Middle Turkic refers to a phase in the development of the Turkic language family , covering much of the Middle Ages (c. 900–1500 CE). In particular the term is used by linguists to refer to a group of Karluk and Oghuz and related languages spoken during this period in Central Asia , Iran , and other parts of the Middle East controlled by the Seljuk Turks .
6-723: Middle Turkic can be divided into eastern and western branches. Eastern Middle Turkic consists of Karakhanid (also called Khaqani Turkic), a literary language which was spoken in Kashgar , Balasaghun and other cities along the Silk Road and its later descendants such as Khorezmian Turkic and Chagatai . The western branch consists of Kipchak languages documented in Codex Cumanicus and various Mamlukean Kipchak texts from Egypt and Syria , and Oghuz Turkic represented by Old Anatolian Turkish . Old Anatolian Turkish
12-580: The Karakhanid language. Karakhanid vocabulary was influenced by Arabic and Persian loanwords, but the language itself was still noted to be similar to the Old Uyghur language. The language was written using the Arabic script . Mahmud al-Kashgari 's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk and Yūsuf Balasaguni 's Kutadgu Bilig are considered to be important literary works written in Karakhanid language. It
18-576: The west were replaced by Chaghatai Turkic in the Timurid period. Only 18 of these letters are used. There are seven more letters which have no place in spelling, but are necessary in pronunciation and are not considered as root letters. Some Turkic languages require these letters. They are: Turkic elders valued the native language and left 21 works. The most important and valuable of these that have reached our hands are; The famous work Kutadgu Bilig written by Yusuf Has Hajip (Yūsuf Khāss Hājib), which
24-727: Was a Turkic language developed in the 11th century during the Middle Turkic period under the Kara-Khanid Khanate . It has been described as the first literary Islamic Turkic language. It is sometimes classified under the Old Turkic category, rather than Middle Turkic, as it is contemporary to the East Old Turkic languages of Orkhon Turkic and Old Uyghur . Eastern Middle Turkic languages, namely Khorezmian Turkic and later Chagatai are descendants of
30-517: Was noted to be initially influenced by Eastern Middle Turkic traditions. Karluk and Oghuz "Middle Turkic" period overlaps with the East Old Turkic period, which covers the 8th to 13th centuries, thus sometimes Karakhanid language is categorized under the "Old Turkic" period. Karakhanid language Karakhanid , also known as Khaqani Turkic ( lit. meaning 'imperial' or 'royal', self referring to as ' Türki ' or ' Türkçe '),
36-571: Was spoken between the 5th-15th centuries. It is one of the three parts of the Old Turkic period. According to Ligeti's classification, it is divided into three periods: Ḥāqāni Turkic (Khāghānī/Khāqānī Türkī) can also be called the Old Kashgar language. It was the literary language used by the Turks in this area until the beginning of the 14th century. Karakhanid Turkic and Khorezmian Turkic in
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