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25-583: Many various orthographies were proposed to standardize Polish orthography, including Stanisław Zaborowski's in 1514, Jan Seklucjan 's in 1549, Stanisław Murzynowski 's in 1551, and Onufry Kopczyński's grammars of 1778 and 1785, all with varying degrees of success. Middle Polish's phonology differs from both Old Polish's and Modern Polish's, mainly in the vowels , but also somewhat in the consonants . Middle Polish's consonant system differs little from Old Polish's . The clusters ir / irz / yr / yrz lowered to ér / érz and ultimately to er / erz . Similarly,

50-542: A , ɛ , i , ɔ , u , ɨ /) and the so-called "slanted" (Polish "pochylony") vowels (transcribed / ɒ , e , o /), which arose from Old Polish long vowels . There was a tendency for the pitched vowels to merge with some neighboring non-pitched vowel. Nasal / æ̃~ɛ̃ / raised and fronted to / ɛ̃ /, whereas / ɒ̃~ɔ̃ / raised and back to / ɔ̃ /, however there was some irregular shifting of nasal vowels, e.g. variations of ciążyć / ciężyć , as well as spontaneous nasalization, e.g. czestować > częstować . The final vowel system

75-449: A more stable system of three levels of animacy, inanimate, animate, and virile. The biggest change was the separation of animate and virile. Before, one could see the virile plural psi (dogs), with psy being the animate plural. Nouns changed their level of animacy during this period to some degree, for example the animate nominative and accusative plural filozofy (philosophers) instead of the now nominative virile plural filozofowie and

100-594: A second edition of which was printed in 1547. Also in 1547 he published a hymnal, Pieśni duchowne a nabożne ("Holy and divine hymns"), which included 35 religious hymns, including eight written by Luther. In 1544 Albert of Prussia issued an edict requiring that the Bible be read in Polish to the growing number of Polish Protestants in the Duchy. To that effect he sought to procure a Polish language translator. His first choice

125-567: Is known about his early life. According to his name he perhaps was born or came from the village of Siekluki in the Duchy of Masovia , near Radom . Originally Seklucjan was a Dominican . After studying at Leipzig he moved in around 1543 to Poznań , where he served as a Lutheran preacher. Threatened by the local bishop with a charge of heresy , in 1544 he found refuge at Königsberg (Królewiec, today Kaliningrad ) in Ducal Prussia, at

150-402: Is some shifting in the singular dative between -u and -owi , with -owi ultimately becoming more popular and -u being the dative singular only for a few nouns. In the plural, we see either -ów or -i / -y for nouns ending in -rz or -ż , which continues to this day. The softening masculine singular locative ending -e after velars changes to -u , retained to this day. At the end of

175-423: The -y- or -i- was dropped. Sometimes these forms can still be seen in liturgical songs or prayers, such as "Zdrowaś Maryjo". Middle Polish inflection is characterized by a standardization of inflections. One of the major changes was the gradual loss of the dual , which ultimately only remain within certain nouns such as ucho , oko , and ręka . Masculine plurals are separated further by animacy, resulting in

200-519: The New Testament into Polish. First, in that year, he published the Gospel of Matthew , then the other Evangelists , and in 1553 the complete New Testament. In these translations, Seklucjan collaborated with and relied on Stanisław Murzynowski , and it is likely that most of the translation work was done by Murzynowski, with Seklucjan merely taking the credit. Additionally, the translation of

225-426: The 16th century we see a loss of the ending -i / -y for the instrumental plural and a generalization of the ending -mi as well as the proscribed -ami , used originally only for feminine nouns in the instrumental plural. Nowadays the endings -i / -y can only be seen in fossilized phrases such as "ostatnimi czasy" and "innymi słowy". Masculine and neuter nouns also underwent a generalization, originally ending with

250-628: The Lesser Polish dialect include: Descended from the language of the Vistulans , is the most numerous dialectal group in modern Poland. the dialects are: The Goral ethnolect (the name for the many dialects spoken by Gorals in Western Carpathians bordering Poland and Slovakia), which include: Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include: This Poland -related article

275-650: The New Testament into Polish was delayed by a dispute between Seklucjan and another Polish translator, Jan Sandecki-Malecki . While the origins of the dispute concerned the usefulness of the Czech language as an aid in translating the New Catechism (with Sandecki-Malecki extolling the usefulness of Czech and Seklucjan insisting on purely "Polish words"), it quickly evolved to include doctrinal matters. Ultimately, thanks to support from Andreas Osiander , Seklucjan

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300-624: The Old Polish or modern Polish verb system, however it is not identical. Some changes include: Jan Seklucjan Jan Seklucjan (born either in 1498 or around 1510, died 1578) (also known as Jan from Siekluki , Seclucian , Seclucianus ) was a Polish Lutheran theologian , an activist in the Protestant Reformation in Poland and Ducal Prussia (a Polish fief ), translator, writer, publisher and printer. Little

325-467: The clusters il / ił / yl / ył sporadically and non-permanently lowered to el / eł . There was also a tendency for prenasal raising . Or, conversely, sometimes vowels lowered. One major change was a de palatalization of the consonants / t͡sʲ /, / d͡zʲ /, / t͡ʃ /, / d͡ʒ /, / ʃ /, and / ʒ / to / t͡s /, / d͡z /, / t͡ʂ /, / d͡ʐ /, / ʂ /, and / ʐ / respectively. The consonant / rʲ / also underwent depalatalization, going from / rʲ / to / rʐ /, to / ʐ / by

350-625: The end of the sixteenth century. Labials underwent depalatalization in coda position. At the turn of 17th century L-vocalization begins, ultimately finishing in the Modern Polish era. There was some wavering as to the softness of sibilants, as well. The final consonant system at the end of the Middle Polish period was thus: Middle Polish inherited Old Polish's late vowel system . At first there were two groups of vowels, so-called "clear" (Polish "jasny") vowels (transcribed /

375-423: The genitive and accusative virile plural filozofów , ultimately settling in the 16th century. This change ultimately affected the government of adjectives, verbs, pronouns, numerals, and participles, which all began to change their endings depending on the level animacy of the given noun. For masculine nouns in the genitive singular we see wavering between -u and -a , which lasts to this day. Similarly, there

400-404: The masculine and neuter dative plural ending. There are a few instances of masculine nouns taking the feminine -am / -ám endings, however, but they were rare. Neuter nouns endings in pitched -é had a singular instrumental ending -im that later changed to -em . In the 18th century the ending -ą for feminine singular accusative possessive pronouns began to supplant the ending -ę . There

425-694: The parish of the church in Steindamm (part of Königsberg), which served as a local center for Lutheran Poles. In many of his works he cooperated with the Polish Lutheran theologian Andrzej Samuel . Seklucjan focused mostly on translations into Polish. In 1544 or 1545 he published a Polish language catechism, entitled Wyznanie wiary chrześcijańskiej (Profession of the Christian Faith), most likely based on Martin Luther 's Small Catechism ,

450-506: The suffix -ech , or in the Lesser Poland dialect -och , now ending in -ách , which later changed to -ach . Feminine nouns in the nominative originally sometimes ended in either -a for hard stems and -á for soft stems, with -á ultimately dying off either due to sound changes, analogy, or both. Nouns ending in the clear -a took -ę in the accusative singular whereas those ending in -á took -ą . When -á merged with -a ,

475-513: The time a fief of the Kingdom of Poland . There he lived under the protection of Duke Albert of Prussia and began publishing and printing Lutheran literature in the Polish language. He was encouraged in his endeavors by Duke Albert, who wanted to have the Bible and catechism translated into the vernacular language of the many refugees from Poland, who became his subject. Seklucjan was in charge of

500-410: The two accusative endings were kept for a short time, but ultimately -ę became the standard ending due to analogy. The original genitive ending for feminine soft stems was -e , changing to -i / -y . One could also sometimes find -ej for this declension, as well as for feminine dative soft stems, but this did not last. Feminine nouns in the dative plural changed from -am / -ám to -om , matching

525-494: The works of the vernacular Polish poet and the founder of Polish literary language and literature, Mikołaj Rej . Lesser Poland dialect The Lesser Polish dialect group ( Polish : dialekt małopolski ) is a of dialect group of the Polish language used in Lesser Poland . The exact area is difficult to delineate due to the expansion of its features and the existence of transitional subdialects. The common traits of

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550-448: Was also variation in the masculine singular instrumental and locative ending in -emi and -ymi , which lasted even in the orthography until the orthographical reform of 1936 . In the 16th century we see a replacement of -i / -y by -e for the masculine and accusative non-virile plural. Also in the 16th century we see -ej replace -e for feminine singular genitive. The Middle Polish verb system doesn't differ too much from either

575-503: Was given the exclusive right to the translation for four years, although he was forbidden from including his own commentary (aside from a preface). Seklucjan also wrote original works, including Rozprawa krótka a prosta o niktórych ceremonijach i ustawach kościelnych (A short and simple treatise on some ceremonies and practices of the church"), a poetic dialog between a "student" (the author) who had just come back from travels abroad, and his elders who had stayed home. He also translated

600-502: Was more or less similar to Modern Polish's vowel system . Already in the 15th century one can find tendencies of fixing stress on the penultimate syllable, ultimately solidifying giving the modern Polish stress system. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, there was also a tendency to include enclitics in the stress pattern, e.g. bo'ję się , moż'na by , which did not continue. As this was happening, syncope occurred in words ending with -yja and -ija , exclusively Latin borrowings, where

625-457: Was the theologian Rapagelanus , chair at the University of Königsberg . However, Rapagelanus died in 1545 before completing the task. Albert's second choice was the theologian Stapelage , who soon became embroiled in controversy and ended up converting back to Catholicism. It was at this point that Albert commissioned Seklucjan. As a result, in 1551 Seklucjan began publishing translations of

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