Misplaced Pages

#682317

67-594: The Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project (MHWDP) is an administrative unit of the Department of Forests of the Government of Himachal Pradesh . MHWDP stakeholders are the Department of Forests, local gram panchayats (GPs), and the World Bank . The project aims to reverse several decades of degradation of the natural resource base and improve the productive potential and incomes of the rural households in

134-609: A 90 per cent grant and a 10 per cent loan at interest rate of 0.7 per cent (payable in 30 years). Although only 1 of 76 projects and just US$ 200 million of World Bank's US$ 23 billion portfolio in India, HPRF is the world's largest and India's first clean development mechanism (CDM) project. The United Nations has registered MHWDP for carbon trading scheme under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The bank will buy carbon credits from

201-405: A compost is not recommended due to the speed with which it may dry, the possible presence of phytotoxins in immature compost that may inhibit germination, and the possible tie up of nitrogen by incompletely decomposed lignin. It is very common to see blends of 20–30% compost used for transplanting seedlings . Compost can be used to increase plant immunity to diseases and pests. Compost tea

268-521: A mouth mask and gloves must be worn to protect from diseases that can be contracted from handling compost, including: Oocytes are rendered unviable by temperatures over 50 °C (122 °F). Compost adds organic matter to the soil and increases the nutrient content and biodiversity of microbes in soil. Composting at home reduces the amount of green waste being hauled to dumps or composting facilities. The reduced volume of materials being picked up by trucks results in fewer trips, which in turn lowers

335-471: A pathogen dies depends on the pathogen, how long the temperature is maintained (seconds to weeks), and pH. Compost products such as compost tea and compost extracts have been found to have an inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum , Rhizoctonia species , and Pythium debaryanum , plant pathogens that can cause crop diseases. Aerated compost teas are more effective than compost extracts. The microbiota and enzymes present in compost extracts also have

402-415: A process taking months. Composting can be a multistep, closely monitored process with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water, and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture in a process using open piles or windrows . Fungi , earthworms , and other detritivores further break up

469-509: A range of specialist composts available, e.g. for vegetables, orchids, houseplants, hanging baskets, roses, ericaceous plants, seedlings, potting on, etc. Compost can also be used for land and stream reclamation, wetland construction , and landfill cover. The temperatures generated by compost can be used to heat greenhouses , such as by being placed around the outside edges. There are process and product guidelines in Europe that date to

536-410: A suppressive effect on fungal plant pathogens. Compost is a good source of biocontrol agents like B. subtilis , B. licheniformis, and P. chrysogenum that fight plant pathogens. Sterilizing the compost, compost tea, or compost extracts reduces the effect of pathogen suppression. When turning compost that has not gone through phases where temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) are reached,

603-536: A suppressive effect on plant pathogens and soil-borne diseases. The efficacy is influenced by a number of factors, such as the preparation process, the type of source the conditions of the brewing process, and the environment of the crops. Adding nutrients to compost tea can be beneficial for disease suppression, although it can trigger the regrowth of human pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella . Compost extracts are unfermented or non-brewed extracts of leached compost contents dissolved in any solvent. Compost

670-493: A thermophilic stage for days or weeks. This is hot composting and is the usual method for large-scale municipal facilities and agricultural operations. The Berkeley method produces finished compost in 18 days. It requires assembly of at least 1 cubic metre (35 cu ft) of material at the outset and needs turning every two days after an initial four-day phase. Such short processes involve some changes to traditional methods, including smaller, more homogenized particle sizes in

737-468: A variety of metals and pharmaceutical compounds. Insufficient processing of biosolids can also lead to problems when the material is applied to land. Urine can be put on compost piles or directly used as fertilizer. Adding urine to compost can increase temperatures, so can increase its ability to destroy pathogens and unwanted seeds. Unlike feces, urine does not attract disease-spreading flies (such as houseflies or blowflies ), and it does not contain

SECTION 10

#1732773125683

804-428: Is a post-independence creation. It first came into being as a centrally administered territory on 15 April 1948 by the integration of 30 erstwhile princely states. Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy , a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature of Himachal Pradesh is unicameral and at present,

871-613: Is added after each use. This practice creates air pockets in the human waste to promote aerobic decomposition. This also improves the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and reduces potential odor . Most composting toilet systems rely on mesophilic composting. Longer retention time in the composting chamber also facilitates pathogen die-off. The end product can also be moved to a secondary system – usually another composting step – to allow more time for mesophilic composting to further reduce pathogens. On open ground for growing wheat , corn , soybeans , and similar crops, compost can be broadcast across

938-423: Is an aerobic method of decomposing organic solid wastes, so it can be used to recycle organic material. The process involves decomposing organic material into a humus-like material, known as compost, which is a good fertilizer for plants. Composting organisms require four equally important ingredients to work effectively: Certain ratios of these materials allow microorganisms to work at a rate that will heat up

1005-419: Is an ongoing and dynamic process; adding new sources of carbon and nitrogen consistently, as well as active management, is important. Organisms can break down organic matter in compost if provided with the correct mixture of water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. They fall into two broad categories: chemical decomposers, which perform chemical processes on the organic waste, and physical decomposers, which process

1072-665: Is financed by a credit from the International Development Association (IDA), the World Bank 's concessionary lending arm. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is acting as trustee for BioCarbon Fund (BioCF) DNA Spain is the source of funding to IDA. The green development loan is for US$ 200 million. The loan agreement was signed between the World Bank and the state government in New Delhi on 28 July 2012. Funding consists of

1139-418: Is found in solid human waste. Phosphorus, which helps plants convert sunlight into energy in the form of ATP, can be found in liquid human waste. Solid human waste can be collected directly in composting toilets , or indirectly in the form of sewage sludge after it has undergone treatment in a sewage treatment plant . Both processes require capable design, as potential health risks need to be managed. In

1206-585: Is generally considered a source of nitrogen and includes pre- and post-consumer food waste , grass clippings, garden trimmings, and fresh leaves. Animal carcasses, roadkill, and butcher residue can also be composted, and these are considered nitrogen sources. Brown waste is a carbon source. Typical examples are dried vegetation and woody material such as fallen leaves, straw, woodchips, limbs, logs, pine needles, sawdust, and wood ash, but not charcoal ash. Products derived from wood such as paper and plain cardboard are also considered carbon sources. On many farms,

1273-592: Is headed by the Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh, who is the de facto head of state and is vested with most of the executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the Governor. The present Chief Minister is Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu , who took office on 11 December 2022. Generally, the winning party decides the chief minister. In many cases,

1340-428: Is in effect creating a nurse log that is covered with soil. Benefits of Hügelkultur garden beds include water retention and warming of soil. Buried wood acts like a sponge as it decomposes, able to capture water and store it for later use by crops planted on top of the bed. A composting toilet is a type of dry toilet that treats human waste by a biological process called composting. This process leads to

1407-468: Is made up of extracts of fermented water leached from composted materials. Composts can be either aerated or non-aerated depending on its fermentation process. Compost teas are generally produced from adding compost to water in a ratio of 1:4–1:10, occasionally stirring to release microbes . There is debate about the benefits of aerating the mixture. Non-aerated compost tea is cheaper and less labor-intensive, but there are conflicting studies regarding

SECTION 20

#1732773125683

1474-583: Is not necessary with cold composting, although a risk exists that parts of the pile may go anaerobic as it becomes compacted or waterlogged. Composting can destroy some pathogens and seeds , by reaching temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F). Dealing with stabilized compost – i.e. composted material in which microorganisms have finished digesting the organic matter and the temperature has reached between 50 and 70 °C (122 and 158 °F) – poses very little risk, as these temperatures kill pathogens and even make oocysts unviable. The temperature at which

1541-481: Is rarely used alone, plants can flourish from mixed soil that includes a mix of compost with other additives such as sand , grit, bark chips, vermiculite , perlite , or clay granules to produce loam . Compost can be tilled directly into the soil or growing medium to boost the level of organic matter and the overall fertility of the soil. Compost that is ready to be used as an additive is dark brown or even black with an earthy smell. Generally, direct seeding into

1608-403: Is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms , such as bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, and fungi. Compost improves soil fertility in gardens , landscaping , horticulture , urban agriculture , and organic farming , reducing dependency on commercial chemical fertilizers. The benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as fertilizer , acting as a soil conditioner , increasing

1675-399: Is sold as bagged potting mixes in garden centers and other outlets. This may include composted materials such as manure and peat but is also likely to contain loam, fertilizers, sand, grit, etc. Varieties include multi-purpose composts designed for most aspects of planting, John Innes formulations, grow bags, designed to have crops such as tomatoes directly planted into them. There are also

1742-465: Is the winter capital of the state. The Himachal Pradesh High Court is located in Shimla, which has jurisdiction over the whole of Himachal Pradesh. State legislature is unicameral having legislative assembly composed of MLAs elected directly by the people of the state. Like in other Indian states, the executive arm of the state is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. It consists of

1809-430: Is very wet and usually not mixed with bedding material, must be mixed with straw or similar raw materials. Poultry manure must be blended with high-carbon, low-nitrogen materials. Human excreta , sometimes called "humanure" in the composting context, can be added as an input to the composting process since it is a nutrient-rich organic material. Nitrogen, which serves as a building block for important plant amino acids,

1876-635: The State Government of Himachal Pradesh , or locally as State Government , is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh . It consists of an executive branch , led by the Governor of Himachal Pradesh, a judiciary and a legislative branch. Like other states in India, the head of state of Himachal Pradesh is the Governor , appointed by the President of India on

1943-635: The UNFCCC 30 Jun 2011 (or whenever...) The natural habitats of Himachal Pradesh exhibit a high degree of endemism , referring to species only found in these areas. Watershed management aims at multifaceted environmental benefits such as habitats for biodiversity , soil conservation, reduced sedimentation, and improved forest cover. The forests of the Himachal Pradesh watersheds are an important carbon sink for greenhouse gases . Trees naturally sequester carbon dioxide, contributing about 90% of

2010-620: The catchment areas for three major rivers of Northern India, the Ravi , Beas and Sutlej . These rivers join the Indus , which carries water that sustains more than 200 million people. The project covers 11 watershed divisions and involves 704 gram panchayats located in 43 blocks spread over 10 districts of the state . MHWDP manages a subproject, the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), also called

2077-401: The decomposition of organic matter and turns human waste into compost-like material. Composting is carried out by microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi ) under controlled aerobic conditions. Most composting toilets use no water for flushing and are therefore called " dry toilets ". In many composting toilet designs, a carbon additive such as sawdust , coconut coir , or peat moss

Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

2144-483: The humus or humic acid contents of the soil, and introducing beneficial microbes that help to suppress pathogens in the soil and reduce soil-borne diseases. At the simplest level, composting requires gathering a mix of "greens" (green waste) and "browns" (brown waste). Greens are materials rich in nitrogen, such as leaves, grass, and food scraps. Browns are woody materials rich in carbon, such as stalks, paper, and wood chips. The materials break down into humus in

2211-512: The Assembly has a strength of 68. The tenure of the Assembly is five years unless it is sooner dissolved. There are 14 House Committees in the Assembly. Compost#Windrow composting Compost is a mixture of ingredients used as plant fertilizer and to improve soil 's physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste, recycling organic materials, and manure. The resulting mixture

2278-532: The HP Bio-Carbon Reforestation Project-Improving Livelihoods and Watersheds. HPRP implements Afforestation and Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism (A/R CDM) activities, initially on 4,003.07 ha but subsequently expanded to approximately 10,000 ha of degraded lands. MHWDP will manage HPRP until 2013 or beyond. The State Forest Department will subsequently manage the project. HPRP was registered with

2345-705: The Himachal carbon credit project. It has seen as a potential showcase for other countries in South Asia. "...After getting the Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project registered with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Himachal Pradesh has become the first state in India to implement the clean development mechanism (CDM) project. Under the project, world’s largest..." Expand based on The World Bank and Himachal Pradesh state government project

2412-734: The United States, on-farm use is relatively rare since rates over 4 tons/acre may not be affordable. This results from an over-emphasis on "recycling organic matter" than on "sustainable nutrients." In countries such as Germany, where compost distribution and spreading are partially subsidized in the original waste fees, compost is used more frequently on open ground on the premise of nutrient "sustainability". In plasticulture , strawberries , tomatoes , peppers , melons , and other fruits and vegetables are grown under plastic to control temperature, retain moisture and control weeds. Compost may be banded (applied in strips along rows) and worked into

2479-524: The advice of the Central government. The post of governor is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of government and council of ministers. There exists parliamentary system of government in state with council of ministers responsible to legislative assembly. Shimla is the capital of Himachal Pradesh, and houses the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the secretariat . Dharamshala

2546-446: The appointment of the chief minister, sending Shiv Pratap Shukla is the present governor. The governor enjoys many different types of powers: The legislature comprises the governor and the legislative assembly, which is the highest political organ in the state. The governor has the power to summon the assembly or to close the same. All members of the legislative assembly are directly elected, normally once in every five years by

2613-603: The basic composting ingredients are animal manure generated on the farm as a nitrogen source, and bedding as the carbon source. Straw and sawdust are common bedding materials. Nontraditional bedding materials are also used, including newspaper and chopped cardboard. The amount of manure composted on a livestock farm is often determined by cleaning schedules, land availability, and weather conditions. Each type of manure has its own physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Cattle and horse manures, when mixed with bedding, possess good qualities for composting. Swine manure, which

2680-452: The case of home composting, a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasitic worms, can be present in feces, and improper processing can pose significant health risks. In the case of large sewage treatment facilities that collect wastewater from a range of residential, commercial and industrial sources, there are additional considerations. The composted sewage sludge, referred to as biosolids , can be contaminated with

2747-428: The compost pile. Active management of the pile (e.g., turning over the compost heap) is needed to maintain sufficient oxygen and the right moisture level. The air/water balance is critical to maintaining high temperatures 130–160 °F (54–71 °C) until the materials are broken down. Composting is most efficient with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of about 25:1. Hot composting focuses on retaining heat to increase

Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

2814-476: The composting of livestock. In-vessel composting generally describes a group of methods that confine the composting materials within a building, container, or vessel. In-vessel composting systems can consist of metal or plastic tanks or concrete bunkers in which air flow and temperature can be controlled, using the principles of a " bioreactor ". Generally the air circulation is metered in via buried tubes that allow fresh air to be injected under pressure, with

2881-497: The decomposition rate, thus producing compost more quickly. Rapid composting is favored by having a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of about 30 carbon units or less. Above 30, the substrate is nitrogen starved. Below 15, it is likely to outgas a portion of nitrogen as ammonia. Nearly all dead plant and animal materials have both carbon and nitrogen in different amounts. Fresh grass clippings have an average ratio of about 15:1 and dry autumn leaves about 50:1 depending upon species. Composting

2948-591: The earth's surface carbon storage. A cubic foot of merchantable wood retains approximately 15 kg of carbon. The UN recognised carbon trading as mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. The approximate international market value of one tonne of carbon is US$ 19. Himachal Pradesh endeavors to become the first carbon-neutral state in India. The A/R CDM project is developed under the umbrella of the World Bank funded MHWD Project and it expected to sequester 828,016 units tCO2-e of Certified Emission Reductions (tCER) commonly known as carbon credits , each unit being equivalent to

3015-443: The eligible voters who are above 18 years of age. The current assembly consists of 68 elected members . The elected members select one of its own members as its chairman who is called the speaker . The speaker is assisted by the deputy speaker who is also elected by the members. The conduct of a meeting in the house is the responsibility of the speaker. The main function of the assembly is to pass laws and rules. Every bill passed by

3082-695: The exhaust being extracted through a biofilter , with temperature and moisture conditions monitored using probes in the mass to allow maintenance of optimum aerobic decomposition conditions. Aerated static pile (ASP) composting refers to any of a number of systems used to biodegrade organic material without physical manipulation during primary composting . The blended admixture is usually placed on perforated piping, providing air circulation for controlled aeration . It may be in windrows , open or covered, or in closed containers . With regard to complexity and cost, aerated systems are most commonly used by larger, professionally managed composting facilities, although

3149-476: The governor, the chief minister and the Council of Ministers. The chief minister and the council of ministers also have been appointed by the governor. The governor summons prorogues and dissolves the legislature. He can close the legislative assembly on the recommendation of the chief minister. Judiciary has been separated from the executive in Himachal Pradesh like other Indian states. The executive authority

3216-456: The house has to be finally approved by the governor before it becomes applicable. The normal term of the legislative assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. But while a proclamation of state of emergency is in operation, the said period will be extended by Parliament by Laws for a period not exceeding one year at a time The Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly has no pre- Constitution history. The state itself

3283-468: The input materials, controlling carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) at 30:1 or less, and careful monitoring of the moisture level. Cold composting is a slower process that can take up to a year to complete. It results from smaller piles, including many residential compost piles that receive small amounts of kitchen and garden waste over extended periods. Piles smaller than 1 cubic metre (35 cu ft) tend not to reach and maintain high temperatures. Turning

3350-603: The list for the Governor's approval. The governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are appointed by the governor. The governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the president of India at the national level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions, such as

3417-406: The most hardy of pathogens, such as parasitic worm eggs. Animal carcasses may be composted as a disposal option. Such material is rich in nitrogen. Human composting (also known as soil transformation ) is a process for the final disposition of human remains in which microbes convert a deceased body into compost. It is also called natural organic reduction (NOR) or terramation. Although

SECTION 50

#1732773125683

3484-430: The natural decomposition of human corpses into soil is a long-standing practice, a more rapid process that was developed in the early 21st century by Katrina Spade, entails encasing human corpses in wood chips, straw, and alfalfa until thermophile microbes decompose the body. In this manner, the transformation can be sped up to as little as 1–2 months. The accelerated process is based in part on techniques developed for

3551-537: The new forests being developed. The loan program breaks new ground and has the potential for significant demonstration effects in promoting the green growth agenda. WB project to cover 102 more villages Externally Aided Projects in Himachal Pradesh The project got approval on 6 September 2012 and the proposed closing date of this project is 30 September 2013. Government of Himachal Pradesh The Government of Himachal Pradesh also known as

3618-520: The only planting substrate. The particular crop and the seeds' sensitivity to nutrients, salts, etc. dictates the ratio of the blend, and maturity is important to insure that oxygen deprivation will not occur or that no lingering phyto-toxins remain. Compost can be added to soil, coir , or peat , as a tilth improver, supplying humus and nutrients. It provides a rich growing medium as absorbent material. This material contains moisture and soluble minerals, which provide support and nutrients . Although it

3685-740: The organic material. Aerobic bacteria and fungi manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide , and ammonium ions. Composting is an important part of waste management, since food and other compostable materials make up about 20% of waste in landfills, and due to anaerobic conditions, these materials take longer to biodegrade in the landfill. Composting offers an environmentally superior alternative to using organic material for landfill because composting reduces methane emissions due to anaerobic conditions, and provides economic and environmental co-benefits. For example, compost can also be used for land and stream reclamation, wetland construction, and landfill cover. Composting

3752-915: The organic matter content of the soil, and the enhanced water retention capacity facilitates sustainable and productive agriculture. At mid-term review in November, 2009, the project had already surpassed its end-of-project target of 50 per cent increased agricultural yield, achieving increased paddy (236 percent), maize (163 per cent), wheat (90 per cent), and milk yields (11 percent). Approximately 10,000 farmers had modified their cultivation and marketing approaches, including adopting higher value crops such as vegetables and spices. 1,500 farmers were grouped into milk federations connected to milk chilling plants. Overall household incomes had risen 13 percent, largely on account of project extension services, particularly improved agricultural production technologies and market linkages. Other states in India are looking to replicate

3819-489: The overall emissions from the waste-management fleet. Potential sources of compostable materials, or feedstocks, include residential, agricultural, and commercial waste streams. Residential food or yard waste can be composted at home, or collected for inclusion in a large-scale municipal composting facility. In some regions, it could also be included in a local or neighborhood composting project. The two broad categories of organic solid waste are green and brown. Green waste

3886-458: The party announces a chief ministerial candidate during the election. The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor; the appointments receive input from the Chief Minister. They are collectively responsible to the legislative assembly of the State. Generally, the winning party and its chief minister chooses the ministers list and submit

3953-508: The pre-existent local governments, the Gram Panchayats. MHWDP has enabled over 200 km of irrigation channels as well as over 6,000 water harvesting tanks, over 1,000 ponds, nearly 300 dams and over 260 lift or gravity irrigation schemes, and has converted about 9,000 hectares of rain-fed land into irrigated acreage, benefiting some 100,000 families. Scaling up vermicomposting and other sustainable agriculture practices increases

4020-472: The project areas. Using a community-driven development approach, MHWDP aims to improve water harvesting, increase the area under irrigation to diversify agriculture and horticulture , and conserve and sustainably develop soil and water resources. MHWDP covers 222,951 ha in the watersheds of Mid-Himalayan region in the Siwalik Hills between 600 and 1800 metres above mean sea level. It encompasses

4087-454: The reduction of one tonne of CO 2 e, e.g. CO 2 or its equivalent), over the first crediting period of 20-years at the rate of 10.34 t CO2-e / ha /year. expand : [Carbon dioxide equivalent] The carbon revenues were calculated at US$ 5 per tonne of carbon dioxide accumulated in tree biomass, above as well as under the ground. This equates to approximately Rs 2,500 per hectare, depending on growth of trees and other factors. Emphasis

SECTION 60

#1732773125683

4154-436: The risks of phytotoxicity and human pathogen regrowth. Aerated compost tea brews faster and generates more microbes, but has potential for human pathogen regrowth, particularly when one adds additional nutrients to the mixture. Field studies have shown the benefits of adding compost teas to crops due to organic matter input, increased nutrient availability, and increased microbial activity. They have also been shown to have

4221-416: The soil prior to bedding and planting, be applied at the same time the beds are constructed and plastic laid down, or used as a top dressing. Many crops are not seeded directly in the field but are started in seed trays in a greenhouse. When the seedlings reach a certain stage of growth, they are transplanted in the field. Compost may be part of the mix used to grow the seedlings, but is not normally used as

4288-488: The technique may range from very small, simple systems to very large, capital intensive, industrial installations. In agriculture , windrow composting is the production of compost by piling organic matter or biodegradable waste , such as animal manure and crop residues, in long rows – windrow . The practice of making raised garden beds or mounds filled with rotting wood is also called Hügelkultur in German. It

4355-406: The top of the soil using spreader trucks or spreaders pulled behind a tractor. It is expected that the spread layer is very thin (approximately 6 mm (0.24 in)) and worked into the soil prior to planting. Application rates of 25 mm (0.98 in) or more are not unusual when trying to rebuild poor soils or control erosion. Due to the extremely high cost of compost per unit of nutrients in

4422-436: The waste into smaller pieces through methods such as grinding, tearing, chewing, and digesting. Under ideal conditions, composting proceeds through three major phases: The time required to compost material relates to the volume of material, the particle size of the inputs (e.g. wood chips break down faster than branches), and the amount of mixing and aeration. Generally, larger piles reach higher temperatures and remain in

4489-560: Was given to assuring transparency and accountability of governmental oversight and project decision making. To facilitate broad participation ownership of the program, the Himachal Pradesh government conducted consultations with key stakeholders, and also chartered the World Wildlife Fund to independently assess and report on stakeholder views. Velander analyzed the MHWDP model, which implements project goals and objectives through

#682317