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115-472: It is a non-operating park, meaning there are no facilities or services. Fishing and hiking are the only permitted activities. French explorers, including Radisson and Groseilliers , reached the area by the mid 17th century, and a post was built early in the next century (possibly about 1700). The site was on the sandy flat delta of the Michipicoten River, on the south bank opposite the mouth of

230-862: A Mohawk raiding party, he was captured by the warriors. Perhaps because of his youth, he received fairly mild treatment and, as he showed interest in Mohawk language and culture, was adopted and assimilated. In the Mohawk custom of adopting young captives, whether indigenous or European, to replace relatives lost to disease or warfare, Radisson joined a local Mohawk family near modern-day Schenectady in New York. Not long after Radisson's integration, which took about six weeks, while out hunting with three Mohawk, he met an Algonquin man who convinced him to defect and return to Trois-Rivières. Together, they killed Radisson's Mohawk companions, traveled 14 days, and sighted

345-474: A Frenchwoman; they pulled out her breasts, and took a child out of her belly, with they broyled [broiled] and made the mother eat it, so in short she died". Sometime after his own wounds healed, Radisson spent some five months on a war-party expedition. With other Mohawk warriors, Radisson traveled to a trading post at Fort Orange , then controlled by the Dutch , located in present-day Albany, New York . There,

460-542: A Parliament in 11 years, and was badly in need of funds. In this year, he asked the City of London for a loan of £100,000, and when that was refused, the demand increased to £200,000 and then £300,000. Four aldermen were imprisoned as punishment for refusing to pay. From 1642, tensions between King Charles I and his Parliament broke out into the English Civil War. London's pro-Royalist Lord Mayor, Richard Gurney ,

575-606: A box underneath a staircase containing the skeletons of two children. These were presumed to be the Princes in the Tower , 15th-century royal boys who were thought to have been murdered on the orders of Richard III . The bodies were buried in Westminster Abbey with royal honours. Duelling , either with pistols or with swords, was a popular way for upper-class men to settle arguments, although they were not legal. In 1694,

690-635: A brisk trade with the Indians. He recruited Jean-Baptiste into joining HBC service and left for England in September, leaving John Abraham in charge of the fort. (Eight days later two ships belonging to Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye arrived from Québec. Although there was conflict, no blood was shed. The French wintered near the English and returned to Québec with a moderate load of furs.) Radisson's differences with various Hudson's Bay Company underlings in

805-469: A centre for fishing, boat-building, and small-scale manufacture and repair. From there a number of smaller posts along Lake Superior and in the interior were supplied, and it also served as a base for missionaries and surveyors. This lasted until 1863, when the arrival of steamboats and railways made it unnecessary. When gold was discovered nearby, the Michipicoten Post boomed again, supplying

920-912: A city near Avignon, that concern Radisson's father, Pierre-Esprit Radisson Sr. Radisson would trace his family, the Hayet-Radissons, to the town St. Malo , whereas records suggest either Paris or Avignon. According to Radisson, he emigrated from France to Canada on 24 May 1651. He may have arrived with his two sisters, Élisabeth and Françoise. They may also have been accompanied by their maternal half-sister Marguerite Hayet, who would eventually marry Radisson's later fur-trading partner, Médard Chouart des Groseilliers. By sometime in 1651, these three women were living together in Trois-Rivières . In 1651 or 1652, while hunting fowl near his Trois-Rivières home, Radisson became separated from his hunting group. After discovering its several men killed by

1035-491: A conspiracy of Catholics plotting to overthrow King Charles II in favour of his brother, the Catholic James II. Parliament empowered Oates with a band of armed men and permission to root out the conspirators. Godfrey was found murdered and an anti-Catholic panic quickly set in amongst Londoners. People were arrested simply for being in contact with Catholics, and Oates named five noblemen, one of whom, Lord Stafford ,

1150-548: A duel took place between John Law and Beau Wilson in Bloomsbury Square. Wilson was killed and Law convicted of his murder and sent to Newgate Prison . Each of the City's wards had a constable whose job was to keep order by breaking up fights and, if necessary, making arrests. There was a town watch made up of selected men who patrol the streets armed with halberds. From the Interregnum period, London also had

1265-575: A failed attempt to pay to arrange his wife's passage from Britain. He also failed to regain a position in the Hudson's Bay Company , as a further result of anti-French prejudice. In 1681 Radisson headed out to found a fort on the Nelson River under a French flag, albeit against the wishes of the French state. He did so as a means of capturing the market, fearing the construction of a British fort on

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1380-532: A foal in the font. The removal of scaffolding caused sections of the roof to collapse, and slum houses were built against the outer walls. Parliamentary soldiers rioted through the streets of London, and destroyed the Salisbury Court Theatre . On Sunday, 2 September 1666 the Great Fire of London broke out at one o'clock in the morning at a house on Pudding Lane in the southern part of

1495-576: A governor recognized him as a Frenchman and offered to pay for his freedom. But Radisson returned to his Mohawk village. He escaped on 29 October 1653, "at 8 of the clock in the morning". Reaching Fort Orange, he was hidden at a farm, then met a Jesuit priest Joseph Antoine Poncet , who made him "a great offer", whereby he returned to Holland in early 1654 under an agreement now unclear but perhaps involving missionary work. Later that year, 1654, Radisson returned to Trois-Rivières in New France. Over

1610-566: A market in Spital Square in 1682. A great deal of rebuilding took place in the aftermath of the Great Fire of London in 1666. St. Paul's Cathedral was rebuilt under the architect Christopher Wren between 1670 and 1711. He also rebuilt another 51 City churches, plus three outside the bounds of the Fire ( St. Anne Soho , St. Clement Danes , and St. James Piccadilly ), for which he worked unpaid, although he did receive generous bribes from

1725-587: A modern economy, with the founding of the Bank of England in 1694, and the early development of the stock market and insurance markets such as Lloyd's of London . London's merchants often met in the newly-introduced coffeehouses , and the city became the hub of an emerging global empire, with the headquarters of colonial institutions such as the East India Company . London saw a flourishing of literature, philosophy, theatre and art during this time, as

1840-469: A narrator of his own life, the range of his explorations, his experiences among the Indigenous peoples, and his social formation, both as a man of the early modern period for whom personal honour was an important value and as a working trader participating in the mercantile projects of the era. Radisson's life and writings have been interpreted from many different perspectives. Many French Canadians until

1955-523: A new group called the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge was founded at St. Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside. The society in turn founded several charity schools, at which the students received a free uniform in a distinctive colour, often gaining a nickname such as " Bluecoats " or "Greencoats". The Grey Coat Hospital School was one of these, founded by eight Westminster shopkeepers in order to educate

2070-587: A new law of his allowing greater toleration for Catholics and Nonconformists, and were imprisoned in the Tower of London, but were found not guilty. Londoners celebrated their release in the streets. In 1688, several politicians contacted the husband of James' sister, William of Orange , inviting him to seize the throne. He brought an army across the English Channel , arriving in London in November in what

2185-516: A ring around the City from Tothill Fields to the Tower in the north and from Vauxhall to Tooley Street in the south. This period saw the first major development of what is now known as London's West End. Aristocrats and land developers bought chunks of farmland and countryside around Westminster and built houses on it, hoping to turn a profit renting or leasing those houses. Unlike previous London townhouses, these new building efforts were generally in brick or stone rather than wood. In particular,

2300-587: A ring of defences, often built by ordinary Londoners, including women and children. Parliament captured the king, and in 1647 he was imprisoned in Hampton Court Palace for several months. The Parliamentary New Model Army used Putney as their headquarters from November 1647, and held a series of meetings there to discuss the future of the country called the Putney Debates . In 1648, Henry Rich attempted to create an uprising in favour of

2415-596: A trained band of soldiers who drilled in Finsbury Fields who marched about the city with pikes once a week. There were 800 Parliamentary soldiers who were stationed in the Old St Paul's Cathedral as it was a central meeting place at the time. Religion was very important in Stuart London, with one's chosen sect of Christianity often being a matter of life or death. Anti-Catholic feeling in particular

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2530-411: A way of establishing informal relations with the French in order to ensure the continued supply of European goods and prevent the French from trading with other Indians. Radisson reported on visiting one Ojibwa village in the spring of 1660, where there was a welcoming ceremony: "The women throw themselves backward on the ground, thinking to give us tokens of friendship and wellcome [welcome]". Radisson

2645-489: A year-long permit to explore New France; the governor granted it. Seeing the success of the trip and the number of furs they had brought back, d'Argenson levied high taxes on the men, ostensibly because they had exceeded the terms of their year-long permit by a couple of days. After seeking unsuccessfully in the courts to regain what had been confiscated by the Governor, Radisson and Groseilliers decided to go to Boston in

2760-558: The City of London , Radisson and des Groseilliers had the advantages of being the only men who knew how to survive in the North, and who also knew the local languages and customs of the Indians, and the geography. In 1670, Radisson was back in England and on 2 May received a royal charter giving him and his partners the exclusive rights to the land surrounding Hudson Bay; with this they founded

2875-670: The Earl of Bedford, Francis Russell , commissioned Inigo Jones to turn fields and orchards west of the City into Covent Garden , a square of aristocratic townhouses surrounding a marketplace. Jones based the project on the piazza in Livorno in Italy and the Place des Vosges in Paris, making the houses identical in order to give the impression that they were a single large mansion. This was to become

2990-726: The English Civil War and the Great Fire of London , but new areas were built from scratch in what had previously been countryside, such as Covent Garden , Bloomsbury , and St. James's , and the City was rebuilt after the Fire by architects such as Christopher Wren . London was also struck by waves of disease during this time, most notably the Great Plague in 1665.The period saw several attempts to enforce uniformity of worship from Catholics , Anglicans and Puritans . Both Catholics and Nonconformist Protestants were persecuted during this period. This resulted in some of

3105-529: The Globe . Famous pupils of the school from this era include John Milton , Samuel Pepys , John Churchill , and Edmond Halley . The Shakesperean actor Edward Alleyn founded Dulwich College as a school for poor boys in the 1610s. The Latymer School in Fulham received its first students in 1627. Colfe's School was refounded in 1652, and Haberdashers' Aske's School was established in 1690. In 1698,

3220-516: The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). During the next few years, they made a number of highly profitable trips between England and the Bay region. With the founding of the HBC, Radisson became forced to deal with a European context; there he had to struggle for survival among rival monarchs, competing courtiers, and the changing political and economic world in which they operated. King Charles II in his charter for

3335-641: The Lord Mayor had golden state barges to carry them about the Thames. The most common boat on the Thames was a wherry - a river taxi that can seat up to five people. There was a ferry at Westminster called the Horseferry , which crossed the river back and forth at Westminster. Construction began on turning the River Fleet into a canal lined with wharves in 1670. By 1640, Charles I had not called

3450-741: The Magpie River . It was at the junction of the main North American fur trade route from Montreal westward and the route north to James Bay via the Missinaibi River . In 1727, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye , was appointed commander of the French Postes du Nord , that included the headquarters at Fort Kaministiquia , a post at the Nipigon River , and the outpost at Michipicoten. These posts on

3565-746: The Radisson provincial electoral district in Manitoba, are all named after him. The Radisson Hotels group, starting with the Radisson Hotel in Minneapolis in 1909, is also named after him. The Canadian Coast Guard named CCGS  Pierre Radisson after him. American writer Sinclair Lewis wrote several novels about Grand Republic, the seat of the fictitious Radisson County, Minnesota . Sterling North dramatized Radisson's life and adventures in his young adult novel Captured by

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3680-518: The Rupert River region on the shores of James Bay , where Des Groseilliers used his knowledge of frontier living to build dwellings for the crew for wintering over. About 300 Cree Indians came up in the spring of 1669 to trade furs in exchange for European goods. Radisson sought the support of a royal patron to secure a crown monopoly on trade within the Hudson's Bay region. Prince Rupert of

3795-608: The Toleration Act 1688 , 20 years later. The whole congregation of a Seventh Day Baptist church in Bulstake Alley, Whitechapel, was arrested and sent to Newgate Prison , and their preacher, John James, was found guilty of treason, and hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn . Capital and corporal punishments were widely used. Tyburn , the main execution ground after 1660, had a unique three-sided gallows to allow 24 people to be hanged simultaneously. For example,

3910-404: The river Thames making the fourth side to the south. However, the inhabited region expanded well beyond the bounds of the walls to Wapping in the east and Westminster in the west. Settlements that had previously been separate from London, like Shoreditch and Clerkenwell , began to be subsumed by London's sprawl. Ordinary houses were often built of wood, with each storey projecting out from

4025-483: The 1660s, there were about 9,000 horse-drawn coaches on the streets of London, both privately-owned and hired. Londoners could hail one of 400 hackney cabs that operated on the streets. To get to and from London from the rest of the country, there were about 300 stage wagons , taking up to 20 people at a time. There were stagecoaches operating to towns such as Dover, Exeter, Bristol, Chester, York, and Edinburgh. These would take passengers to and from coaching inns ,

4140-415: The 1670s, and Downing Street was built in 1682. Queen Anne's Gate was built c.1704. From the 1670s, sash windows were increasingly used on upmarket houses such as Montagu House and palaces like Hampton Court . Further west, in 1677, Thomas Grosvenor married Mary Davies, and thus gained her inheritance of 500 acres of marshland to the west of London. The family would go on to turn this land into

4255-451: The 1680s suggests that he was not admired by the English seamen who had to work with him, because of their rooted detestation of the French. In 1685 Radisson was made "Superintendent and Chief Director of the Trade at Port Nelson", where he seems to have accomplished little. In 1687 he made serious charges against the superintendent of York Factory . The HBC rejected the charges and Radisson

4370-525: The Caribbean, and freed domestic servants. Charles II bought a black pageboy, and in 1662, Lord Sandwich bought "a little Turk and a negro" for his daughters. The diarist Samuel Pepys had a black kitchen maid, and the naval officer William Batten had a black manservant called Mingo. In 1684, the Barbados planter Robert Rich brought an enslaved woman called Katherine Auker to his house in London. She

4485-517: The Catholic James II became king in 1688, London Catholics were able to openly celebrate Mass, with the diarist John Evelyn "not believing I should ever have lived to see such things in the King of England's palace, after it had pleased God to enlighten this nation". 1678 saw the anti-Catholic mania of the Popish Plot . A man called Titus Oates went before the magistrate Edmund Godfrey to report

4600-502: The City at Moorfields , St. George's Fields in Southwark, and to the north extending as far as Highgate . Despite the destruction, the official death toll was only 4 people, likely an inaccurately low number. Because of London's centrality as a port and financial center, the destruction of the fire affected the entire national economy. Losses were estimated at between £7 and £10 million according to contemporary estimates. Although

4715-559: The City of London in order to fund its operations. In 1672, Radisson married Mary Kirke, the daughter of Sir John Kirke, one of the City investors in the HBC. As anti-French and anti-Catholic sentiment increased in England following discontent expressed in events such as the Bawdy House Riots of 1668 , both Prince Rupert and Sir John decreased their support for the men. Although Radisson's reasons for doing so are not fully clear, he left London in 1675 with Grosseiliers to reenter

Michipicoten Provincial Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

4830-483: The City was estimated at 1,688- mostly French and Dutch, with some Belgians, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, and Poles. A number of Greek Christian refugees arrived in London in the 1670s fleeing persecution from the Ottoman Empire , and were permitted to build their own church. London had some inhabitants from Turkey, who brought new businesses such as London's first coffeeshop and its first Turkish bath . After

4945-582: The City. Fanned by a southeasterly wind the fire spread quickly among the timber and thatched-roof buildings, which were primed to ignite after an unusually hot and dry summer. Burning for several days, the Fire destroyed about 60% of the City, including Old St Paul's Cathedral , 87 parish churches, 44 livery company halls and the Royal Exchange . An estimated 13,200 houses were destroyed across 400 different streets and courts, leaving 100,000 people homeless. Huge camps of displaced Londoners formed around

5060-504: The Dakota. As Radisson's account was written for an English audience, he was vague as to whether he and Des Groseilliers took up this offer. When Radisson and Groseilliers returned to Québec on August 24, 1660, with many furs, the merchants waiting for them were delighted to be able to sail with the pelts to Europe, but the Governor was jealous of their success. In 1659 Groseilliers had met with Governor Pierre de Voyer d'Argenson to gain

5175-539: The English Thirteen Colonies for their next explorations. They would seek English financing there to support their expedition. Throughout their 1659–1660 voyage, the French explorers had heard references to a "salt sea" as an area with an abundance of good furs. They determined the reference must be to Hudson Bay and began to seek financing and sea-going ships for their new explorations. They could reach this destination by travel on waters outside

5290-575: The English Civil War and in the Interregnum period, as they were put to use by Parliament's army or destroyed for ideological reasons. Charing Cross was demolished in 1647. St. Paul's Cathedral was in a state of disrepair throughout the first half of the period, having been struck by lightning in 1561. In 1648, soldiers from the New Model Army used it as a stable, smashing the stained glass, ripping up pews for firewood, and even baptising

5405-464: The English service led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company . His career was particularly notable for its repeated transitions between serving Britain and France. There is no image of him other than that provided in his writings and those of the people who encountered him in New France, in Paris on the fringes of the court, on remote Hudson Bay, and in late Stuart London . Radisson should be considered in multiple contexts; for his achievement as

5520-505: The French left, ending the expedition. Radisson soon returned to Québec . Radisson's biggest influence in Canadian history dates from the period of 1658 to 1684, when he was an active coureur-des-bois , fur trader, and explorer. In August 1659, Radisson persuaded his brother-in-law, Médard Chouart des Groseilliers, to hire him for his journey around Lake Superior . The year-long trip was planned to collect furs, in order to participate in

5635-836: The Great Fire is by far the most well-known, it was by no means the only fire to destroy large parts of London in this period. Fires destroyed Hungerford House in 1669; the Theatre Royal in 1672; 30 houses in Seething Lane , and about 100 in Shadwell in 1673; Goring House in 1674; 624 properties in Southwark in 1676; Montagu House in 1686; Bridgewater House in 1687; and the Palace of Whitehall in 1698. There were large storms which caused building damage in this period, including in 1662, 1678, and 1690. In 1703, there

5750-476: The Hudson's Bay Company also founded a proprietary colony named Rupert's Land , declaring that the lands adjacent to Hudson's Bay or rivers flowing into Hudson's Bay now belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company. In theory, much of modern Canada then belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company, as Rupert's Land was a vast region. In practice, the company maintained a few trading forts on the sea coasts of northern Ontario and northern Québec , to which they later added forts on

5865-470: The Iroquois also sometimes ate the hearts of exceptionally brave men to acquire their courage. Radisson's fingernails were pulled out while he was forced to sing, one finger was cut to the bone, and he watched ten Huron Indians get tortured to death. The next day, an old man burned Radisson, tied to a scaffold, and a young man drove a red-hot dagger through his foot. After three days of similar treatment,

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5980-602: The Mohawk brought out Huron prisoners and, using tomahawks , bashed in the heads of some, whereas the rest were adopted by individual families. Once eventually released, the overwhelmed Radisson found that, as he would recall, "all my pains and griefs ceased, not feeling the least pain. [My father] bids me be merry, makes me sing, to which I consented with all my heart." He felt deep gratitude to his adoptive parents, whom he described as very loving, for saving his life. By Iroquois standards, Radisson's torture had been moderate. Radisson recounts witnessing other torture: "They burned

6095-640: The Mohawks . Radisson was portrayed by Paul Muni in the 1941 film Hudson's Bay . The CBC Television series Radisson (1957–1958) was based on the explorer's life. Jacques Godin played the character of Radisson. Historian Martin Fournier has written both an academic biography of Radisson, Pierre-Esprit Radisson 1636-1710. Aventurier et commerçant (2001), and a series of historical young adult novels, The Adventures of Radisson . Stuart London The Stuart period in London began with

6210-744: The Native American woman Pocahontas and her son Thomas Rolfe arrived from Virginia ; in 1682, two ambassadors arrived from Banten in Indonesia called Kyayi Ngabehi Naya Wipraja and Kyayi Ngabehi Jaya Seidana; and in 1698, the Russian tsar Peter the Great stayed in Sayes Court in Deptford for four months. Although Jewish people were officially forbidden from living in England at

6325-544: The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, thousands of French Protestants called Huguenots fled to Britain, many coming to London, and in particular, Spitalfields. In 1697, there were 22 French Protestant churches in London. Dutch, Italian, and Danish communities were also permitted to establish their own churches. Thanks in part to immigrant communities, the population of the East End increased over 400% in this period, from 21,000 in 1600 to 91,000 in 1700. Short-term visitors arrived in London from further afield. In 1616,

6440-465: The Rhine , the king's first cousin and a war hero on the royalist side during the English Civil War , became that patron. Prince Rupert was not considered to be a good businessman and was not one of the king's closest friends, but he was the only member of the royal family prepared to champion the Radisson–Des Groseilliers project of fur trading at Hudson's Bay, and critical to their getting a royal charter from Charles II. While soliciting financing from

6555-409: The Thames. The Sacheverell Riots took place in 1710 in support of Henry Sacheverell , whose anti-Nonconformist sermons were thought seditious by the government. Nonconformist buildings and the homes of politicians were attacked. Sacheverell was found guilty, but given a very light sentence, and his supporters celebrated the verdict all over London. In 1674, workmen at the Tower of London discovered

6670-411: The abolition of the monarchy, and was imprisoned in the Tower as a result. Woolwich was established as a military base in 1671, storing ordnance and experimental armaments. In 1685, the Catholic James II came to the throne, which angered anti-Catholic Anglicans and Dissenters. After a failed rebellion by the Duke of Monmouth , James stationed troops outside London. Seven bishops refused to accept

6785-512: The age may be Thomas Sydenham , known as "the English Hippocrates " due to his relatively high success rate. In 1674, the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries first opened their Physic Garden in Chelsea in order to grow plants for medicine. The garden may have included England's first greenhouse , which was recorded there by John Evelyn in 1685. In 1611, the former monastery buildings at London Charterhouse were bought by Thomas Sutton , who died shortly afterwards. In Sutton's will, he left

6900-495: The baby as well as the mother. To preserve their trade secret, they transported the forceps in an overly large wooden case. The secret was so well-kept that no one else discovered it until after the last member of the family died without an heir in 1728. The most prestigious medical practitioners were the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians , who could be hired to see private clients for large fees, and most of whom were based in London. The most celebrated single physician of

7015-435: The beggar children of the area. In the next 12 years, 80 such schools were founded across London. In October 1605, a search carried out in the basement of the Houses of Parliament revealed a man called Guy Fawkes with matches in his pocket and 36 barrels of gunpowder. Fawkes had been recruited to join the Gunpowder Plot by a group of fellow Catholics including Robert Catesby , Thomas Percy , and John Wright. The king

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7130-400: The beginning of the period, there was a small group of Jewish families from Portugal and Spain living in London, outwardly professing to have converted to Catholicism. This group included the merchant Antonio Fernandez Carvajal . In 1656, the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell made it known that he would no longer enforce the ban, and invited Jews to return. The first synagogue of this period

7245-504: The bulk of his estate, including the buildings at Charterhouse, to establish Charterhouse School for 40 boys and almshouses for 80 pensioners. These were opened in 1614. In 1603, James I knighted 133 men in a single evening in its Great Hall, and its governors included famous figures of the day such as Francis Bacon , William Laud , and the Duke of Monmouth . The boys at St. Paul's School were known for their plays, which were attended by talent scouts from professional theatres such as

7360-401: The continent, instead of through a number of internal rivers. The first voyage to Hudson Bay was unsuccessful since the winter of that year came early, and they judged their rations on board insufficient to survive it. The pair were forced to return to Boston but were promised two ships and crew for a second attempt the following year. This second attempt was cancelled after one of the ships

7475-417: The districts of Mayfair , Belgravia and Pimlico , much of which is still owned by the family today. The builder Thomas Young laid out Kensington Square in 1685, and the royal court moved to the new Kensington Palace a few years later, increasing demand for houses in the area. The area known as Bloomsbury began to be built on in this period; Southampton Square was built in 1660. Red Lion Square

7590-412: The elder and Jean Baptiste Cadotte . The route from James Bay was explored by Edward Jarvis (1775) and Philip Turnor (1781). In 1777, the post was purchased by fur traders Jean-Baptiste Nolin and Venance Lemaire Saint-Germain. In 1783, it was taken over by the North West Company , based in Montreal. In 1797, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) built a rival post on the north bank to compete directly with

7705-479: The end of the period, Queen Anne's Bounty saw new churches built to cope with London's growth in population, including St. Anne's Limehouse , designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor ; and St. Paul's Deptford , designed by Thomas Archer . The last church built in this period was St. John's Smith Square , also designed by Thomas Archer. During the English Civil War, Parliament's forces built forts around London to reinforce it against sieges. Earthworks were constructed in

7820-477: The events that led up to the Glorious Revolution . The English ambassador, Lord Preston , asked that they be punished. Compromise plans were made to send Radisson back to the Bay to pick up the remaining furs and divide the profits fairly. Lord Preston recruited Radisson back into the English service and Groseilliers returned to Québec. In 1684 Radisson sailed for the Hayes River in the vessel Happy Return , where he found Groseilliers' son Jean-Baptiste conducting

7935-401: The ever-lucrative fur trade . In the winter of 1659–1660, Radisson and Des Groseilliers lived just south of Lake Superior in what is now Wisconsin , associating with groups of Huron, Ottawa , Ojibwa and Sioux (Dakota) Indians. When Radisson arrived at an Ojibwa village on the shores of Lake Superior, where he spent much of the winter, he later reported giving three types of presents: to

8050-655: The famous highwayman Claude Duval was hanged at Tyburn in 1670. Beheading was used as a punishment for those convicted of treason, such as the explorer Walter Raleigh , who was beheaded at the Old Palace Yard in Westminster in 1618. A particularly famous executioner of the period was Jack Ketch , who beheaded the Duke of Monmouth in 1685. The heads of people sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered were displayed on spikes over London Bridge or Temple Bar . When Charles II returned to London in 1660, those that had signed his father's death warrant were sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross . Burning at

8165-508: The first part of this period, such as the Queen's House in Greenwich and Banqueting House in Whitehall Palace . Jones brought a new style of architecture to London, based on Italian Renaissance styles by Sebastiano Serlio and Andrea Palladio . London's architects began to abandon the Gothic architecture style in favour of a classical one in this period. However, some Gothic churches were still built, such as St. Mary Aldemary (c.1629) and St. Alban Wood Street (1633-34). Towards

8280-549: The home of writers and artists such as William Shakespeare , John Milton , John Dryden , John Bunyan , Aphra Behn , Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , Anthony van Dyck , Peter Lely , Peter Paul Rubens , and Grinling Gibbons . The first English opera, The Siege of Rhodes , was produced in London in 1656. The city was home to important scientists such as William Harvey , Robert Hooke , Isaac Newton , John Flamsteed , and Edmond Halley . London experienced massive population growth during this period. In 1600, London's population

8395-583: The kettles were typically used much more by the women for cooking than by the men. Giving paint and make-up only to women overlooked the fact that Ojibwa men used make-up and painted their faces just as much as Ojibwa women did. But Radisson may have learned that kettles were used prominently by the Huron in their Feast of the Dead , and thought that the Ojibwa men might use them in their own version of that feast. On

8510-492: The king, resulting in the Battle of Surbiton. However, he was summarily defeated and Londoners generally did not join the rebellion, and Charles was executed on 30 January, 1649, outside Banqueting House . Without a king, England entered an Interregnum period in which the country was controlled by Parliament, particularly its military leader, Oliver Cromwell , until his death in 1659. The Lord Mayor of London refused to proclaim

8625-403: The landowner William Newton. The East End was similarly developed, although with working-class houses rather than aristocratic ones. Hoxton Square and the nearby Charles Square were both built in the 1680s. The fields around St. Mary Spital church were filled in with houses, becoming Spitalfields , particularly after the influx of French Huguenot migrants in the 1680s and the establishment of

8740-520: The male warders with female nurses, and establishing a fund to provide clothing for the inmates. During this period, the Chamberlen family of midwives pioneered the use of forceps during a difficult birth. Before the use of forceps, a child who could not be born was pulled out of the mother with hooks or cut up into smaller pieces, whereas the Chamberlens' method offered a chance of saving

8855-581: The many prospectors. It became the first mining division office in Ontario in 1898. But the gold rush was short-lived and the post was closed in 1904, gradually taken apart. In subsequent years, the land was used for farming. In 1969, the site was examined by archaeologists. They discovered 16 buildings that were arranged in a square with a large open court in the centre. During other digs, evidence of an Indigenous burial site and camp were found, as well as artifacts dating as far back as 1100 A.D. indicating that

8970-529: The men, women and children of the village. He gave each of the men "...a kettle, two hatchets [tomahawks], and six knives and a blade for a sword"; the women "...2 and 20 awls, 50 needles, 2 graters [scrapers] of castors, 2 ivory combs and 2 wooden ones, with red painte [vermilion], 6 looking-glasses of tin"; and to the children "...brasse rings, of small bells, and rasades [beads] of divers colors...". American historian Bruce White wrote that Radission and Des Groseilliers did not entirely understand Ojibwa society, as

9085-545: The mentally ill. The most famous was also the most notorious- St. Mary of Bethlehem , better known as Bedlam. Inmates at Bedlam were able to be viewed by the public in return for a donation. During this period, the hospital moved from its first location on Bishopsgate to a site in Moorfields . In 1684, the hospital gained a new governor in Edward Tyson , who attempted to reform the institution somewhat by replacing

9200-544: The model for future efforts: In 1690, the Reverend R. Kirk wrote, "Since the burning, all London is built uniformly, the streets broader, the houses all of one form and height". Pall Mall and The Mall are built in 1661. St. James' Square is built in 1665 under Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans . Three large mansions were built along Piccadilly - Burlington House , Clarendon House , and Berkeley House . Leicester Square , Soho Square and Golden Square are built in

9315-699: The most famous conflicts and uprisings of the period, such as the Catholic-led Gunpowder Plot , the anti-Catholic Popish Plot , and the ousting of the Catholic king, James II , in favour of the Protestant William III in the Glorious Revolution . Capital and corporal punishment was often used as a penalty for crimes, with Tyburn being a popular location for hangings. London's trade began to develop into

9430-487: The next three years, he would embark on several missionary expeditions. His writings largely ignored this period, so little is known about his whereabouts during it, apart from a documented a deed of sale that he signed in November 1655. In 1657, Radisson accompanied a joint Franco–Iroquois expedition into Onondaga territory to aid a Jesuit priest named Simon Le Moyne operate his mission and to promote further fur trading. In 1658, under rising tensions with local Iroquois,

9545-473: The north shore of Lake Superior were the main source of fur supply from the west and northwest. In 1739, Claude Marin de la Perrière and Louis-Césaire Dagneau Douville de Quindre were granted licenses to trade at Michipicoten Post. When the British conquered Canada in 1763, this post was abandoned by the French. Four years later, it was re-opened on the same site by independent fur traders Alexander Henry

9660-464: The one remaining survival of which in London is the George Inn , built from 1676. In 1711, London saw its first turnpike road , with toll booths placed on part of the modern-day Edgware Road in order to pay for the road's upkeep. Londoners often used boats to get across, or up and downriver, particularly as there was only one bridge across the river in the city at this time. Both the king and

9775-533: The original fort. With the union of the two companies in 1821, the HBC took over the original fort, and it gained importance because the Lake Superior trade was diverted from Montreal to Hudson Bay via Michipicoten. From 1827, the fort was the headquarters of the Superior Division, making it the main HBC post on the north shore of Lake Superior. Several HBC annual meetings were held there. It was

9890-538: The other hand, White notes that the two Frenchmen clearly understood some aspects of Ojibwa gender roles very well: the gift of tomahawks for the men acknowledged that Ojibwa men were hunters and warriors, while the gift of awls for the women reflected that Ojibwa women gathered rice, gardened, cooked, fished, built bark houses, and wove mats. Ojibwa women also played important roles in the fur trade. Some married winter partners or traders, establishing relations that gave advantages to their bands. Others used their sexuality as

10005-590: The parish authorities. King Street and Queen Street were both created in the aftermath of the Fire, and many churches, livery halls and the Royal Exchange were rebuilt. After the Fire, laws were passed ensuring that new houses are built in stone or brick rather than wood. The Monument to the Fire was completed in 1676. In 1661, the King Charles Block of Greenwich Palace was built, designed by John Webb . The old, disused Greenwich Palace

10120-495: The place had been used by the Indigenous people for centuries. By 1980 the site held little more than a grassy clearing, some foundation stones, and the remains of the dock. Pierre-Esprit Radisson Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636/1640–1710) was a French coureur des bois and explorer in New France . He is often linked to his brother-in-law Médard des Groseilliers . The decision of Radisson and Groseilliers to enter

10235-413: The reign of James VI and I in 1603 and ended with the death of Queen Anne in 1714. London grew massively in population during this period, from about 200,000 in 1600 to over 575,000 by 1700, and in physical size, sprawling outside its city walls to encompass previously outlying districts such as Shoreditch , Clerkenwell , and Westminster . The city suffered several large periods of devastation, including

10350-517: The riots. On St. David's Day in 1662, the Welshmen of London celebrated by wearing a leek in their hats, while the English put up mocking dolls and scarecrows with leeks in their hats. While drunk, an English cook put a leek in his own hat and addressed a Welsh lord as his "fellow countryman". The mockery turned into a fight with swords drawn, and the Welsh lord and his retinue were forced to flee onto

10465-465: The same river and thus further dominance of the bay by the Hudson's Bay Company. He recruited Grosseilliers the following year to build a more permanent base. In the winter of 1683 he and Groseilliers went to France to deal with their legal problems. (They had seized two English parties in time of peace and paid Québec tax on furs from Hudson Bay from their Nelson River fort, which may not have been part of New France .) Here they found themselves pawns in

10580-421: The sea coast of northern Manitoba . It was not until the late 18th century that the Hudson's Bay Company showed any interest in moving inland and making good its claims to control Rupert's Land. Both Radisson and Groseilliers operated within the HBC with the support of Prince Rupert and the company's director Sir John Robinson . Radisson and Groseilliers were successful in having the HBC receive much capital from

10695-523: The service of France, leaving his wife behind in England. After leaving Britain, Radisson was unpopular in the royal court. In 1677 he decided to join the navy and to fund Marshal of France , Jean II d'Estrées 's expedition in the Franco-Dutch War to conquer the island of Tobago , winning the man's favor. Following his involvement in the war, he borrowed 100 Louis d'or from the Marshal in

10810-718: The sheriff pelted with stones. In 1661, a Christian sect called the Fifth Monarchists rioted in the streets for two days in London. They were led by a wine merchant called James Venner, and believed that they must pave the way for the return of Christ and the Fifth Monarchy prophesied by Daniel in the Bible. They opposed the Restoration of Charles II and the Church of England . About 40 people were killed during

10925-465: The stake was used as a punishment for women convicted of treason, such as Sarah Elston, who was burned at Kennington Common in 1678 for the murder of her husband. Pirates, having committed their crimes outside the British mainland, were generally hanged at Wapping on the water's edge, at low tide. Their bodies were left on the gallows until the tide had risen over them three times. Some were then dipped in tar and displayed in cages called gibbets along

11040-590: The stories below, such that in some places, they almost touched over the road. After 1662, main roads were required to have lanterns burning over the doors of houses until 9 p.m., an early form of street lighting. Many of the landmarks in Stuart London dated from before the period, such as the Tower of London , London Stone , the Royal Exchange , Baynard's Castle , the Guildhall , and London Bridge . Several of London's buildings suffered serious damage during

11155-502: The town, but were captured by patrolling Mohawk. The Mohawk killed the Algonquin and subjected Radisson, along with some 20 prisoners, to ritual torture. His adoptive, Mohawk family advocated for him and materially compensated the bereaved families to spare him execution and temper his torture. As the Iroquois despised cowardice and punished it with death, Radisson's adoptive parents advised him to be brave and yet not too brave, since

11270-544: The twentieth century accepted the verdict of his French contemporaries that he was a traitor to France. Pierre-Esprit Radisson's birthplace is unclear, but was likely in France's lower Rhône region near the town Avignon . In a 1697 affidavit and a 1698 petition he reported his age as 61 and 62, respectively, suggesting birth in 1636. Yet a 1681 census in New France, Canada, reported his age as 41, suggesting birth in 1640. This coheres with baptismal records from Carpentras ,

11385-453: Was "convulsions", or fits ; the third was "ague and fever", which includes malaria ; followed by "griping in the guts" ( dysentery ), smallpox and measles , rotten or abscessed teeth, old age, and dropsy . The preparations for the coronation of King James I and Anne of Denmark in 1603 were interrupted by a severe plague epidemic (which may have killed over 30,000 people) and by threats of assassination. The Royal Entry to London

11500-541: Was a hurricane which pulled the roofs off houses, toppled chimneys and church spires, pushed ships in the Thames from London Bridge down to Limehouse , and killed several people. London's first new church since 1550 was the Queen's Chapel opposite St. James' Palace, built in the 1620s and designed by Inigo Jones . Jones became the Surveyor to the King's Works in 1615, and so constructed several important new buildings in

11615-502: Was about 200,000. By 1650 it was about 375,000, and by 1700 it was 575,000, making it by far the largest city in England throughout the period. Between 1670-1700, its population was 420% greater than the next ten largest places in England put together. The average height for male Londoners was 5'7½" (172 cm) and the average height for female Londoners was 5'2¼" (158cm). In 1639, the number of foreigners living in Westminster and

11730-477: Was built in 1657 on Creechurch Lane, the first Jewish burial ground opened in the same year on Mile End Road , and Bevis Marks synagogue was built 1700-1701. In 1660, there were about 35 Jewish families, mostly Polish and German, living in the East End . There were small numbers of black people living in London during this period, mostly enslaved people working in the houses of people who owned plantations in

11845-492: Was built in Spitalfields in 1612. The Quaker movement was founded based on the preacher George Fox's teachings in the 1640s, but was heavily suppressed both legally and socially. Meetings of five or more Quakers were made illegal from 1662, and so many were imprisoned in London based on this law. A Quaker meeting house was built in London in 1668, despite the fact that attending meetings there did not become legal until

11960-470: Was built in the 1680s under the speculator Nicholas If-Jesus-Christ-had-not-died-for-thee-thou-hadst-been-damned Barbon . Barbon also had George Street, Villiers Street , Duke Street, Of Alley , and Buckingham Street built around the area of the Strand between 1674 and 1676. Lord Hatton had a row of townhouses built called Hatton Garden , and Lincoln's Inn Fields and Great Queen Street were built under

12075-410: Was confused at first by what the action meant, but as the women started to engage in more overtly sexual behavior, he quickly realized what they were offering. Several tribal elders informed Radisson that they did not want him trading with their enemies, the Dakota [Sioux], and that he and Des Groseilliers were free to sleep with the unmarried women of the village on condition that they did not trade with

12190-838: Was converted into the Royal Hospital for Seamen in 1694, designed by Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor . This was not a hospital in the modern sense of the word, but a place where retired or disabled sailors could have somewhere affordable to live. A similar project was the Royal Hospital Chelsea , begun in 1682, but for soldiers rather than sailors. Other major new works in this period include Ham House (1610), Charlton House (1612), Forty Hall (begun 1629), Eltham Lodge (1663), Lindsey House (1675), Gray's Inn (1676-1685), Valentines Mansion (1690), Fenton House (1693), Schomberg House (1698), Burgh House (1703), and Marlborough House (1709). In

12305-612: Was deferred until 15 March 1604. Major epidemics of plague occurred in 1603, 1625, and most notably, 1665, known as the Great Plague . Modern estimates place the number of deaths in the Great Plague at upwards of 100,000, over one-quarter of London's total population. London's two main hospitals were St. Bartholomew's and St. Thomas' . There were a number of leper hospitals, including at Highgate (closed in 1653), and Kingsland in Hackney . London had several hospitals for

12420-473: Was destroyed in a storm. The two men were invited to England to meet King Charles II in 1665. There they passed the winter. In the spring, they left for the New World with ship's crew that the king had promised them. The vessel Eaglet , which was carrying Radisson to Hudson's Bay, nearly sank in an Atlantic storm and was forced to turn back to Plymouth , England. In September 1668, Nonsuch landed in

12535-509: Was due to visit Parliament and Fawkes' plan was to blow the place up with the king inside. Several of the conspirators, including Fawkes, were hanged, drawn and quartered in Old Palace Yard in Westminster. A riot of London apprentices took place on Shrove Tuesday in 1617. The Cockpit Theatre on Drury Lane was stormed, and the mob destroyed the actors' costumes, sets and scripts. In Wapping , several houses were pulled down and

12650-602: Was executed. By 1681, 35 people had been executed as a result of Oates' fabrications. Nonconformist Protestants were similarly heavily persecuted, particularly after the Restoration of 1660, as nonconformists were thought to be particularly anti-monarchy. Under the 1665 Five Mile Act , nonconformist preachers and schools were banned from operating within five miles of the city walls, so chapels were often set up in London's outlying villages, in places like Highgate , Hampstead , and Chelsea . England's first Baptist church

12765-485: Was impeached by its pro-Parliament Common Council , but refused to give up his insignia of office. In that year, Royalist forces marched on London from the west. They seized Syon House and bombarded Parliamentary barges on the Thames. In November 1642, the Royalist Prince Rupert looted Brentford, but they were prevented from getting any closer to the capital. In 1643, the City of London organised

12880-407: Was known as the Glorious Revolution . Afterwards, Parliament passed a law banning Catholics from taking the throne, and supporters of James and his descendants, known as Jacobites , continued to fight for the next 70 years. In non-plague years, the biggest cause of death in London from the 1660s-1690s was tuberculosis , being named as the cause of 18% of all deaths on average. The second-biggest

12995-468: Was mistreated and thrown out onto the streets, where she was imprisoned for vagrancy. Rich and his wife then returned to Barbados, leaving Auker imprisoned. She petitioned to be discharged from his service, but the court only released her "until such time as the said Rich shall return from Barbados". In the Stuart period, the City of London was still surrounded by its Roman city wall on three sides, with

13110-557: Was removed. Thereafter he lived in England on an HBC pension, which was irregularly paid. He died in 1710. In 1729 the company voted to pay ten pounds to his third wife, "she being ill and in great want." On October 3 1989, the Canadian Armed Forces named HMCS  Radisson after him. The towns of Radisson, Quebec ; Radisson, Saskatchewan and Radisson, Wisconsin ; a street and Metro station in Montreal; and

13225-460: Was very strong. In 1662, the Act of Uniformity ordered everyone to worship according to the Church of England 's 1662 Book of Common Prayer , and Charles II's attempts to introduce complete religious toleration in 1672 were thwarted due to anti-Catholic feeling, although non-demoninational Protestants were allowed to worship in licensed buildings, and Catholics were allowed to worship in private. When

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