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69-496: Orange Business , the business services arm of Orange S.A. , is a global integrator of communications, products, and services for multinational corporations. On 16 February 2023, Orange Business Services got renamed to Orange Business . Orange Business offers integrated communications products and services to global enterprises in cloud computing , unified communications , collaboration , big data , Internet of things , and artificial intelligence , which manage and integrate

138-661: A hostile takeover bid for Mannesmann. Shortly thereafter, in February 2000, Vodafone acquired Mannesmann for US$ 183 billion, and decided to divest Orange because EU regulations would not allow it to hold two mobile licences. In August 2000, France Télécom bought Orange plc from Vodafone for a total estimated cost of €39.7 billion. At the time, France Télécom also bought stakes in several other international firms (GlobalOne, Equant , Internet Telecom, Freeserve , EresMas, NTL and Mobilcom), of which some have since been sold back. Through this process, France Télécom became

207-534: A capital increase from the French State since it was still the majority shareholder, and an additional 15bn in cash from internal savings. On 25 February 2005, Thierry Breton was appointed Minister of Finance and Industry and Didier Lombard , who had been head of the firm's new technologies division, replaced him as CEO. The NeXT scheme was the recovery plan for France Télécom which aimed at, among other things, reducing costs, especially wage costs, carrying on

276-599: A controlling stake in Microtel Communications in 1994 in the United Kingdom . Microtel Communications became a subsidiary of Mannesmann in 1999 and then was acquired by France Télécom in 2000. The former French public monopoly thus became internationalized following this takeover and has pursued an expansionist policy since. The group is now operates in many countries in Europe , Africa and in

345-621: A controlling stake in Microtel Communications Ltd , which by then had acquired a licence to develop a mobile network in the United Kingdom . Hutchison renamed Microtel to Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd, and on 28 April 1994 the Orange brand was launched in the UK mobile phone market. A holding company structure was adopted in 1995 with the establishment of Orange plc. In April 1996, Orange went public and floated on

414-409: A converging policy for its products and services, and grouping together all the brands under a single brand, except for the activities dealing with fixed-line telephone which would stay under the designation 'France Télécom'. Consequently, this led to the disappearance of a number of brands. From 1 June 2006, France Télécom tried to commercialise all its products under a single worldwide brand, becoming

483-595: A deal to acquire Spanish firm Jazztel for a fee of around €3.4 billion. As of October 2018, Orange has teamed up with Google in order to install a transatlantic undersea cable, Dunant , to share data between the United States and France at faster speeds. Planned to begin operation in 2020, the fibre-based cable has a design capacity of 250 terabits per second (Tbit/s) and will span approximately 6600 kilometres in length. in July 2020, Orange launched

552-638: A digital audio two-channel compression system known as Musicam or MPEG Audio Layer II ( Emmy Award in Engineering 2000). In 2010, Orange devoted 1.9% of its revenue, or €845 million, to research and development. Since January 2007 Orange has unified its research laboratories and technocentres in the Orange Labs network. As of 31 December 2010 Orange held a portfolio of 7,892 patents, 327 which were filed in 2010. Orange employs 3,700 people in research and development per year throughout

621-417: A fully owned SITA subsidiary at the start of 2022, as an IT company working solely in the air cargo industry, providing services for carriers and distributors. In November 2011, CHAMP acquired TRAXON Europe, an electronic air cargo company, in order to prepare for new International Air Transport Association (IATA) initiatives such as IATA e-freight and Cargo iQ. Aviareto is a joint venture between SITA and

690-477: A joint venture branded as EE . In December 2014, Orange were in talks with BT Group regarding the acquisition of EE for an estimated £12.5 billion. On 5 February 2015, it was announced that BT would be acquiring EE in a £12.5 billion deal, in which Orange S.A would take a 4% stake in the BT Group. The acquisition of EE was completed on 29 January 2016. Globecast is a provider of managed services for

759-496: A price of E£441,658 per Mobinil share. On 28 October 2009, Orange changed the name of its Luxembourgish telecommunication company VOXMobile to Orange. On 5 November 2009, Orange Armenia launched telecommunication services in Armenia . On 11 December 2009, Egypt's regulator approved an offer from a unit of France Telecom (Orange) to buy Mobinil. In 2010, Orange's CEO, Didier Lombard, was replaced by Stéphane Richard. The company

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828-484: A satellite-based home broadband service utilising the Eutelsat Konnect satellite . The major shareholders of Orange as of 31 December 2015 are the state of France through Agence des participations de l'État and Banque publique d'investissement (replacing Fonds stratégique d'investissement ) for 23.04%. As of mid-2013, Orange employees owned 4.81%, and the company itself owned 0.58%. Orange

897-408: A television access service for mobile phones. In 2007, Orange created Studio 37  [ fr ] and, in 2008, entered into a partnership with France Televisions to broadcast pre-recorded programming from the public national television and to roll out themed channels for sports, cinema and television series. Orange dubbed the strategy Content Everywhere in 2008, announcing it simultaneously with

966-412: A warring and unsafe country. That was the optical telegraphy network of Claude Chappe . In 1878, after the invention of the electrical telegraph and then the invention of the telephone , the French State created a Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs . Telephone services were nationalised and added to the ministry in 1889. However, it was not until 1923 that the second 'T' (for 'telephones') appeared and

1035-428: Is a free, live, on-demand IP radio streaming service. Users gain access through this service to more than 10,000 FM and web radio stations and 11,000 podcasts from 100 countries. Orange is a communications access provider offering customers access through multiple platforms. The four key platforms Orange operates are: France Télécom merged the different internal divisions managing each platform and now all operate under

1104-442: Is a network of websites with local content (restaurants, cultural happenings, etc.) created in 1999. Orange purchased the network site in 2008. In late August 2010 Orange acquired an 11% share in the streaming site Deezer . With this acquisition, the operator offered its subscribers a new "Deezer Premium" option: paid streaming music service with no advertising and 7 million titles. In 2016 Orange sold Deezer to Access Industries ,

1173-430: Is a subject for numerous management case studies on topics like strategic management , brand management , PEST analysis , financing methods of merger and acquisitions and leveraged buyouts . Orange S.A. Orange has been the corporation's main brand for mobile , landline , internet and Internet Protocol television (IPTV) services since 2006. It traces its origins back to Hutchison Whampoa acquiring

1242-541: Is launched as a platform for players of massively multiplayer online games. In 2002, Goa acquires the operating license for Dark Age of Camelot . In 2007 Goa ceases to be a subsidiary and is merged into Orange. In 2009 Orange refocuses Goa.com on online entertainment and gradually ceases to operate massively multiplayer online games. In August 2010, goa.com disappears to become the Orange Jeux portal. Liveradio  [ fr ] : Created by Orange in 2008, Liveradio

1311-669: Is organised in the following geographical divisions: It has five major services centers in Mauritius , Egypt , India , Brazil and France . It offers integrated communication products and services to global enterprises in cloud computing , unified communications , collaboration , Big Data , Internet of things and Artificial Intelligence which manage and integrate the complexity of international communications and software applications. The service and products portfolio include, The complex merger operations that led to ownership of Orange by France Telecom and its subsequent branding

1380-595: Is owned by members of the air transport industry, who make up the SITA Board and SITA Council. The company has the remit of working with the air transport community for the benefit of all members. This includes cooperation with industry bodies, such as IATA , ACI and regional associations, aiming to solve common industry issues through the use of IT and telecommunication services, through development of community systems, industry standards and shared infrastructures for aviation. SITA also produces industry surveys including

1449-608: Is the research and development division of Orange. This division was derived from different previous entities, such as CNET ( Centre national d'études des télécommunications ) created in 1944, the CCETT created in 1972, as well as other entities. In 2007, France Télécom R&D became known as Orange Labs, a global network of R&D entities. CCETT/France Télécom R&D contributed to various international standards, such as ISO / IEC MPEG and JPEG standards or DAB and DVB standards. CCETT, IRT and Philips developed

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1518-583: Is the sole brand used in the marketing of the company's mobile offers; the Itineris, Ola and Mobicarte brands have been combined since 2001, and Mobicarte became a special prepaid calling offer. As of 31 December 2010, Orange has 150 million mobile customers worldwide, 17.9% of whom are in France. Orange France is the leading mobile telecommunications operator in France, with a market share of 45.38% as of 2 November 2009. The Orange brand name

1587-626: The CAC 40 , the benchmark stock market index of the top 40 French companies in terms of market capitalisation . In June 2001, the France Telecom Mobile brands Itinéris , OLA , and Mobicarte were replaced by the Orange brand. On 21 November 2003, France Telecom withdrew the 13.7% of Orange's shares traded on the Paris stock exchange . On 2 October 2002, the CEO, Thierry Breton was given

1656-478: The Canal+ Group 's StudioCanal . The producer Frédérique Dumas starts the studio, which has an initial budget of 30 million Euros. For its growth, Orange negotiates exclusivity agreements with Warner , HBO , Fidélité Films and Gaumont , ensuring a stream of films for its TV Orange Cinema Series package. In 2011, Studio 37 co-produced The Artist which went on to win best picture and four further awards at

1725-837: The French Football Federation . Free accused Orange of tied-selling as the Orange channels were only available to its subscribers. In June 2008, the firm abandoned a €27 billion bid for Swedish operator TeliaSonera after the two companies failed to agree terms. In 2008, Orange was given permission from Apple to sell the iPhone in Austria, Belgium, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Jordan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Orange's African markets. On 8 September 2009, Orange and T-Mobile parent Deutsche Telekom announced they were in advanced talks to merge their UK operations to create

1794-489: The French West Indies . Since February 2012, as a result of the company's decision to transfer its fixed-line telephony activities being to its Orange brand, all offers marketed by France Télécom are Orange -branded; and on July 1, 2013, France Télécom itself was rebranded Orange S.A. . In 2019, Orange S.A. employed nearly 148,000 people worldwide, including 88,000 in France. The corporation has throughout

1863-929: The Irish government . Aviareto and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the Supervisory Authority of the International Registry, agreed that Aviareto would establish and operate the International Registry of Mobile Assets. SITA's services include: SITA's shared infrastructures include systems for passenger processing. SITA works with around 20 industry bodies and standards committees to set standards. The company has approximately 40 participants in 55 different Standards Setting Working Groups. The organizations SITA works with include IATA , Air Cargo Inc. , Airlines for America , ICAO and

1932-788: The Livebox . As of 31 December 2010, Orange has 13.7 million broadband ADSL customers worldwide, 67% of whom are in France40. The Livebox is the ADSL modem supplied to Orange's ADSL and FTTH customers in France , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Switzerland , Spain and Tunisia , and to WiMAX customers in Cameroon. It serves as a bridge between the Internet access and

2001-591: The London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ , majority-owned by Hutchison (48.22%), followed by BAe (21.1%). In June 1996, it became the youngest company to enter the FTSE 100 , valued at £2.4 billion. In October 1999, the German conglomerate Mannesmann AG acquired Orange for a price equivalent to €7,900 per customer, i.e. US$ 33 billion. Mannesmann's acquisition of Orange triggered Vodafone to make

2070-549: The Warner Bros. and HBO catalogues. Orange installs additional VOD services on its channels, allowing viewers to watch programmes broadcast in the previous 30 days whenever they like, as well as supplementary programmes from the previous month. Orange Sport is launched 13 November 2008. Orange secures the broadcast rights for the Saturday evening line-up of Ligue 1 matches from season 2008/2009 to season 2011/2012, and

2139-401: The 84th Academy Awards. This makes it the first silent film to win an award since the original ceremony in 1929. SITA (IT company) SITA is a multinational information technology company providing IT and telecommunication services to the air transport industry. The company provides its services to around 400 members and 2,500 customers worldwide, which it claims is about 90% of

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2208-572: The Air Transport IT Insights, Passenger IT Insights, as well as working jointly with IATA on the industry’s Baggage Report. Launched in 2005 as OnAir, SITA FOR AIRCRAFT today provides Digital Day of Operations, Cabin Connectivity Services, and Unified Aircraft Communication. OnAir combined with SITA's Aircraft business in 2015 and is now SITA FOR AIRCRAFT but was previously known as SITA ONAIR . CHAMP became

2277-637: The Hong Kong-based conglomerate - Hutchison Whampoa through a stock swap deal with BAe, acquired a controlling stake of 65% in Microtel, who by then had won a license to develop a Personal communications network (PCN) network in United Kingdom. Subsequently, Hutchison renamed Microtel to Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd, and on 28 April 1994, Orange brand was launched in the UK mobile phone market . A holding company structure

2346-612: The Orange brand was phased out on 19 August 2013, when its operations were merged into 3. In March 2012, France Télécom bought 93.9% of Mobinil , an Egyptian mobile operator, from Naguib Sawiris 's Orascom Telecom Media and Technology (OTMT) in an effort to double its revenue in MENA by 2015. On 28 May 2013 at the Annual Shareholders' Meeting, shareholders approved changing the name of the group to Orange S.A. This became effective on 1 July 2013. In September 2014, Orange agreed

2415-619: The Orange brand, through a complex set of mergers and divisions, was acquired and eventually retained by Orange S.A. , then a fully owned subsidiary of France Télécom . The chain of mergers that led to the May 2000 acquisition is as follows. The inception of the Orange brand was in 1990 in the United Kingdom with the formation of "Microtel Communications Ltd" - a consortium initially formed by Pactel Corporation (American), British Aerospace (BAe, now BAE Systems ), Millicom , and Matra (French); and later, to be wholly owned by BAe. In July 1991,

2484-642: The Orange brand. Orange is present in the U.S. through its Orange Business division and its venture capital historical partner Innovacom as well as two R&D labs: one in Boston , Massachusetts and the other in South San Francisco, California . OpenTransit is Orange's backbone network. It covers Europe, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and loops back to Paris. Orange and Deutsche Telekom merged their UK businesses in 2010 to form

2553-544: The United States using NetGem set top boxes. The MyGlobeTV service was discontinued In December 2013. Viaccess Orca is a provider of IPTV and OTT TV service platforms and security services. It is headquartered in Paris La Defense. Viaccess-orca acquired Squadeo company in 2017 and is able to supply video secured player. Viaccess Orca is also involved in content tracking over internet, providing anti-piracy services. Orange Labs (formerly France Télécom R&D)

2622-520: The acquisition of the global operations of Orange from Vodafone for US$ 37 Billion and the transaction was completed in August 2000. With the strategic ambition to become an integrated player in managed data networks and IP-based communication and hosting for multinational and local enterprises , France Telecom in January 2000 bought out its two partner's stake ( Sprint Nextel and Deutsche Telekom ) in

2691-409: The broadband internet sector. With 7.3 million Liveboxes rented out, Orange experienced a notable 12.3% increase in just one year. Beginning in 2003, Orange's strategy has centred on the acquisition, creation and diffusion of content. This starts with the creation of MaLigne.tv in 2003, later renamed Orange TV , an ADSL television access service and a video-on-demand service. In 2004, Orange organised

2760-447: The company employs over 21,000 employees in 166 countries. Over last few years, €700 million were invested in research and development with dedicated 8,000 employees including scientists, engineers, developers, designers, sociologists, and marketers. Orange Labs is made up of 12 research and development and innovation centers across four continents and has 7,000 patents. It's ranked the 19th most innovative company worldwide. In May 2000,

2829-467: The company has had a separate body corporate from the State and acquired financial autonomy. It was privatised by Lionel Jospin 's Plural Left government starting on 1 January 1998. The French government , both directly and through its holding company ERAP , continues to hold a stake of almost 27% in the company. In addition, The French government's role in naming the CEO. In September 1995, Michel Bon

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2898-513: The company. His departure was shadowed by controversy over his stock options: he was suspected of having stayed with the company longer to wait for the France Telecom share to recover and then exercise his stock option. The share was trading at around €16, whereas his stock options were at €23. On 3 February 2012, Hutchison Whampoa announced that it would buy Orange Austria for US$ 1.7 billion. The deal closed on 3 January 2013, and

2967-483: The complexity of international communications and software applications . Orange Business was founded on 1 June 2006, through a rebranding and consolidation of the existing France Telecom businesses of Equant and Wanadoo. Orange Business also acquired giants like Business & Decision and Basefarm in recent years who specializes in Analytics, Data Science, Cloud etc. Operating in over 220 countries and territories,

3036-431: The consolidation of the group's business services operations and rebranded the businesses of Equant and Wanadoo to a new single entity - 'Orange Business Services'. The rebranding exercise created France Telecom SA's global brand for mobile telephony, as well as all broadband and business connectivity services - Orange. It operates in over 220 countries and territories and employs over 30,000 employees in 166 countries. It

3105-496: The department of P&T (Posts and Telegraphs) became PTT. In 1941, a General Direction of Telecommunications was created within this ministry. Then, in 1944, the National Centre of Telecommunications Studies (CNET) was created to develop the telecommunications industry in France. In the 1970s, France attempted to make up for its delay in developing communications infrastructure, compared to other countries, by launching

3174-522: The dot-com bubble. Moreover, its alliance with Deutsche Telekom based on a reciprocal capital contribution of 2% broke off when Deutsche Telekom announced that they were planning to do business with Telecom Italia without letting the French know; even if this project ended up failing. In July 1991, Hutchison Telecom , a UK subsidiary of the Hong Kong -based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa , acquired

3243-518: The fourth-biggest global operator. The mobile telephone operations of Orange plc were merged with the majority of the mobile operations of France Télécom, forming the new group Orange S.A. On 13 February 2001, Orange S.A. was listed on the Euronext Paris stock exchange with an initial public offering of €95 per share, with a secondary listing in London. In May 2001, Orange S.A. was listed on

3312-599: The home network through several communication interfaces ( Bluetooth , Ethernet , Wi-Fi ). The Livebox has evolved over time. The Livebox 1.0 was replaced by version 1.1, the Mini Livebox, followed by the Livebox 2.0. The newest version was scheduled to be rolled out in 2012. The Livebox is offered on a monthly contract for €3 per month or for purchase for €59. The Number of Liveboxes rented in 2008,this statistic reflects Orange's significant market penetration and growth in

3381-576: The joint venture founded in January 1996- Global One for US$ 3.88 Billion. In November 2000, France Telecom acquired a controlling stake of 53% in Dutch-based network operator Equant, part of the SITA group of companies which provided network services to the air transport industry. France Telecom started the process of integrating Global One unit with Equant in 2001 and acquired all outstanding Equant stock by 2005. On 1 June 2006, France Telecom announced

3450-467: The largest mobile operator with 37% of the market. Both T-Mobile and Orange brands were kept due to differences in their targeted markets. T-Mobile remained the budget-conscious offering and Orange the premium one, although there was some overlap as of February 2011. On 5 April 2009, Orange won an Arbitration Court case against Orascom Telecom, forcing Orascom to transfer its stake in Mobinil to Orange at

3519-403: The launch of the Orange cinema series television channels and aimed to offer customers access to all content available through Orange's services, anywhere and from any device. Orange Cinema Series is launched 13 November 2008, along with Orange Sport; it comprises five channels devoted to movies (Orange Ciné Max, Ciné Happy, Ciné Choc, Ciné Novo, Ciné Géant). The channels primarily show films from

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3588-428: The media and broadcast industry, such as TV channel distribution via satellite and Internet, live event production, contribution and distribution services, channel content preparation and playout. GlobeCast World TV was a brand by Globecast for its north-american direct-to-home satellite broadcast of international channels. In 2012, Globecast also began launching a direct-to-consumer OTT IPTV service called MyGlobeTV in

3657-561: The organisation, including more than 200 doctoral candidates and post-doctorates. Orange's research and development is based on partnerships with industry, suppliers and operators, universities and schools, academic institutes and research programs such as the following: Two types of infrastructure coexist in Orange's research and development: the research laboratories and the technocentres. The latter are responsible for Orange innovations and consist of multidisciplinary teams of researchers, engineers, and marketing and sales personnel. Cityvox

3726-534: The parent of Warner Music Group . On 25 January 2011 Orange announced the acquisition of 49% of Dailymotion , a French online video platform, at a cost of €58.8 million. The group also secured an option to acquire all of the shares in the platform in 2013. This is indicative of a new strategy by Orange, which seeks to offer a full range of multi-screen video to its subscribers. In 2015 Vivendi acquired 90% of Dailymotion. Created in 2007 Studio 37  [ fr ] co-produces and acquires films, unlike

3795-487: The programme "Delta LP" (increasing the main lines). It was at that time that the majority of the local loop was built (that is all the cables linking the users to the operator). Moreover, with the help of French manufacturers, digital switching -- Minitel and the GSM standard—were invented by engineers and CNET researchers. In 1982, Telecom introduced Minitel online ordering for its customers. Until 1988, France Télécom

3864-645: The rights to home matches of eight Serie A clubs ( Sampdoria , Atalanta , Chievo , Reggina , Siena , Palermo , Udinese and Napoli ). The acquisition of these rights marks the start of competition for sports programs with the Canal+ group. Orange offers services for video on demand access using the Orange decoder, a computer or a mobile phone. Orange offers free programming from the catalogues of available works of France Television, M6 and TF1 for one week after their initial broadcast. In 1997, France Telecom created Goa, an online entertainment subsidiary. The site

3933-459: The sole brand of the France Telecom group for Internet, television and mobile services in the majority of countries in which Orange operated. Orange Business Services became the brand for all its business services offerings worldwide, replacing the Equant brand. In June 2007, Orange and Mid Europa Partners acquired Austrian mobile network company One, re-branding it as Orange Austria . In 2012, it

4002-451: The task of turning the company around after the company became crippled by debt following the drop of the company's stock price. On 30 September 2002, the company's stock price was €6.94, down from €219 on 2 March 2000. France Télécom was the second most indebted company worldwide in terms of short-term liabilities. The company obtained €15 billion of debt adjustment that needed to be borne by banks and investors, another €15 billion as

4071-742: The world's "largest" public data network . In 1989 computer reservations systems, aerospace manufacturers, tour operators, airfreight forwarders, airport authorities, and other organizations in the air transport industry began joining SITA as members. The company today provides infrastructure and communication services for the air transport industry, having evolved from its early days of providing only network-related services. SITA presently operates in over two hundred countries and territories, and its customers include airlines, airports, airfreight — international freight forwarders, travel and distribution — global distribution systems, governments, aerospace, ground handlers and air traffic control. SITA

4140-759: The world's airline business. Around the world, nearly every passenger flight relies on SITA technology. SITA or Société Internationale de Télécommunications Aéronautiques , was founded in February 1949 by eleven airlines in order to bring about shared infrastructure cost efficiency by combining their communications networks. The eleven original airlines were: British European Airways Corporation (BEAC), British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), British South American Airways (BSAA), KLM , Sabena , Swissair , TWA , Swedish A.G.Aerotransport, Danish Air Lines , Norwegian Air Lines and Air France . SITA opened its first telecommunications centre in Rome in 1949. Information

4209-467: The years expanded its activities to include content sales (music, cinema, downloads, etc.), e-commerce, online advertising, M2M, home automation and remote assistance solutions. In 2023, it generated over €43 billion in revenue across all its businesses. In 1792, under the French Revolution , the first communication network was developed to enable the rapid transmission of information in

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4278-467: Was acquired for US$ 33 Billion by the German conglomerate - Mannesmann AG . The Mannesmann's acquisition of Orange triggered Vodafone to make a hostile takeover bid for the German company. Shortly thereafter, in February 2000, Vodafone acquired Mannesmann for US$ 183 Billion and, decides to divest Orange as the EU regulations wouldn't allow it to hold two mobile licences. France Télécom in May 2000, announced

4347-492: Was adopted in 1995 with the establishment of Orange plc. In April 1996, Orange went public and floated on the London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ , majority owned by Hutchison (48.22%), followed by BAe (21.1%). In June 1996, it became the youngest company to enter the FTSE 100 , valued at £2.4 billion. And by July 1997 Orange had gained one million customers. The stint as a public company came to an end in October 1999, when it

4416-517: Was also reorganised internally, most notably with the arrival of former Culture Minister Christine Albanel as head of communications for the group. In mid-April 2010, Orange UK announced that it would outsource the management of its broadband network to BT. This announcement was greeted positively by broadband commentators, who felt that the move was likely to improve Orange's broadband quality and customer services. On 2 March 2012, Didier Lombard , who remained special advisor to Stéphane Richard , left

4485-425: Was appointed to run France Télécom Group. In 1997, the capital of the new public company was successfully floated whereas the dot-com bubble phenomenon made the stock exchanges bullish. A second share offering occurred in 1998. France Télécom got behind in the internationalisation launched by its international competitors such as Vodafone , thus, it started looking for targets at the highest speculation rate of

4554-462: Was known as the direction générale des Télécommunications , a division of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications . It became autonomous in 1990. This was in response to a European directive, aimed at making competition mandatory in public services from 1 January 1998. The 2 July 1990 Bill changed France Télécom into an operator of public law, with Marcel Roulet as the first Chairman. Since then,

4623-532: Was licensed to a number of operators which Orange S.A. did not own, these include: Orange took over the landline and Internet businesses of France Telecom and Wanadoo in 2006. Since then, Orange is the sole brand of France Telecom for landline and Internet services worldwide, with a few exceptions, such as Mobistar in Belgium and TPSA in Poland. Orange's triple-play broadband Internet offers are supplied through

4692-471: Was manually transmitted using perforated tape and teleprinters. This was the 'first generation' of the network. The 'second generation' SITA High-Level Network (HLN) became operational in 1969, handling data traffic in real time via a message-switched network over common carrier leased lines . It was organised to act like a packet-switching network. The 'third generation' Data Transport Network adopted X.25 in 1981, providing global coverage and becoming

4761-579: Was sold to Hutchison 3G and the Orange Austria brand was terminated. In November 2008, Orange launched five Orange Cinema Series channels. To do so, Orange bought the exclusive rights from Warner Bros. for first runs of all new films, previously held by TPS Star (a subsidiary of the Canal+ Group ), as well as all films in its catalogue and rights to the film catalogues of Gaumont , HBO and MGM . Orange also secured exclusive rights to broadcast Saturday evening Ligue 1 football matches from

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