range of industrial processes. Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) is recovered at some coal-fired power plants. The main contaminants are Mg, K, Cl, F, B, Al, Fe, Si, and Se. They come both from the limestone used in desulfurization and from the coal burned. This product is pure enough to replace natural gypsum in a wide variety of fields including drywalls, water treatment, and cement set retarder. Improvements in flue gas desulfurization have greatly reduced

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936-413: A result, waste gypsum is stored in stacks indefinitely, with significant risk of leaching their contaminants into water and soil. To reduce the accumulation and ultimately clear out these stacks, research is underway to find more applications for such waste products. People can be exposed to gypsum in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. Calcium sulfate per se is nontoxic and

1014-644: A single comprehensive report. His report included a general description of the state's geology and more detailed descriptions of some of its mineral resources of economic interest, including coal , gypsum , and salt in the Lower Peninsula , and iron in the Upper Peninsula . In 1863 the legislature did not approve further funding for the survey, as the state treasury was dedicated to funding the American Civil War . Official termination of

1092-478: A source of sulfur for plant growth, and in the early 19th century, it was regarded as an almost miraculous fertilizer. American farmers were so anxious to acquire it that a lively smuggling trade with Nova Scotia evolved, resulting in the so-called "Plaster War" of 1820. Gypsum is moderately water-soluble (~2.0–2.5 g/L at 25 °C) and, in contrast to most other salts, it exhibits retrograde solubility, becoming less soluble at higher temperatures. When gypsum

1170-571: A staff of approximately about 40 students. It is the oldest registered student organization at Western Michigan University. There are 32 Greek Life chapters, each having its own unique values and mission; including the Divine Nine which are the 9 historically black Greek organizations, along with honors, academic, service, and social chapters at WMU. The Western Michigan Broncos are a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision school. They compete in

1248-541: A student group involved requesting the financial records of the construction and using chalk to depict the costs of each item on the plaza. The Western Herald is the school's student newspaper . It began printing in 1916 and was known as the Western Normal Herald until 1927. The paper provides news about the students, campus events and activities, as well as sporting events, opinion sections, and local culture and politics. The Western Herald maintains

1326-471: A two-year training program. The first principal was Dwight B. Waldo , who served from 1904 until 1936. The school was renamed several times throughout its early history, beginning with Western State Teachers College in 1927, Western Michigan College of Education in 1941, and Western Michigan College in 1955. It was renamed Western Michigan University in 1957. Most of the oldest and original WMU buildings are collectively known as East Campus . Because of

1404-543: A wide range of colors to local deposits. Because gypsum dissolves over time in water, gypsum is rarely found in the form of sand. However, the unique conditions of the White Sands National Park in the US state of New Mexico have created a 710 km (270 sq mi) expanse of white gypsum sand, enough to supply the US construction industry with drywall for 1,000 years. Commercial exploitation of

1482-486: Is considered "selective" by U.S. News & World Report . For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), WMU received 18,853 applications and accepted 15,612 (82.8%). Of those accepted, 2,112 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 13.5%. WMU's freshman retention rate is 77.2%, with 56.3% going on to graduate within six years. The enrolled first-year class of 2025 had

1560-510: Is contaminated by impurities found in the rock, namely fluoride , silica , radioactive elements such as radium , and heavy metal elements such as cadmium . Similarly, production of titanium dioxide produces titanium gypsum (TG) due to neutralization of excess acid with lime . The product is contaminated with silica, fluorides, organic matters, and alkalis. Impurities in refinery gypsum waste have, in many cases, prevented them from being used as normal gypsum in fields such as construction. As

1638-588: Is derived from the Greek word γύψος ( gypsos ), "plaster". Because the quarries of the Montmartre district of Paris have long furnished burnt gypsum ( calcined gypsum) used for various purposes, this dehydrated gypsum became known as plaster of Paris . Upon adding water, after a few dozen minutes, plaster of Paris becomes regular gypsum (dihydrate) again, causing the material to harden or "set" in ways that are useful for casting and construction. Gypsum

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1716-595: Is directly next to Miller Auditorium. The Dalton Center houses the School of Music and Department of Dance. The Richmond Center for Visual Arts was added to the Fine Arts Complex in 2007, followed by South Kohrman Hall being renovated into faculty offices and upgraded studio spaces in 2008. Both buildings house the Gwen Frostic School of Art. East Campus is the original development dating from

1794-448: Is even approved as a food additive, but as powdered gypsum, it can irritate skin and mucous membranes. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit ( permissible exposure limit ) for gypsum exposure in the workplace as TWA 15 mg/m for total exposure and TWA 5 mg/m for respiratory exposure over an eight-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set

1872-822: Is governed by an eight-member board of regents whose members are appointed by the governor of Michigan and confirmed by the Michigan Senate for eight-year terms. The university's athletic teams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and are known as the Western Michigan Broncos . They compete in the Mid-American Conference for most sports. On May 27, 1903, Michigan Governor Aaron T. Bliss signed

1950-593: Is heated in air it loses water and converts first to calcium sulfate hemihydrate ( bassanite , often simply called "plaster") and, if heated further, to anhydrous calcium sulfate ( anhydrite ). As with anhydrite , the solubility of gypsum in saline solutions and in brines is also strongly dependent on sodium chloride (common table salt) concentration. The structure of gypsum consists of layers of calcium (Ca ) and sulfate ( SO 2− 4 ) ions tightly bound together. These layers are bonded by sheets of anion water molecules via weaker hydrogen bonding , which gives

2028-510: Is home to the university's College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and is within the Business Technology and Research Park. Erected in 2003, the $ 72.5 million building Floyd Hall is 343,000 square feet (31,900 m ) and features two three-story 600-foot (180 m) wings connected by a middle glass enclosure. The campus is about 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of the main campus. The 265-acre (1.07 km ) campus contains

2106-754: Is home to the university's College of Health and Human Services and the WMU Army ROTC program. It is also home to the Western Michigan University Archives and Regional History Collections, located in the Charles C. and Lynn L. Zhang Legacy Collections Center . In 2021, the University Libraries announced that Special Collections would be moving from Waldo Library to the Zhang Center. The Parkview Campus

2184-462: Is prized for ornamental work of various sorts. In arid areas, gypsum can occur in a flower-like form, typically opaque, with embedded sand grains called desert rose . It also forms some of the largest crystals found in nature, up to 12 m (39 ft) long, in the form of selenite. Gypsum is a common mineral, with thick and extensive evaporite beds in association with sedimentary rocks . Deposits are known to occur in strata from as far back as

2262-569: Is the university's business school . One of the largest business schools in the United States, it has some 4,000 undergraduate students and 500 Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Accountancy (MSA) students. The college is in Schneider Hall on the main campus. The College of Business was renamed in honor of alumnus G. W. Haworth after Haworth gave a large donation in the 1980s. Western Michigan began planning

2340-498: The Archaean eon . Gypsum is deposited from lake and sea water, as well as in hot springs , from volcanic vapors, and sulfate solutions in veins . Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins is commonly hydrated to gypsum by groundwater in near-surface exposures. It is often associated with the minerals halite and sulfur . Gypsum is the most common sulfate mineral. Pure gypsum is white, but other substances found as impurities may give

2418-790: The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have indicated the existence of gypsum dunes in the northern polar region of Mars, which were later confirmed at ground level by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity . Commercial quantities of gypsum are found in the cities of Araripina and Grajaú in Brazil; in Pakistan, Jamaica, Iran (world's second largest producer), Thailand, Spain (the main producer in Europe), Germany, Italy, England, Ireland, Canada and

Michigan Geological Survey - Misplaced Pages Continue

2496-574: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources was created, to which the survey was transferred, retaining its name as the Geological Survey Division. Eddy was succeeded by Arthur E. Slaughter in 1971. R. Thomas Segall followed in 1981, serving until 1996. In 1995, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality was created, taking over the survey. In 1996, Harold R. Fitch became State Geologist. In 2002 and 2004,

2574-743: The Mid-American Conference in men's basketball , baseball, football , soccer and tennis; and women's basketball, cross-country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, softball, track and field, and volleyball. The men's hockey team competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference . The Western Michigan Broncos main rival is the Central Michigan Chippewas who also compete in the Mid-American Conference. The Broncos have won two NCAA national championships. The cross country team won

2652-460: The NCAA title in 1964 and 1965. The current alma mater, Brown and Gold, and the current WMU fight song are the result of a 1959 contest to replace existing songs. Open to the university community, the two-stage contest first solicited lyrics and then music. Alumnus James H. Bull won the lyrics stage with his entry for Brown and Gold. Alumnus Walter Gilbert took the honors for the fight song lyrics and

2730-484: The Upper Peninsula . As established, the survey was expected to be completed in four years; however, it was soon realized that a proper survey of the entire state would take much longer. In March 1838, the survey was divided into four departments: geological and mineralogical, zoological, botanical, and topographical. Each department was headed by a specialist under the direction of the State Geologist. In 1840,

2808-411: The state legislature to conduct a geological survey of Michigan. Dr. Douglass Houghton , who created and planned the survey, convinced legislators to approve its creation and funding. The bill, titled "An act to provide for a geological survey of the state", was signed into law by Governor Stevens T. Mason on February 23, commencing the state's first geological survey. Owing to his effort in creating

2886-777: The College of Arts and Sciences, Haworth College of Business, College of Education and Human Development, College of Fine Arts, the Lee Honors College and Waldo Library. Many of the residence halls are found scattered throughout West Campus, while other dormitories (affectionately referred to as "The Valleys") are adjacent to West Campus in Goldsworth Valley. Waldo Library is the fourth largest university library system in Michigan, where it houses millions of various resources such as books, audio/visual materials, maps, electronic resources and more. The library also has

2964-505: The College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Aviation, the Haworth College of Business, the College of Education and Human Development, the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the College of Fine Arts and the College of Health and Human Services. In addition, the university has a Graduate College and the Lee Honors College. Its most popular undergraduate majors, by 2021 graduates, were: The Haworth College of Business

3042-538: The College of Aviation has a fleet of Piper PA-44 Seminole , one Piper PA-18 Super Cub , and one American Champion Super Decathlon used for flight training. The facility is in Battle Creek, Michigan at W. K. Kellogg Airport . Because the demand for training was high, the city of Battle Creek and the Air National Guard, in conjunction with the College of Aviation, constructed a new runway just to

3120-622: The Graduate Student Association (GSA) are the "primary" body of student government at Western Michigan University. WMU sponsors or recognizes several groups aimed towards personal and social development. This includes faith and spiritual development, the Office of LBGT Student Services, Greek Life , services for International Students, Multicultural Affairs, Off-Campus Life, and Sponsored Student Organizations. WMU also has around 400 student organizations registered through

3198-530: The Speech and Hearing building on WMU's East Campus were demolished. The original portion of East Hall was retained, but North Hall and the two side wings of East Hall came down. East Hall reopened in 2015 as Heritage Hall, home to the WMU Alumni Center. In addition to the renovation of East Hall, the portico of North Hall was preserved and positioned just north of East Hall. The Oakland Drive campus

Michigan Geological Survey - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-614: The State Board of Education. Unlike the previous two surveys, botanical and zoological investigations were not included. On April 24, Winchell was reappointed as State Geologist. This time Winchell's ideas for the direction of the survey were in conflict with those of the board. Winchell wanted to concentrate on a scholarly investigation of the Lower Peninsula, but the Board wanted the survey to focus on copper and iron resources in

3354-524: The State of Michigan, That the governor is hereby authorized and directed to nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to appoint a competent person, whose duty it shall be to make an accurate and complete geological survey of this State, which shall be accompanied with proper maps and diagrams, and furnish a full and scientific description of its rocks, soils, minerals, and of its botanical and geological productions, together with specimens of

3432-637: The United States. Large open pit quarries are located in many places including Fort Dodge, Iowa , which sits on one of the largest deposits of gypsum in the world, and Plaster City, California , United States, and East Kutai , Kalimantan , Indonesia. Several small mines also exist in places such as Kalannie in Western Australia , where gypsum is sold to private buyers for additions of calcium and sulfur as well as reduction of aluminum toxicities on soil for agricultural purposes. Crystals of gypsum up to 11 m (36 ft) long have been found in

3510-865: The Upper Peninsula. After Wright's death in March 1888, Marshman Edward Wadsworth was appointed as State Geologist. Under Wadsworth, the survey obtained its own offices at the Michigan Mining School , having previously relied on private offices or the homes of the various geologists. In order that the Michigan Geological Survey could concentrate on economic geology , Wadsworth arranged for the United States Geological Survey to assume responsibility for studies of paleontology and other non-economic scientific topics. The Board of 1891 to 1892 recommended to

3588-592: The Upper Peninsula. In response, the Board contracted independent surveys of the Marquette Iron Range and the Copper Country . As a result of frequent debates and political infighting, Winchell resigned in April 1871. Dr. Carl Rominger was named as Winchell's replacement. Rominger worked "practically alone" from 1872 through 1876, focusing primarily on investigating fossil corals and elucidating

3666-611: The WMU Office of Research and Innovation, the Southwest Michigan Small Business Development Center, and several other academic and administrative offices. In December 2012, WMU announced plans to renovate its birthplace, historic East Hall, for use as an alumni center. It also announced plans to demolish several of the university's original historic buildings and utilize the hilltop as green space. In August 2013 West Hall and

3744-679: The airfield. WMU planned to build a new building on the north side of the airport to consolidate the aviation classes at the airport. Western Michigan University offered aviation and music therapy programs in Punta Gorda and used Florida SouthWestern State College 's campus. It was announced in February 2019 that WMU Punta Gorda would close due to low enrollment numbers. Western Michigan University also has several regional sites that offer education to more than 6,000 students each year. These regional sites are in cities throughout Michigan : WMU

3822-495: The amount of toxic elements present. Gypsum precipitates onto brackish water membranes , a phenomenon known as mineral salt scaling , such as during brackish water desalination of water with high concentrations of calcium and sulfate . Scaling decreases membrane life and productivity. This is one of the main obstacles in brackish water membrane desalination processes, such as reverse osmosis or nanofiltration . Other forms of scaling, such as calcite scaling, depending on

3900-418: The area, strongly opposed by area residents, was permanently prevented in 1933 when President Herbert Hoover declared the gypsum dunes a protected national monument . Gypsum is also formed as a by-product of sulfide oxidation , amongst others by pyrite oxidation , when the sulfuric acid generated reacts with calcium carbonate . Its presence indicates oxidizing conditions. Under reducing conditions,

3978-408: The botanical and zoological aspects of the survey were abolished by the legislature. They were perceived as offering the state little benefit, overriding Houghton's protests that they remain. In 1845, Houghton was out sailing on Lake Superior when a storm overturned his boat and he drowned. After this incident the survey was suspended, although Houghton's assistant and another surveyor continued to map

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4056-489: The caves of the Naica Mine of Chihuahua , Mexico. The crystals thrived in the cave's extremely rare and stable natural environment. Temperatures stayed at 58 °C (136 °F), and the cave was filled with mineral-rich water that drove the crystals' growth. The largest of those crystals weighs 55 tonnes (61 short tons) and is around 500,000 years old. Synthetic gypsum is produced as a waste product or by-product in

4134-672: The crystal perfect cleavage along the sheets (in the {010} plane). Gypsum occurs in nature as flattened and often twinned crystals , and transparent, cleavable masses called selenite . Selenite contains no significant selenium ; rather, both substances were named for the ancient Greek word for the Moon . Selenite may also occur in a silky, fibrous form, in which case it is commonly called "satin spar". Finally, it may also be granular or quite compact. In hand-sized samples, it can be anywhere from transparent to opaque. A very fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum, called alabaster ,

4212-429: The expenditures of each year shall be annually reported to the legislature. SECTION 3. The geologist appointed under the provisions of this act shall make a report annually to the legislature, on the first Monday of January, in each year, setting forth generally the progress made in the survey hereby authorized. On January 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted as a state. On that same day, a bill was introduced and approved in

4290-624: The first topographical survey was commenced. In 1909, Lane resigned to accept a professorship at Tufts College , and was succeeded by Roland C. Allen in September. Around the time that Allen became State Geologist, the survey took over the responsibilities of the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, including preparing reports on the state's metallic and non-metallic minerals and conducting annual assessments of iron mines. The survey significantly reduced its activities during World War I due to

4368-451: The following standardized test scores: the middle 50% range (25th percentile-75th percentile) of SAT scores was 1000-1200, while the middle 50% range of ACT scores was 21-27. WMU is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It has 147 undergraduate degree programs, 73 master's degree programs, 30 doctoral programs, and 1 specialist degree program. The university has seven degree-granting colleges:

4446-471: The geologic structure of the Michigan Basin in the Lower Peninsula. He also supported the independent contractors who were investigating economic resources in the Upper Peninsula. In May 1885, Charles E. Wright , who had previously been the state's Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, succeeded Rominger. He primarily engaged in the drawing of topographical maps and sketches of the geologic phenomena of

4524-530: The legislature a number of changes. These included incorporating the office of Mineral Statistics with the survey, appropriating offices in Lansing, and hiring geologists who were independent of state universities and who could dedicate the whole of their time to the survey. In 1893, Wadsworth became aware of these intentions, and offered to resign from the Michigan Mining School if he were given

4602-399: The longest-serving State Geologist to date. Dr. Gerald E. Eddy succeeded Smith, and remained until 1951. He was followed by Franklin G. Pardee from 1951 through 1952. William L. Daoust succeeded him as Acting State Geologist through 1954 and as State Geologist through 1964. After twelve years as the Department of Conservation's Director, Eddy was reappointed State Geologist in 1964. In 1968,

4680-604: The mineralogical deposits on the south shore of Lake Superior. In the late 1850s, the Michigan Legislature received petitions from various interests to further investigate the state's salt resources, leading to the establishment of a second geological survey on February 15, 1859. Dr. Alexander Winchell of the University of Michigan was named State Geologist on March 9. Winchell spent much of his time from 1859 through 1862 conducting field work that culminated in

4758-557: The music for both the fight song and alma mater. Western Michigan University has had a number of notable alumni. Among them are: Gypsum Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate , with the chemical formula CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O . It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer and as the main constituent in many forms of plaster , drywall and blackboard or sidewalk chalk . Gypsum also crystallizes as translucent crystals of selenite . It forms as an evaporite mineral and as

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4836-484: The paper coating plant. The school offers 17 undergraduate engineering, technology and applied sciences programs, while the graduate level, the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences offers 9 master programs, and 6 doctoral programs. The College of Aviation offers three undergraduate aviation majors in Battle Creek, Michigan . The College of Aviation runs a Cirrus SR-20 fleet, turbine engine testing sites, and aviation maintenance training facilities. Additionally

4914-437: The same; which maps, diagrams, and specimens shall be deposited in the State library, and similar specimens shall be deposited in such literary and scientific institutions as the governor shall direct; and the governor is further authorized to appoint, from time to time, as the exigencies of the case may require, competent persons to act as assistants under the directions of the geologist. SECTION 2. A sum not exceeding $ 3,000 for

4992-630: The steep grade elevating the campus above the city, the Western State Normal Railroad was established in 1907 to carry students and staff up and down the hill with a funicular . It operated until 1949. Western Michigan University had a partnership with Cooley Law School for over a decade, that on August 13, 2014, culminated in the adoption of a new name and partnership, the Western Michigan University Cooley Law School. In 2020,

5070-451: The sulfates it contains can be reduced back to sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria . This can lead to accumulation of elemental sulfur in oil-bearing formations, such as salt domes, where it can be mined using the Frasch process Electric power stations burning coal with flue gas desulfurization produce large quantities of gypsum as a byproduct from the scrubbers. Orbital pictures from

5148-580: The survey occurred on March 7, 1863, by a joint resolution of the state legislature. By 1869 there was widespread public support for resuming the geological survey, and legislation was passed in March. The survey was officially known as the Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. An ex officio Board of Geological Survey was created to oversee the department, consisting of the Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and President of

5226-504: The survey terminated its remaining connections with the Michigan Mining School and the University of Michigan, as the relationship was considered "beneficial to [the universities], but detrimental to the survey". Hubbard resigned in 1899, and Lane became State Geologist in April. Lane moved the survey's headquarters from Houghton to Lansing . During his tenure, the legislature reinstated funding for zoological and biological studies, and

5304-487: The survey was respectively renamed the Geological and Land Management Division and the Office of Geological Survey. In 2010, Fitch began discussions with Western Michigan University (WMU) to assume the non-regulatory functions of the survey. Funding cuts were restricting the survey's ability to perform any non-regulatory duties, so a transfer to a different institution would permit their accomplishment. In October 2011,

5382-414: The survey was transferred to Western Michigan University's Department of Geosciences. WMU professor Alan E. Kehew was then appointed director of the survey. In 2013, John A. Yellich was appointed director of the survey. Western Michigan University Western Michigan University ( Western Michigan , Western or WMU ) is a public research university in Kalamazoo, Michigan , United States. It

5460-429: The survey, Houghton was named the first State Geologist. Abram Sager was appointed as Houghton's assistant for the zoological and botanical aspects of the survey. The survey was appropriated $ 3000 for its first year. The motivational factor for establishing a geological survey was primarily to secure supplies of salt . Lesser reasons were to help dispel negative beliefs about the state and to investigate copper resources in

5538-535: The university that are available to any student. Placement of the Chemistry Building generated much controversy from student groups because it displaced a large portion of greenery in the center of West Campus. A temporary outdoor plaza was constructed outside of Sangren Hall in 2007 to replace the greenery. However, this also generated controversy and protests among students and faculty because of its aesthetic characteristics and costs. One such protest by

5616-461: The university's Board of Trustees voted to end its affiliation with the Cooley Law School. Western Michigan University was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic . President Edward B. Montgomery stated "the crisis has already cost WMU well over $ 45 million, and we expect the tally to rise through the remainder of this fiscal year." To soften the economic toll of the pandemic, WMU instituted

5694-641: The university's founding in 1903. It contains many of the university's historical buildings including, East Hall, West Hall, North Hall, Walwood Hall, Spindler Hall, Vandercook Hall, and The Little Theater. Many of these buildings are on a hill overlooking the city of Kalamazoo . Walwood Hall, renovated in 1992, is home to the Graduate College, the Graduate Student Advisory Committee, the Medieval Institute,

5772-561: The water source, can also be important considerations in distillation , as well as in heat exchangers , where either the salt solubility or concentration can change rapidly. A new study has suggested that the formation of gypsum starts as tiny crystals of a mineral called bassanite (2CaSO 4 ·H 2 O). This process occurs via a three-stage pathway: The production of phosphate fertilizers requires breaking down calcium-containing phosphate rock with acid, producing calcium sulfate waste known as phosphogypsum (PG). This form of gypsum

5850-590: The west of the original runway 23 and parallel to it. This caused Battle Creek's main runway to be renamed runway 23R and the new runway 23L. The project's cost was around $ 7 million, 95% of the money coming from the government. The runway is now fully "operational". From August 2017 to August 2019, Western Michigan University operated a satellite campus in Punta Gorda, Florida near the Punta Gorda Airport with additional facilities being located on

5928-409: The year 1837, a sum not exceeding $ 6,000 for the year 1838, a sum not exceeding $ 8,000 for the year 1839, and a sum not exceeding $ 12,000 for the year 1840, is hereby appropriated to defray the expenses that may be incurred under this act, which sums shall be paid out of the treasury from any money not otherwise appropriated, at such times and in such sums as the governor may direct; and an account of all

6006-522: Was initially established as Western State Normal School in 1903 by Governor Aaron T. Bliss for the training of teachers. It was renamed Western Michigan University in 1957. Western is one of the eight research universities in the state of Michigan and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The university has seven degree-granting colleges, offering 147 undergraduate degree programs, 73 master's degree programs, 30 doctoral programs, and 1 specialist degree program. It

6084-524: Was known in Old English as spærstān , "spear stone", referring to its crystalline projections. Thus, the word spar in mineralogy, by comparison to gypsum, refers to any non- ore mineral or crystal that forms in spearlike projections. In the mid-18th century, the German clergyman and agriculturalist Johann Friderich Mayer investigated and publicized gypsum's use as a fertilizer. Gypsum may act as

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