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73-523: The Barbary macaque is native to the Middle Atlas, and chief populations occur only in restricted range in parts of Morocco and Algeria. Snow persists in the Middle Atlas in the winter and can appear starting at 600 m above sea level. The Middle Atlas provinces cover 23,000 km in area, and comprise 18% of the total mountainous surface of Morocco. The provinces of Khénifra , Ifrane , Boulmane , Sefrou , Khemisset , El Hajeb as well as parts of

146-584: A Societate Florae Germanicae curante . For distributing and exchanging plant specimens he cooperated with many botanists, e.g., Friedrich Wilhelm Noë . Director of the natural history museum in Dresden , Professor Reichenbach was faced with an annoying yet seemingly unsolvable problem of showing invertebrate marine life. Land-based flora and fauna was not an issue, for it was a relatively simple matter to exhibit mounted and stuffed creatures such as gorillas and elephants, their lifelike poses attracting and exciting

219-422: A clear increase in consumption of the human food in spring. The tourist and the wild groups did not differ in the proportion of daily records devoted to terrestrial feeding, but the tourist group spent a significantly lower percentage of daily records in terrestrial foraging, moving and resting, while performing more terrestrial aggressive displays more than the wild group. There was no significant difference between

292-669: A distinct species. Remains from Norfolk , England, dating to the Middle Pleistocene , at 53 degrees latitude , are amongst the northernmost records of non-human primates. Archaic humans and Barbary macaques co-occur at numerous sites, and it is possible they may have used Barbary macaques as a source of food. The youngest known remains of Barbary macaques in Europe are from Hunas in Bavaria, Germany, dated to 85,000–40,000 years ago. The distribution of Barbary macaques in Europe

365-497: A female to mate with other males, however, would be costly to the male, since doing so would not allow him to mate with more females. Barbary macaques from all age and sex groups participate in alloparental care of infants. Male care of infants has been of particular interest to research because high levels of care from males are uncommon in groups where paternity is highly uncertain. Males even act as true alloparents of infant macaques by carrying them and caring for them for hours at

438-433: A female's most fertile period by sexual swellings on the female. Mating is most common during a female's most fertile period. The swelling size of the female reaches a maximum around the time of ovulation, suggesting that size helps a male predict when he should mate. This is further supported by the fact that male ejaculation peaks at the same time that female sexual swelling peaks. Change in female sexual behaviour around

511-506: A male presents an infant macaque to an adult male who is not caring for an infant, or when an unattached male approaches males who are caring for infants. This behaviour leads to a type of social buffering, which reduces the number of antagonistic interactions among males in a group. An open mouth display by the Barbary macaque is used most commonly by juvenile macaques as a sign of playfulness. The main purpose of calls in Barbary macaques

584-456: A phylogenetic analysis show that the chromosomes of Barbary macaque resemble those of the rhesus macaque with the exception of chromosomes 1, 4, 9, and 16. It was also discovered that chromosome 18 in the Barbary macaque is homologous to chromosome 13 in humans. Polymerase chain reaction studies have found Alu element insertions, small pieces of genetic code in genomes , can infer primate phylogenetic relationships. Using this method

657-458: A time as opposed to just demonstrating more casual interactions with the infants. The social status of females plays a role in female alloparental interactions with infants. Higher-ranking females have more interactions, whereas younger, lower-ranking females have less access to infants. The diet of the Barbary macaque consists of a mixture of plants and insect prey. It consumes a large variety of gymnosperms and angiosperms . Almost every part of

730-475: A variety of habitats, such as cedar , fir , and oak forests, grasslands , thermophilous scrub, and rocky ridges full of vegetation in Mediterranean climate with seasonal extremes of temperature. In Morocco, most Barbary macaques inhabit Atlas cedar ( Cedrus atlantica ) forests, but this could reflect the present habitat availability rather than a specific preference for this habitat. In Algeria,

803-463: A water source and exclusion of monkeys from water sources are major causes of cedar bark stripping behaviour in Barbary macaques. Density of macaques, however, is less correlated with the behaviour than the other causes considered. The Barbary macaque's main predators are the domestic dog , leopard and eagles ; the golden eagle may only prey on cubs, since it is morphologically not adapted to hunt primates. The approach of eagles and domestic dogs

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876-461: Is 147 to 192 days, and females usually have only one offspring per pregnancy. Females rear twins in rare instances. Offspring reach maturity at three to four years of age, and may live for 20 years or more. Grooming other Barbary macaques leads to lower stress levels for the individuals that do the grooming. While stress levels do not appear to be reduced in animals that are groomed, grooming more individuals leads to even lower stress levels; this

949-600: Is a macaque species native to the Atlas Mountains of Algeria , Tunisia and Morocco , along with a small introduced population in Gibraltar . It is the type species of the genus Macaca . The species is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Because of uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising all infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of both sexes and all ages contribute in alloparental care of young. The diet of

1022-701: Is a benefit that might outweigh the costs to the groomer, which include less time to participate in other activities such as foraging. The mechanism for reducing stress may be explained by the social relationships (and support) that are formed by grooming. Male Barbary macaques interfere in conflicts and form coalitions with other males, usually with related males rather than with unrelated males. These relationships suggest that males do so in order to indirectly increase their own fitness . Furthermore, males form coalitions with closely related kin more often than they do with distantly related kin. These coalitions are not permanent and may change frequently as male ranking within

1095-499: Is known to elicit an alarm call response. Wild populations of Barbary macaques have suffered a major decline in recent years to the point of being declared an endangered species on the IUCN Red List since 2008. The Barbary macaque is threatened by fragmentation and degradation of forest habitat, and poaching for the illegal pet trade; it is also killed in retaliation for raiding crops. Today, no accurate data exists on

1168-513: Is not entirely determined by female choice . These multiple matings by females decrease the certainty of paternity of male Barbary macaques and may lead them to care for all infants within the group. For a male to ensure his reproductive success, he must maximize his time spent around the females in the group during their fertile periods. Injuries to male macaques peak during the fertile period, which points to male-male competition as an important determinant of male reproductive success. Not allowing

1241-433: Is scarce. The average body weight is 9.9–11 kg (22–24 lb) in females and 14.5–16 kg (32–35 lb) in males. Like all Old World monkeys, the Barbary macaque has well-developed sitting pads ( ischial callosities ) on its rear. Females exhibit an exaggerated anogenital swelling, which increases in size during oestrus . It has cheek pouches and high-crowned bilophodont molars (molars with two ridges);

1314-420: Is to alert other group members to possible dangers such as predators . Barbary macaques can discriminate calls by individuals in their own group from those by individuals in other groups of conspecific macaques. Neither genetic variation nor habitat differences are likely causes of acoustic variation in the calls of different social groups. Instead, minor variations in acoustic structure among groups similar to

1387-714: The Barbary macaques in Gibraltar is the only one outside Northern Africa and the only population of wild monkeys in Europe. Barbary macaques were once widely distributed in Europe, as far north as England, from the Early Pliocene ( Zanclean ) to the Late Pleistocene , as recently as 85-40,000 years ago. About 300 macaques live on the Rock of Gibraltar . This population appears to be stable or increasing, while

1460-649: The Grande and Petite Kabylie mountain region in Algeria . It has been recorded at elevations of 400–2,300 m (1,300–7,500 ft), though it seems to prefer higher elevations. The Moroccan and Algerian populations are around 700 km (430 mi) apart, although the gap was smaller during the Holocene . The Barbary macaque also occurs in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar at

1533-581: The Titelberg in Luxembourg; and two Roman sites in Britain. Ludwig Reichenbach Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach (8 January 1793 – 17 March 1879) was a German botanist , ornithologist and illustrator. It was he who first requested Leopold Blaschka to make a set of glass marine invertebrate models for scientific education and museum showcasing, the successful commission giving rise to

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1606-516: The endangered primate , Barbary macaque , Macaca sylvanus ; this monkey prehistorically had a much wider distribution throughout northern Morocco. Wild boar and polecat are also found within the Middle Atlas Range. Its geo-morphologic structure is: Over the mountain slopes, extensive forests of cedar spread, intersected by deep valleys. Bordered by the rich Plaine du Saïs and the cities of Fes , Meknes and Beni Mellal ,

1679-662: The Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea, dating from the Early Pliocene 5.3 to 3.6 million years ago to the Late Pleistocene , assigned to various subspecies including M. s. sylvanus , M. s. pliocena and M. s. florentina. The insular dwarf M. majori endemic to Sardinia-Corsica during the Early Pleistocene, usually considered to have derived from M. sylvanus , is generally considered

1752-553: The Barbary macaque consists primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to around 25 years old while females may live up to 30 years. Besides humans , they are the only free-living primates in Europe . Although the species is commonly referred to as the "Barbary ape", the Barbary macaque is a true monkey . Its name refers to the Barbary Coast of Northwest Africa. The population of

1825-409: The Barbary macaque in the second century CE, presuming the internal structure to be the same as a human. Such was the authority of his work, some mistakes he made were not corrected until Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) proved otherwise over a thousand years later. The Barbary macaque was included in the grouping Simia by Conrad Gessner in his 1551 work Historia Animalium , a name which he claimed

1898-731: The Barbary macaque inhabits mainly Grande and Petite Kabylia , ranges that form part of the Tell Atlas mountain chain, but there is also an isolated population in Chréa National Park . It lives in mixed cedar and holm oak forests, humid Portuguese and cork oak forests, and scrub-covered gorges. Fossil evidence indicates that the Barbary macaque occurred in southern Europe during the Pleistocene and during interglacial periods also in England. A Tunisian population

1971-544: The British Isles. The species decreased with the arrival of the last Last Glacial Period , going functionally extinct on the Iberian Peninsula except for Gibraltar around 30,000 years ago. The Barbary macaque is threatened by habitat loss , overgrazing , and illegal capture. In Morocco, tourists interact with Barbary macaques in many regions. Information collected in the interviews with inhabitants in

2044-505: The Central High Atlas, the Barbary macaque occurs in relatively small and fragmented areas restricted to the main valleys at elevations of 700–2,400 m (2,300–7,900 ft). In a 2013 study, researchers reported that they found Barbary macaques in relatively small and fragmented habitats in 10 sites, and that the species no longer occurred in four localities. This could be attributed to habitat degradation, hunting activities,

2117-533: The Dresden natural history museum director suggested. A decision which swiftly sparked the Blaschkas' highly lucrative mail-order business of selling Glass sea creatures to interested parties across the globe. Poetically, though Reichenbach did not know it, many years later his showcasing problem and manner of finding the Blaschkas would be repeated by Harvard Professor George Lincoln Goodale - Goodale getting

2190-564: The High Atlas of Morocco indicated that the capture of macaques occurs in these regions. Conflict between local people and wild macaques is one of the greatest challenges to Barbary macaque conservation in Morocco. The main threats to the survival of Barbary macaques in this region have been found to be habitat destruction and the impact of livestock grazing, but problems of conflict with inhabitants are also increasing due to crop raiding and

2263-547: The Middle Atlas experiences snow during the winter months and a cool climate during the summer. The town of Ifrane enjoys sufficient snow during the winter months that it provides accommodations quite rare in Africa: it is a ski resort. The Middle Atlas includes four major catchment areas: The Middle Atlas contributes abundant and the relatively regular flows to these rivers. Reservoirs have been developed for flood control, to improve tourism, and to create water reserves supporting

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2336-495: The North African population is declining. The Barbary macaque is first described in scientific literature by Aristotle in the fourth century BCE work History of Animals . He writes of an ape with "arms like a man, only covered with hair", "feet [which] are exceptional in kind ... like large hands", and "a tail as small as small can be, just a sort of indication of a tail". It is likely that Galen (129–c.216) dissected

2409-428: The adult macaques moult their thick winter fur. The species shows sexual dimorphism with males larger than females. The mean head-body length is 55.7 cm (21.9 in) in females and 63.4 cm (25.0 in) in males. The boneless vestigial tail is greatly reduced compared with other macaque species and, if not absent, measures 4–22 mm (0.16–0.87 in). Males may have a more prominent tail, though data

2482-460: The calls of other infant macaques as opposed to the calls of their own offspring. More parameters for vocalizations lead to more reliable identification of calls in both infants and in adult macaques so it is not surprising that the same acoustic characteristics that are heard in infant calls are also heard in adult calls. Although Barbary macaques are sexually active at all points during a female's reproductive cycle, male Barbary macaques determine

2555-545: The creation of the Blaschkas' Glass sea creatures and, subsequently and indirectly, the more famous Glass Flowers . Born in Leipzig and the son of Johann Friedrich Jakob Reichenbach (the author in 1818 of the first Greek-German dictionary) Reichenbach studied medicine and natural science at the University of Leipzig in 1810 and, eight years later in 1818, he the now Professor became an instructor before, in 1820, he

2628-509: The development of the arboriculture important to the agricultural industry of the region. 33°30′N 4°30′W  /  33.500°N 4.500°W  / 33.500; -4.500 Barbary macaque Simia sylvanus Linnaeus, 1758 Inuus ecaudatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire , 1812 Simia inuus Linnaeus, 1766 Simia pithecus Schreber , 1799 Pithecus pygmaeus Reichenbach , 1863 The Barbary macaque ( Macaca sylvanus ), also known as Barbary ape ,

2701-426: The field of science and a scientific marvel in the field of art," were exactly what Prof. Reichenbach needed and, at last, provided an outlet for the wonder Leopold had felt all those years ago when observing the phosphorescent ocean life. The key fact, though, was that these glass marine models were, as would soon be acknowledged, "perfectly true to nature," and as such represented an extraordinary opportunity both for

2774-459: The globe, and in some situations, tourists may be encouraged to feed, photograph, and touch the monkeys. Although tourism has the potential to bring in money towards conservation goals and provides an incentive for the protection of natural habitats, close proximity and interactions with tourists can also have significant psychological impacts on the Barbary macaques. Fecal samples and stress-indicating behaviours, such as belly scratching, indicate that

2847-444: The group changes. Although males are more likely to form coalitions with males who have helped them in the past, this is not as important as relatedness in determining coalitions. Males avoid conflicting with higher ranking males and will more frequently form coalitions with the higher ranking male in a conflict. Close grouping of males occur when infant Barbary macaques are present. Interactions between males are commonly initiated when

2920-611: The idea for the creation of the Glass Flowers from Harvard's own collection of Glass sea creatures. Sadly, however, the original six glass sea anemones purchased by Ludwig Reichenbach in 1863 as well as the rest of that first collection was destroyed in the Bombing of Dresden in World War II . He was later the founder of the Dresden botanical gardens and joint founder of Dresden Zoo . The museum's zoological collection

2993-440: The illegal capture of macaques. Human–macaque conflict is mainly due to crop raiding. In the High Atlas of Morocco, macaques attract a large number of tourists every year, and they are favoured for their potential benefits to tourism. In addition, macaques have some ecological roles; for example, they are the predators of several destructive insects and pests of plants and participate in seed dispersal in many plant species. In

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3066-408: The impact of livestock grazing, and disturbance by people. As deforestation for agriculture and overgrazing continues, the remaining forest becomes increasingly fragmented. Consequently, the Barbary macaque is now restricted to small, fragmented relict habitats. Many of the mistaken ideas about human anatomy contained in the writings of Galen are apparently due to his use of the Barbary macaque,

3139-605: The location and number of individuals out of their natural habitat. An unknown number of individuals are living in zoological collections, at other institutions, in private hands, in quarantine, or waiting to be relocated to appropriate destinations. The habitat of the Barbary macaque is under threat from increased logging activity. Local farmers regard the Barbary macaque as pest and engage in its extermination. Once common throughout northern Africa and southern Mediterranean Europe, only an estimated 12,000 to 21,000 Barbary macaques are left in Morocco and Algeria. Once, its distribution

3212-414: The macaque consumed primarily the fresh fruits and leaves of C 3 plants. The Barbary macaque has a dark pink face with a pale buff to golden brown to grey pelage and a lighter underside. The colour of mature adults changes with ages. In adults and subadults the fur on the back is variegated pale and dark which is due to banding on individual hairs. In spring to early summer, as the temperatures rise,

3285-431: The mountainous reaches of the Middle Atlas are the stronghold of Berber tribes, speaking Tamazight and living at very low population densities. The Middle Atlas is crossed by one of the principal access roads to the south of Morocco, connecting Fes with Tafilalet . Located at the northeast of Atlas . The Middle Atlas ends in the east at Tazekka National Park , with a landscape replete with narrow canyons and caves. In

3358-571: The museums' visitors. Invertebrates, however, by their very nature, posed a problem. In the 19th century the only method practised for showcasing them was to take a live specimen and place it in a sealed jar of alcohol. This killed it but, more importantly, time and a lack of hard parts eventually rendered the specimen little more than a colorless floating blob of jelly, making it neither pretty nor an effective teaching tool. Prof. Reichenbach wanted something more, specifically 3D colored models of marine invertebrates that were both lifelike and able to stand

3431-585: The only anthropoid available to him, in dissections . Strong cultural taboos of his time prevented his performing any dissections of human cadavers , even in his role as physician and teacher of physicians. Macaques in Morocco are frequently used as photo props, despite their protected status. Tourists are encouraged to take photos with the animals for a fee. Macaques are also sold as pets in Morocco and Algeria, and exported to Europe to be used as pets and fighting monkeys, both in physical marketplaces and online. Tourists interact with wild monkeys across

3504-623: The phylogenetic relationship of ten species within the genus Macaca has been resolved, showing the Barbary macaque to be a sister group to all other macaques. Macaca sylvanus (Barbary macaque) M. nigra (Celebes crested macaque) M. silenus (lion-tailed macaque) M. nemestrina (southern pig-tailed macaque) M. radiata (bonnet macaque) M. thibetana (Tibetan macaque) M. arctoides (stump-tailed macaque) M. fascicularis (crab-eating macaque) M. fuscata (Japanese macaque) M. mulatta (rhesus macaque) Barbary macaque fossils have been found across Europe, from

3577-400: The plant is eaten, including flowers, fruits, seeds, seedlings, leaves, buds, bark, gum, stems, roots, bulbs, and corms. Common prey caught and consumed by Barbary macaques are snails, earthworms, scorpions, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, grasshoppers, termites, water striders , scale insects , beetles, butterflies, moths, ants, and even tadpoles. Barbary macaques can cause major damage to

3650-428: The presence of tourists has a negative impact on the macaques. Human activities such as taking photographs cause the animals stress, possibly because the people come too close to the animals and make prolonged eye contact (a sign of aggression in many primates). Macaques that live in areas close to human contact have more parasites and lower overall health than those that live in wilder environments, at least in part due to

3723-490: The provinces of Taza and of Beni Mellal lie in the Middle Atlas region. Béni Mellal on the Oum Er-Rbia River is designated "the doorway to the Middle Atlas". The Middle Atlas is a solid mountainous mass of 350 km in length in the north-east of Morocco with a unique charm. Its biodiversity , both in fauna and flora, make Middle Atlas a significant tourist destination. The region is noted for occurrence of

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3796-458: The scientific community and the Blaschkas themselves. Knowing this and thrilled with his newly acquired set of glass sea creatures, Reichenbach advised Leopold to drop his current and generations long family business of glass fancy goods and the like in favor of selling glass marine invertebrates to museums, aquaria, universities, and private collectors. Advice which would prove wise and fateful both economically and scientifically, for Leopold did as

3869-583: The south of Sefrou , the forests of cedars, of holm oak and of cork oak alternate with plates volcanic stripped and small full of fish lakes . The jewel of the Middle Atlas is the Ifrane National Park , located between Khenifra and Ifrane . The highest point of the Middle Atlas is Jbel Bou Naceur (3340 m). 15 km north west lies second highest mountain massif of Moussa ou Sabel (3172 m) and Jbel Bou Iblane (3081 m), which lies close to Immouzer Marmoucha . Because of its elevation,

3942-413: The south-central U.S. and northern Mexico was named in his honor. Reichenbach's sunbird ( Anabathmis reichenbachii ) is also named after him. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Rchb. when citing a botanical name . Finally, he was also the father of Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach , equally a botanist and an eminent orchid specialist. Reichenbach died in 1879 and was interred in

4015-629: The southern tip of Europe 's Iberian Peninsula . Gibraltar historian Alonso Hernández del Portillo noted in the early 17th century that the macaques had been present "from time immemorial". Most likely, the Moors introduced macaques from North Africa to Gibraltar during the Middle Ages . During World War II , Winston Churchill ordered for more Barbary macaques to be introduced to Gibraltar to reverse population declines. Today, there are around 300 Barbary macaques in Gibraltar . It can live in

4088-482: The study group varied markedly among seasons and habitats. The percentage of daily time spent in foraging and moving was lowest in spring, and the daily time spent in resting was highest in spring and summer. The time budget devoted to aggressive display was highest in spring than the other three seasons. There is an increase in the daily feeding time spent eating flowers and fruits in summer, seeds, acorns, roots and barks in winter and autumn, herbs in spring and summer, and

4161-599: The test of time. In 1863, he "saw an exhibition of highly detailed, realistic glass flowers created by a Bohemian Lampworker , Leopold Blaschka, at an exhibition hosted by Prince Camille de Rohan ;" and it was the Prince who first introduced Reichenbach to Leopold Blaschka. Enchanted by the botanical models and positive that Leopold held the key to ending his own showcasing issue, in 1863 Reichenbach convinced and commissioned Leopold to produce twelve model sea anemones . These marine models, hailed as "an artistic marvel in

4234-768: The third molar is elongated. The diploid chromosome number of the Barbary macaque is 42, like other members of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini . Historically, the Barbary macaque occurred across North Africa from Libya to Morocco. It is the only primate in Africa that survives north of the Sahara Desert . It lives mainly in fragmented areas of the Rif and the Middle and High Atlas mountain ranges in Morocco and

4307-404: The time of ovulation is insufficient to demonstrate to the male that the female is fertile. The swellings, therefore, appear necessary for predicting fertility. Barbary macaque females differ from other nonhuman primates in that they often mate with a majority of the males in their social group. While females are active in choosing sexual associations, the mating behaviour of macaque social groups

4380-496: The trees in their prime habitat, the Atlas cedar forests in Morocco . Since deforestation in Morocco has become a major environmental problem in recent years, research has been conducted to determine the cause of the bark stripping behaviour demonstrated by these macaques. Cedar trees are also vital to this population of Barbary macaques as an area with cedars can support a much higher density of macaques than one without them. A lack of

4453-679: The two groups in the proportion of terrestrial feeding records spent eating fruits; but the tourist group had lower daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on leaves, seeds and acorns, roots and barks, and herbs, while it spent higher daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on human food. Barbary macaques were traded or perhaps given as diplomatic gifts as long ago as the Iron Age, as indicated by remains found in such sites as Emain Macha in Ireland, dating to no later than 95 BC; an Iron Age hillfort,

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4526-466: The unhealthy diets they receive as a result of feeding from humans. Several groups of Barbary macaques can be found in tourist sites, where they are affected by the presence of visitors providing food to them. Researchers comparing two such groups in the central High Atlas mountains in 2008 found that the tourist group of Barbary macaques spent significantly more time engaged in resting and aggressive behaviour, and foraged and moved significantly less than

4599-534: The use of Simia became so great that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) suppressed its use in 1929. This meant the Barbary macaque was placed in the next oldest genus assigned to it, Macaca , described by Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799. The Barbary macaque is the most basal macaque species. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses show it is a sister group to all Asian macaque species. The results of

4672-575: The vocal accommodation seen in humans are the likely cause. However, acoustic characteristics such as pitch and loudness are varied based on the vocalizations of individuals they associate with, and social situations play a role in the acoustic structure of calls. Barbary macaque females have the ability to recognize their own offspring's calls through a variety of acoustic parameters. Because of this, infant calls do not have to differ dramatically for mothers to be able to recognize their own infant's call. Mothers demonstrate different behaviours on hearing

4745-445: The wild group. The tourist group spent significantly less time per day feeding on herbs, seeds, and acorns than the wild group. Human food accounted for 26% of the daily feeding records for the tourist group, and 1% for the wild-feeding group. Scientists who collected data on the seasonal activity budget and diet composition of the endangered Barbary macaque group inhabiting a tourist site in Morocco found that activity budgets and diet of

4818-413: The young. Males may spend a considerable amount of time playing with and grooming infants. In this way, a strong social bond is formed between males and juveniles, both the male's own offspring and those of others in the troop. This may be a result of selectivity on the part of the females, who may prefer highly parental males. The mating season runs from November through March. The gestation period

4891-500: Was almost completely destroyed by the fire in the Zwinger palace during the constitutional crisis of 1849, but Reichenbach was able to replace it within only a few years. This collection is the basis of that seen in the museum today. Reichenbach was a prolific author and able botanical artist. His works included Iconographia Botanica seu Plantae criticae (1823–32, 10 vols.) and Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie (1851–54). He

4964-468: Was already in use by the Greeks. Gessner's Simia was subsequently used as one of Carl Linnaeus ' four primate genera when he published Systema Naturae in 1758. Linnaeus proposed the scientific name Simia sylvanus for the Barbary macaque. During the next 150 years primate taxonomy was subject to great changes and the Barbary macaque was placed in over thirty different taxa . The confusion over

5037-879: Was appointed the director of the Dresden natural history museum and a professor at the Surgical-Medical Academy in Dresden, where he remained for many years. Together with Carl Friedrich Heinrich Schubert he started in 1822 to edit and distribute his first exsiccata work Lichenes exsiccati collecti atque descripti auctoribus L. Reichenbach et C. Schubert. Die Flechten in getrockneten Exemplaren, gesammelt und beschrieben von L. Reichenbach und C. Schubert . Later on he published several other exsiccatae, an example being Flora Germanica exsiccata sive Herbarium normale plantarum selectarum criticarumve, in Germania propria vel in adjacente Borussia, Austria et Hungaria, Tyroli, Helvetia Belgiaque nascentim, concinnatum editumque

5110-407: Was honoured by having several plants and animals named after him including Iris reichenbachii Heuff., Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Bor. (syn. V. sylvatica (Hartm.) Fr. ex Hartm. and V. sylvestris Lam. p.p.) (the slender wood violet). Dr. Reichenbach oversaw a world-famous botanical garden in Dresden with a great collection of cacti, and Echinocactus reichenbachii a beautiful cactus of

5183-507: Was likely strongly controlled by climate, only extending into Northern Europe during interglacial intervals, while they were restricted to more southerly regions during colder glacial phases. Disappearance of macaques from Europe may have been caused by human activity. Fossils of Macaca sylvanus are known from the Plio-Pleistocene Guefaït-4.2 site in Morocco, where paired δ C and δ O measurements indicate that

5256-412: Was mentioned in the works of ancient Greek writer Herodotus , indicating the species has become extinct there within the last 2,500 years. The Barbary macaque is gregarious, forming mixed groups of several females and males. Troops can have 10 to 100 individuals and are matriarchal , with their hierarchy determined by lineage to the lead female. Unlike other macaques, the males participate in rearing

5329-550: Was much more extensive, spreading east through Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, and north to the United Kingdom. Its range is no longer continuous, with only isolated areas of range remaining. By the Pleistocene , it inhabited the warmer Mediterranean regions of Europe, from the Balearic Islands and mainland Iberia and France in the west, east to Italy, Sicily , Malta , and as far north as Germany and Norfolk in

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